MONACO 1980 MNH IMPERFORATE FULL ISSUE
YOU ARE BIDDING ON:Monaco 1980 imperforate - Corals - MNH - Full Quartblocks Set
(Yver & Telier 2012 catalogue price €440.00)
Condition: Check the Picture, please
Seller: StampLake.com Pro
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PRODUCT INFORMATION MONACO TIMBRE DENTELE STAMPS BLOCKS €28.00
TIMBRE DENTELE - PERFORATED POSTAGE - ORIGINAL GUM - NOT HINGED
CATALOGUE PRICE IN EURO (ON PICTURES) FRANCE TERITORIES YVER&TELLIER. T.1 BIS MONACO ET DES TERRITORIES FRANCAIS D'OUTRE-MER - 2012 YVER&TELLIER. T.1 BIS MONACO AND FRENCH OVERSEAS TERRITORIES - 2012
COLLECTING STAMPS OF MONACO OVER THE
YEARS IS NOT ONLY AN ACQUAINTANCE WITH HISTORY, BUT ALSO A PROFITABLE
INVESTMENT
Since the second half of
the 20th century, when Rainier III came to power, philatelists from all
over the world have been following every issue of the principality with
great interest.
Considering the issuance of postage stamps as one of
the important sources of income, the mini-state tries to satisfy the
needs of collectors as much as possible, offering inexpensive, but
interesting products in terms of subject matter and design. There are
also copies, the price of which reaches several thousand dollars, mainly
these are varieties produced in small numbers or marriages that were
immediately withdrawn from use.
The issue with portraits of the
newlyweds in oval vignettes between which there was a cartouche with the
date of the wedding and a monogram of the letters "R" and "C" was
dedicated directly to the marriage ceremony. At different times, series
were released where Grace appeared as a loving wife, caring mother and
ruling aristocrat. The most famous is still the Princess Grace miniature
of 1957 with a profile portrait on a black background.
After the
death of the actress in 1982, the Monegasque postal department
continues to honor her memory. Of the latest commemorative series, the
issue of 2017-2018, dedicated to the Hollywood past of Grace Kelly,
should be mentioned. And in 2019, on the occasion of the 90th
anniversary of the birth of the star, a souvenir sheet was released with
three of her portraits of different years. The French graphic artist
Yves Beaujar worked on the anniversary project.
The most expensive stamps of the Principality
The
price of printed miniatures depends on the rarity. And it's not just
the small print run. Slight differences from the standard - a change in
the size of the perforation, the presence or absence of a watermark, a
printing defect, an error in the inscription, and the value of the stamp
increases several times. Novice collectors need to carefully study the
copy they have and compare it with catalog samples before selling it at
an overpriced or, conversely, underpriced price.
5fr+5fr, Princess Charlotte's wedding
This
is one of the rarest stamps of the Principality, with a circulation of
1050 copies. It was issued in 1920 for the wedding celebrations of
Princess Charlotte Grimaldi and Count Pierre de Polignac. The story of
the bride is very unusual. Being the illegitimate daughter of Louis II,
she grew up in oblivion until the age of 21, until it turned out that
there were no other heirs to the throne of Monaco. And since a German
prince was listed among the distant contenders, France threatened the
associated principality with occupation in order to prevent a subject of
a foreign state from coming to power.
In order to avoid
conflict, Charlotte was granted the title of Duchess Valentinois, thus
making her the main and only contender for the crown and married a
representative of a noble French family. The marriage union was supposed
to strengthen political ties between the two neighboring countries.
However, Charlotte's marriage turned out to be short-lived and unhappy -
her husband had homosexual inclinations, and in 1933 they finally broke
up. Two children were born from this union, including the successor of
the Grimaldi dynasty, Rainier III.
The Princess Charlotte's
Wedding miniature, in Fresh condition, was sold in February 2016 at a
Daniel F. Kelleher auction for a record $5,015.
Charles III, 5fr crimson on green
The
stamp is one of ten portraits of Charles III issued in 1885. Engraving
by D. Dupuis, drawing by E. Muchon. For a rare quality miniature with a
perfectly centered image, auctioneer Robert A. Siegel managed to raise
$1,600 in April 2017.
