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Making regular checks on aircraft’s technical performance, pre-flight safety checks on navigation and operating systems
Directing all aspects of flight planning, documenting aircraft and
operational compliance to company and government standards and
regulations
Manage emergencies and coordinate with emergency support agencies
Liaising with and directing team interactions involving mechanics, ground crew, ATC and airport operations
Managing a large team including flight deck crew, cabin and ground crew coordination
Maintain proficiency throughout consistent training programmes
Multi-tasking, analysing information, prioritising problems, and
achieving objectives during an ever changing, fast paced working
environment
1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1953, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
An astronaut (from the Ancient Greek ἄστρον (astron), meaning 'star', and ναύτης (nautes), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a human spaceflight program to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a spacecraft. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and tourists.
"Astronaut" technically applies to all human space travelers regardless of nationality. However, astronauts fielded by Russia or the Soviet Union are typically known instead as cosmonauts (from the Russian "kosmos" (космос), meaning "space", also borrowed from Greek κόσμος).[3] Comparatively recent developments in crewed spaceflight made by China have led to the rise of the term taikonaut (from the Mandarin "tàikōng" (太空), meaning "space"), although its use is somewhat informal and its origin is unclear. In China, the People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps astronauts and their foreign counterparts are all officially called hángtiānyuán (航天员, meaning "heaven navigator" or literally "heaven-sailing staff").
Since 1961, 600 astronauts have flown in space.[4] Until 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. With the suborbital flight of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the commercial astronaut.
The criteria for what constitutes human spaceflight vary, with some focus on the point where the atmosphere becomes so thin that centrifugal force, rather than aerodynamic force, carries a significant portion of the weight of the flight object. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed the Kármán line, at an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi).[5] In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 80 kilometres (50 mi)[6] are awarded astronaut wings.
As of 17 November 2016, 552 people from 36 countries have reached 100 km (62 mi) or more in altitude, of whom 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond. Of these, 24 people have traveled beyond low Earth orbit, either to lunar orbit, the lunar surface, or, in one case, a loop around the Moon.[note 1] Three of the 24—Jim Lovell, John Young and Eugene Cernan—did so twice.[8]
As of 17 November 2016, under the U.S. definition, 558 people qualify as having reached space, above 50 miles (80 km) altitude. Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded 50 miles (80 km) in altitude, only one, Joseph A. Walker, exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62.1 miles) and he did it two times, becoming the first person in space twice.[7] Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days (114.5 man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of spacewalks.As of 2016, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, at 675 days.[12]
Terminology
See also: Astronaut ranks and positions
In 1959, when both the United States and Soviet Union were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space, NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator, Hugh Dryden, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called astronauts or cosmonauts. Dryden preferred "cosmonaut", on the grounds that flights would occur in and to the broader cosmos, while the "astro" prefix suggested flight specifically to the stars.[13] Most NASA Space Task Group members preferred "astronaut", which survived by common usage as the preferred American term.[14] When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, Yuri Gagarin in 1961, they chose a term which anglicizes to "cosmonaut".[15][16]
Astronaut
The first sixteen NASA astronauts, February 1963. Back row: White, McDivitt, Young, See, Conrad, Borman, Armstrong, Stafford, Lovell. Front row: Cooper, Grissom, Carpenter, Schirra, Glenn, Shepard, Slayton.
A professional space traveler is called an astronaut.[17] The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by Neil R. Jones in his 1930 short story "The Death's Head Meteor". The word itself had been known earlier; for example, in Percy Greg's 1880 book Across the Zodiac, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In Les Navigateurs de l'infini (1925) by J.-H. Rosny aîné, the word astronautique (astronautics) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied in 1784 to balloonists. An early use of "astronaut" in a non-fiction publication is Eric Frank Russell's poem "The Astronaut", appearing in the November 1934 Bulletin of the British Interplanetary Society.
The first known formal use of the term astronautics in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual International Astronautical Congress in 1950, and the subsequent founding of the International Astronautical Federation the following year.[19]
NASA applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its Astronaut Corps.[20] The European Space Agency similarly uses the term astronaut for members of its Astronaut Corps.[21]
Cosmonaut
The first eleven Soviet cosmonauts, July 1965. Back row, left to right: Leonov, Titov, Bykovsky, Yegorov, Popovich; front row: Komarov, Gagarin, Tereshkova, Nikolayev, Feoktistov, Belyayev.
