Deep Cryogenic treatment, also known as cryogenic tempering or freezing, utilizes ultra-cold temperatures (-300F) for prolonged period of time to modify the micro-structure of metals and other materials.

The cryogenic treatment promotes additional crystalline transformations in metals. Deep cryogenic freezing ultimately improves the performance of the metal parts. Improvement in durability is around 100 percent (that's double). The typical increase in strength is 30 to 50 percent. As you might imagine, these results can dramatically reduce broken part expenditures.

Cryogenic Treatment promotes transformations in heat-treated steels and cast irons:

a.  Metal crystal structure (grain structure) becomes homogeneous through the conversion of Austenite to the desired Martensitic structure. After heat-treating, nearly all steels have a certain percentage of austenite that was not fully transformed into Martensite. This is what is called “retained austenite” or “RA”. It is widely accepted in the heat-treating industry that all heat-treated steels will have some percentage of RA and heat treatment recipes routinely specify that RA will “not exceed” a certain percentage. Cryogenic treatment transforms RA into Martensite. By eliminating retained austenite (or RA), imperfections in the steel micro structure are eliminated.

b.  The carbon structure of steels is modified through the precipitation of eta-carbides.  The population of these eta-carbides – both brilliant ones (white ones) and dark ones (black ones) – is dramatically increased after cryogenic treatment. .

c.  All metals – not just steel, but also aluminum, copper, cast alloys, etc. – benefit from the residual stress relief that deep cryogenic treatment offers. All metals have residual stresses. As heat is extracted through cooling, crystalline dendrites form from the coolest areas first. Typically, these are the surfaces and edges. This irregular freezing results in natural stress lines where the dendrites collide, or along the boundaries of the remaining liquid (molten) metal and the solid metal.  After the metal is cast in it’s raw stock form, (e. g. block, billet, plate, round, etc.), it is heat treated to normalize the material and modify its properties (e.g. hardness, tensile strength, etc.). Once the raw stock is further modified, additional stresses are added through machining, cutting, grinding, forging, etc., in the manufacturing process. When combined, all of these stresses form weak areas that are prone to failure through propagation of the stress lines into cracks. These are often characterized as fatigue failures or more simply “metal fatigue”. By relieving the residual stresses cryogenic treatment greatly reduces or eliminates fatigue failures or cracks in metal components.

Many engineered components benefit simultaneously from two or more of the transformations discussed above. Cryogenically treated materials demonstrate better thermal properties, including improved heat dissipation and less warping or distortion. Stress relief means less cracking and the modification to the carbon micro structure means increased wear resistance. So you can see how brake rotors, for instance, will last longer and perform better after cryogenic treatment.

Cryogenic treatment is an extension of the heat-treating process that further enhances metals in the following ways:

1.       Relieves residual stresses

2.       Promotes a more uniform micro-structure

3.       Precipitates eta-carbides in steels for increased resistance to wear

Cryogenic treated metals enjoy following benefits:

1.       Longer life due to reduced wear

2.       Less failures due to cracking that result from the propagation of stress lines

3.       Improved thermal properties

4.       Better electrical properties with reduced electrical resistance

5.       Reduced coefficient of friction on polished metals

6.       Less creep & walk, and improved flatness for critical tolerance parts

7.       Easier machining, polishing and grinding for better edges and finishes

Cryo treating can make a major contribution to solving these problems:

1.       High abrasive wear in cutting tools, gears, engine components, etc.

2.       High corrosive wear in chemical, food, and oil equipment applications.

3.       High erosive wear from, water, slurries and other abrasive grit carriers.

4.       Distortions induced by design, forming, machining or environment.

5.       Stress relief in complex tools, components, and welds.

6.       Stress relief cracking of weld zones.

7.       Surface finishing in any application where long life is needed.

8.       Stabilization in parts and components as a result of  eliminating stresses.

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