Princess Grace
The famous portrait
of the actress, released in 1957, is considered one of the most
successful. Grace loved and knew how to wear expensive jewelry, having a
reputation as a trendsetter for luxury and high style. In the portrait,
she is depicted wearing a diamond diadem and necklace, which she wore
only for ceremonial exits. In everyday life, the princess preferred
pearls, especially in headsets from the official supplier of the
Monegasque court, the Van Cleef & Arpels brand.
In June 2010, a block of four 1 franc miniatures with a portrait of Grace Kelly was sold at Cherrystone for $1,400.
500 years since the birth of Albrecht Dürer
The
most famous brand of the Principality with a characteristic error. It
reproduced the engraving of the great artist of the German Renaissance
era "Christ before Pilate". The original printing stamp was signed
"Albert Dürer" instead of "Albrecht". The mistake was noticed before the
circulation went on sale and it was immediately withdrawn. Currently,
there are very few "wrong" copies of the brand. A rare case in a
philatelist, when a rarity that did not fulfill its direct function
brought its owner $ 1,400 at the Schuyler Rumsey auction.
Great cormorant 1000 5fr
One
of the most spectacular Monegasque airmail stamps is adorned with an
image of the mainland cormorant. Unlike the standard 14x13.5
perforation, a rare perf 11 is used here. This increased the value of
the rarity, allowing Cherrystone to fetch $700 for a block of four large
stamps at the auction.
The mainland great cormorant lives in the
subtropical latitudes of the European and Asian continents. Large, with
a body length of up to 90 cm, birds settle in large colonies on the
shores of fresh or salt water bodies. They are easily distinguished by
their massive silhouette and penguin-like gait. Cormorants feed mainly
on fish, like other waterfowl. Hunting in large groups, the birds scare
away shoals going to spawn from their usual places. By this, cormorants
harm the fishery, which is why for a long time their colonies were
destroyed by humans, until the population was on the verge of
extinction.
READ MORE INFO ABOUT THE SELLING PRODUCT
Monaco
is a small (total area is only ~ 2 m2) European principality, which is
located next to France. Historically, it was a rock with a monastery, a
cathedral and a tiny village. However, now it is one of the most
respectable states with an insane price per square meter.
Monaco - a city-country on the coast
The
total population is 32 thousand. But in reality, there are an order of
magnitude more people in Monaco. Some of them come here every day to
work from neighboring France and Italy. In Monaco, not everyone will
find a place to live, but the need for specialists has not disappeared
from this.
This country is eloquently characterized by the following facts:
Monaco has the highest population density in the world. There are 16,000 people per square kilometer here. The state is considered one of the most prosperous in the world. Life expectancy reaches 90 years. And this is the average.
Monaco, despite its tiny size, has more than 800 years of history. It
appeared in 1215. Then the principality was a colony of Genoa. Monaco is not officially part of the European Union. However, the national currency is the euro. The official language is French. However, quite a lot of Italian is also spoken here. You can get around Monaco in an hour. In this case, you will have time to visit all the streets. The Principality is a city-state. This means that all the inhabitants in it live in the same city. 80% of the inhabitants of Monaco are immigrants. The principality has its own university. True, only one.
The country has such a prosperous crime situation that when an elderly
lady was killed here because of her inheritance, it became a national
event that was discussed by almost the entire state. About 90% of the country's territory is monitored by video cameras.
Monaco is one of the most stable countries on the planet. They have
been ruled by the Grimaldi dynasty for more than 500 years. And it was
they who relied on the gambling business and tourism, which enriched the
country. Due to the constant influx of wealthy people into the
country, the state spends huge sums to expand the available territory.
This is done in two ways. First, the country is growing vertically. More
and more modern skyscrapers are being built in Monaco. The most
expensive penthouse in Europe was sold here. Secondly, the country
spends billions on land reclamation. This is an insanely expensive area
expansion process, but there are no other options. France is obliged to defend Monaco in the event of an attack by another country.