Main article: Soviet space program
For a more comprehensive list, see List of cosmonauts.
By convention, an astronaut employed by the Russian Federal Space Agency (or its predecessor, the Soviet space program) is called a cosmonaut in English texts.[20] The word is an Anglicization of kosmonavt (Russian: космонавт Russian pronunciation: [kəsmɐˈnaft]).[22] Other countries of the former Eastern Bloc use variations of the Russian kosmonavt, such as the Polish: kosmonauta (although Poles also used astronauta, and the two words are considered synonyms).[23]
Coinage of the term космонавт has been credited to Soviet aeronautics (or "cosmonautics") pioneer Mikhail Tikhonravov (1900–1974).[15][16] The first cosmonaut was Soviet Air Force pilot Yuri Gagarin, also the first person in space. He was part of the first six Soviet citizens, with German Titov, Yevgeny Khrunov, Andriyan Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich, and Grigoriy Nelyubov, who were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961 Valentina Tereshkova was the first female cosmonaut and the first and youngest woman to have flown in space with a solo mission on the Vostok 6 in 1963.[25] On 14 March 1995,[26] Norman Thagard became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, and thus became the first "American cosmonaut".What qualifications do I need to become a Captain?
To become a captain, you must first train as pilot.
To work as a commercial pilot, you will need an Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL).
To
get on to a pilot training course, you will need to have performed well
at school. E.g. grades A*-C (9-4) and A-levels in at least English and
Maths. Subjects including science or a second language would be a great
advantage.
You must also be at least 21 years of age to apply
for an ATPL, and you’ll need to pass a background security check. you
will also need to have a Class 1 Medical Certificate.
It might
also be useful to to take an aptitude test beforehand too, before
embarking on years of expensive training. you can do this at The
Honourable Company of Airline Pilots hold an aptitude test at RAF
Cranwell and they use some tests used by the RAF in their selection
process.
As a pilot, you will work in shifts. The role will be
demanding, both physically and mentally, and you will likely experience
jetlag effects from crossing different timezones, which you will
eventually become accustomed to. You should also expect to spend alot of
time away from home, due to the obvious travelling demands of your job.
If you are working a standby pilot, you will also be expected to be
based close to the airport.
Flight training schools will also
want to make sure that you are suited to a career as a pilot before they
invest so much training in you.
Most Approved Training
Organisations (ATOs – for a full list, see the CAA website) will put you
through their own testing to make sure that you have the right
personality and skills to be a successful pilot. Over a series of
written papers, interviews, group tests, and simulator tests, you will
be expected to demonstrate skills such as problem solving, spatial
awareness, and people skills.
You will also need to demonstrate
your dedication to your chosen career with a good level of general
knowledge about the aviation industry. You should treat this stage as
seriously as you would treat any job interview and do as much research
and preparation as you can.
Some UK airlines have fully
sponsored training programmes, such as British Airways’ Future Pilot
Programme or the Virgin Atlantic Future Flyers Programme. Places on such
schemes are limited and highly contested, but are fantastic
opportunities if you manage to secure a spot.
Most airline pilots
start out as a first officer, co-pilot or flight engineer with a
regional carrier. All pilots will have progressed through a vigorous
flight training programme and have earned a commercial pilot’s license
or an airline transport rating. Most likely they will also have one or
more advanced ratings such as instrument, multi-engine or aircraft type
ratings depending on the requirements of their particular flying job.
Captain
vacancies advertised today are often specified by the aircraft to be
flown – B777 captain, B737 captain, A320 captain, A340 captain and so
on. They sometimes work on short contracts, and may work unusual shift
patterns, such as 6 weeks on, 2 weeks off. Captain jobs advertised often
specify minimum requirements such as ‘5000 hours total flying time’ and
‘1500 hours PIC on commercial aircraft’. Hiring airlines will also want
to see accident and violation free
According to aviation law,
an airline pilot may not fly more than 85 hours a month or 1,000 hours a
year. However, it’s likely that the average pilot works more than 100
hours a month, counting ground duties such as filing flight plans,
working on reports, briefing crews and attending training classes. All
pilots, including captains, are required to attend training and
simulator checks once or twice a year.
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