The Grand Prix in Monaco is the most popular glamorous party. It is
also called one of the main events of the country's year. Citizens of the country cannot play for money themselves. Visits to the casino are also prohibited for them. Monaco has no external public debt. 3% of the population are unemployed. The indigenous population practically does not pay taxes.
Many call Monaco a paradise for millionaires
It
is no coincidence that Monaco is called a unique state. For a number of
reasons, this is exactly what it is. And to live here is the dream of
many wealthy people.
Monaco's
history began in 1215. It was then that the Republic of Genoa looked
after this territory for itself and decided to establish a colony. A
fortress was erected here, which later became a full-fledged castle. The
civil war in Genoa led to the fact that Francesco Grimaldi, a
representative of one of the ruling branches, occupied the colony along
with his supporters. Since then, power here has been transferred along
this line.
For a long time Monaco was under the vassalage of
France. However, since 1612, the prince began to call himself sovereign,
and in 1643 the French government even recognized this fact.
In
the 18th century, the principality was under the protectorate of either
France or the Sardinian kingdom. In 1848, the Principality lost two
cities: Roquebrune and Menton. This was due to the rather tough policy
pursued by Grimaldi. Further attempts to regain the lost territories did
not lead to anything.
In 1860, Sardinia withdrew its troops from
Monaco. This ended the protectorate. And a year later, the principality
signed an agreement with France. According to him, it abandoned most of
the territory, which was reduced to 1/20. In return, they signed a
customs union that was beneficial for it with the state. France also
provided 4 million francs and assumed certain obligations to Monaco. The rich history of Monaco is reflected in the architecture of the Principality
Four
years later, the customs union was officially signed. At the same time,
the famous casino "Monte Carlo" was opened, which largely shaped the
image of the modern principality. Plus, both of these events
significantly improved the financial situation of the country. In
addition, the conclusion of these agreements and the foundation of the
casino became the key to the further prosperity of the state as a whole.
The
20th century turned out to be suddenly turbulent for the country. In a
small principality, serious passions were burning: in 1910, a real
revolution took place here. As a result, the power of the princes was
limited, the first constitution appeared.
The Second World
War did not pass without a trace for Monaco. The state tried to follow
the example of Switzerland and maintain neutrality. However, he did not
succeed: first it was occupied by the Italian authorities, and then by
the German ones. Jews living in Monaco were sent to death camps. Not so
long ago, Prince Albert II (the current ruler) apologized to them.
After
the end of World War II, Prince Rainier III came to power. He dreamed
of creating a prosperous country “for all”. He hated the idea of a
resort for the rich, which he planned to make Monaco Onassis. Moreover,
on this basis, the prince even quarreled with the Greek rich man. The
irony of fate turned out to be that in the end Monaco became just such a
resort. At least in a number of ways.
In 1956, Rainier III
married the famous Hollywood actress and rare beauty Grace Kelly. It
should be noted that he planned this marriage to draw attention to the
country. Even Marilyn Monroe was considered as a likely candidate. That
is, it was a marriage of convenience, a business project. However, in
the end, the prince fell in love with Grace Kelly. The story began to
resemble a beautiful fairy tale. The wedding of Grace Kelly and the Prince of Monaco
The
wedding was a huge event. The press wrote about her all over the world.
So Monaco got the publicity. Grace Kelly was not just a beauty and a
great wife. She also proved to be a great manager who was able to not
only bring Monaco to the attention of the rich and famous, but also keep
it. The new princess began to give receptions, continued to communicate
with old friends and acquired new ones. In the role of the wife of the
ruler of the country, Grace Kelly looked surprisingly organic. sfor
the prince himself, he continues the work on washing up the territory,
which was started by his father. Albert also plans to build a new
district. Considering how tiny the principality is, this is an
incredibly important step.
At the moment, Monaco is considered
one of the most prosperous countries on the planet. Taxation here is
loyal, the standard of living is incredibly high. Real estate prices are
constantly rising, so if you have the funds to buy an apartment, the
money can be very profitable to invest. The level of well-being of Monaco is the highest among countries in the world Best time to travel to Monaco
It
is problematic to say unequivocally when exactly is the best time to go
to Monaco. Tourists find this country attractive throughout the year.
Each season has its advantages in terms of travel:
Summer.
From May to autumn in Monaco is the high season. It begins in the spring
with the start of the Grand Prix. Ends in September. In the summer,
free hotel rooms and apartments are difficult to find. As for
restaurants, tables in some establishments are booked 2 months in
advance. And only in Monaco in the summer you can see real traffic jams
from the premium car segment on the tracks. It looks frankly unusual. As
for the weather, a beach holiday in the Principality is considered
ideal in June. The air temperature is on average somewhere around +24°C.
At the same time, the water temperature is below 4 degrees, no more.
That is, there is no strong heat, but it is warm enough. Autumn.
The velvet season in Monaco is considered quite beautiful. At this time
of the year, those who appreciate privacy and a relaxing holiday come
here. From September to November you can admire beautiful yachts. Prices
begin to decline only in the last month of autumn. However, it is at
this time of the year that the weather in Monaco deteriorates, it
becomes frankly damp, rainy and dank. Winter. This period in
Monaco is considered quite calm. The low season continues, so prices
will not be high, except during the Christmas and New Year period, for
obvious reasons. The cold season for the principality is quite calm. The
Alps protect the small country from weather problems, so there are
almost no hurricanes and storms here. A great time to get to know the
Principality without crowds of tourists. Spring. This time of the
year is especially good in Monaco. Until May, prices do not rise, but
it is felt that the principality is preparing for the high season. In
March, the first yachts for boat trips begin to appear. Also, spring is
great for those who like to see the sights and just walk around Monaco.
Spring in Monaco is especially good!!!
The main attractions and activities in Monaco
The
smallest country in the world itself is a separate attraction. And in
general, in one way or another everything is interesting in it. But if
you still select individual objects, then:
Casino Monte
Carlo. This is one of the oldest casinos on the planet, which, with its
respectability, contributed a lot to ensuring that such establishments
were not closed in principle. After all, they were often considered
hotbeds of vice and were forbidden in every possible way. However, it
was the casino that saved the country from ruin last year. And it's just
really pretty. Even if you are indifferent to gambling, it is worth
stopping by at least for the sake of the Opera House - one of the most
famous and impressive halls. Prince's Palace. The residence of
the ruler, of course, is located in the old city. So it won't be too
hard to find it. The prince's palace is monumental, solid. It clearly
shows the desire to receive protection. Cathedral. Many tourists
are surprised at how well it has been preserved, not suspecting that the
cathedral building is not so many years old. It was built “only” in
1875. However, the building looks older, as if it has been keeping
secrets for many hundreds of years. Be that as it may, but the cathedral
really deserves attention, if only for its monumentality.
Japanese garden. This is one of the most beautiful and flourishing
places in Monaco. It is planned according to all the rules of Japanese
art of creating such gardens. By the way, many plants feel clearly
better in the principality than at home. They bloom brighter too. This
is due to a more suitable climate for some crops. As much as 7,000 m2
has been allocated to the Japanese garden. Given how Monaco appreciates
the area, this is a lot. The original Jardin Exotic Park is
another place worth visiting. It is interesting at least because here
you can admire 7 thousand (!) cacti. And yes, this place is quite
beautiful. Fontvieille is a separate district built on territory
that was reclaimed from the sea. Although some call it a small city
(second) of Monaco. Here you can find the Maritime Museum, which prides
itself on replicas of various famous ships. If you like beautiful views,
you can look into the landscape park. And fans of wildlife obviously
will not leave indifferent the zoo. The Museum of Old Monaco is a
must-visit place for anyone who would like to touch the history of this
country, understand its past (and feel even deeper about the present).
The Rosary is the real pride of the country. It was created as a kind
of recognition from the local population of the merits of Princess Grace
Kelly for all that she has done for the principality. The ruler's wife
adored roses. Therefore, this amazing place was created in honor of her.
It is shaped like a huge rose. And, as you might guess, there are an
incredible number of varieties of these plants here - about 150 rare
varieties. And in total there are about 14 thousand different cultures.
Casino Square is a special place that often gets on postcards. Firstly,
there is a French park here, which smoothly turns into the mountains.
Secondly, on the square itself you can see beautiful statues, elegant
lanterns and ... A sign that warns of a certain dress code. Yes, it
won't be that easy to appear here. You can't, for example, be in jeans
and sneakers. But everything on the square is exquisite. It is
especially beautiful here at night when the lanterns are lit.
For Monaco, this is a very monumental building. How to get a visa?
To
get to Monaco, citizens of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus or Kazakhstan need
to get a visa. And since there are no embassies or consulates of Monaco
on the territory of our countries, the corresponding functions are
carried out by the French embassy. This is where you need to submit your
documents. You need a visa to visit Monaco
To apply for a visa, you need to provide:
internal passport (it is necessary to have a place of permanent registration);
a passport valid at the time of application for at least six months. If
you have already changed your passports, then the old ones must also be
submitted without fail; questionnaire in English or French. It must be filled in capital letters in printed form;
certificate from the place of work. It should include the job title and
salary. You also need to provide a document that will record the
duration of the work; written confirmation that the person went on vacation, for example, and not fired; photographs 3.5 by 4.5 cm. They must be fresh; pensioner's ID; minors are required to have a birth certificate;
from students of any category - a document that confirms the transfer
to the next course or to the next class (if the trip is planned in the
summer); a bank document showing the availability of funds per
person, based on the calculation of a minimum of 50 euros per day for
the duration of the trip; round trip plane tickets; written permission to process personal data; medical insurance with coverage from 30 thousand euros. At the same time, you need.
but choose a European insurer. Insurance must be for each person.
Issuing
a tourist or visitor visa costs $28. It is issued once. To obtain a
multiple-entry visa to Monaco, there is only one reason - a business
trip. This requires that the person entering the country has the
appropriate contact in Monaco. Also, when obtaining a visa on the basis
of a business trip, it is required to justify your visit in an expanded
form.
Please note: if children are traveling with their parents,
then minors must be entered in the parents' passports. They also need to
provide a birth certificate. If only one parent visits Monaco with the
child, then the second will need a written consent, notarized and
translated into French. As for children, from the age of 14 they must
have their own passport.
The question of taxation in Monaco
Monaco is called a tax haven. And indeed: here is a very profitable and fairly simple system. Monaco is a famous tax haven
If
we talk about legal entities, then if the turnover of capital is 75% in
the territory of the principality, such a company is exempt from income
tax in principle. Otherwise, it is 33.33%. The same tax in Monaco is
paid by companies that receive income from patents, artistic or literary
property rights.
At the same time, capital gains tax, which is
typical for most other countries, is not levied in Monaco. There is VAT.
It is the same as in France - 20%. However, Monaco is also actively
applying lower rates, for example, 10% for certain groups of goods.
As
for individuals, they do not pay income tax in Monaco. However,
pensions and social security also exist here. For them, 12% is deducted
from the gross salary annually. Also, when concluding real estate
transactions, standard VAT is paid, provided that the object was built
and put into operation no later than 5 years before the sale. It's especially beautiful here at night.
An
inheritance tax is provided, which is due to the nature of the
relationship between the deceased and the heir. If the property was
inherited in a straight line, for example, from parents or from
grandparents, then taxation will take place at a zero rate.
The
inheritance passed from a brother or sister - 8%. Are we talking about
nephews or aunts? ten%. In the case of all other relatives, you will
have to pay a tax of 13%. Sometimes an inheritance comes from a person
who was not a relative, for example, by will. In such a situation, you
will need to pay a tax of 16%. However, do not forget that the heir
always has the opportunity to refuse the inheritance if he considers its
acceptance for himself financially unprofitable.
Many are
disappointed when they find out that you still have to pay taxes in
Monaco. However, no state in the world can exist completely without
payments. Nevertheless, Monaco compares favorably with most countries
with a noticeably smaller number of deductions in favor of the treasury.
Plus, you don't have to pay taxes at all. And deductions from salaries
for the formation of pensions are a contribution to the future. Monaco
in this regard is an order of magnitude more reliable than the FIU. Where to stay in Monaco? Monaco - a rich choice of places to live, despite its tiny size
Despite
the tiny size of Monaco, this country still formed several districts
(some call them cities). They smoothly flow into one another, so on the
ground you may not even notice that you left one and went to another.
Nevertheless, there is still a certain difference between them:
Monaco-Ville. This is the official capital of the principality, in fact
- the old part of the city. Sometimes the whole city as a whole is
called that. However, most often, “Monaco-Ville” still means the
historical center. Here is the cathedral, not very far from which you
can find the residence of the prince. There are few hotels here, and the
price per room per night can cost a fortune. Buying property in this
area will not work due to the extremely limited supply market;
Monte Carlo. The most famous and wealthy area of millionaires, located
next to the famous casino. Buying real estate here is affordable for a
multimillionaire. Nevertheless, the area is very beautiful, and it would
not hurt to look here; Condamine is a port area. Here you can
buy commercial real estate in the first place. In general, this part of
Monaco is largely devoted to business activity; Le Revoir is the
most affordable and smallest area of Monaco. It is the most remote
from the sea, located on a certain elevation. But it offers stunning
views of the surroundings; Fontvieille is a new area of the
city, which is completely built on bulk land. Skyscrapers are being
built here, so there is an opportunity to buy real estate. It is
connected to the rest of Monaco by a tunnel that runs right through the
rock; Saint-Michel is a residential area of the principality,
where you can also look after real estate. There are no attractions, so
you will have the opportunity to take a break from the ubiquitous
tourists. Prices per square meter are average for the country. Monte
Carlo is located next to the Saint-Michel district; Saint Roman
is another residential area of Monaco. It is not very far from the
beach. The proximity of the sea coast affects prices per square meter;
La Colle is an area that is located almost on the border with France.
It is located far from the sea (relatively), a quarter of its territory
is given to the cemetery. However, the situation did not become more
gloomy from this. The buildings here seem to compete with each other in
height and number of floors. But real estate is traded quite actively;
Moneghetti is another area located far from the sea. Here is the elite
real estate of the beginning of the last century. You can buy such
property if you have several million euros or more.
Museum of stamps and coins of Monaco From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Museum of stamps and coins of Monaco Large exhibition hall of the museum Large exhibition hall of the museum Date of foundation 1996 Opening date 1996 Monaco address Website www.oetp-monaco.com Wikimedia Commons logo
The
Museum of Stamps and Coins of Monaco (fr. Musée des timbres et des
monnaies de Monaco) is a philatelic and numismatic museum located on the
territory of the Principality of Monaco. The museum's collection fully
allows you to trace the history mail and postal stamps of this state.
Story
At
the end of the 19th century, the English pastor, Rev. G. G. Barbier,
collected a unique collection of postage stamps dedicated to the
Principality of Monaco. After the death of the pastor, Prince Albert I
of Monaco acquired this collection, and the next Prince Louis II
significantly supplemented it. Prince Rainier III in 1950 decided to put
the collection on public display. In 1987, an advisory commission was
established, responsible for the classification and replenishment of the
philatelic collection. Since 1996, the Postage Stamp Museum has been
open to visitors. In 2001, it received a name more appropriate to the
content of the collections - the Museum of Postage Stamps and Coins. exposition
The
museum is divided into two rooms. The Grand Exhibition Hall houses two
permanent exhibitions of the museum: an exhibition of coins from the
Principality of Monaco from 1641 and an exhibition of philatelic
products from this country from 1885 to the present day. The Hall of
Rare Stamps exhibits priceless and rare items. For example, an envelope
from Menton dated April 12, 1851 with a copy of a stamp from the first
series of stamps of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the first color stamps of
Monaco, 5-franc coins with the image of Prince Charles III.
In addition, visitors can see:
a rotary printing press, which has served the printing house of Monaco for more than 50 years; various punches for stamps and coins; a manual typographical machine, on which museum employees demonstrate the process of making stamps during various events.
MonacoPhil
Since
1997, the Monaco Museum of Stamps and Coins, under the patronage of the
Prince of Monaco, has been hosting the international
philatelic exhibition MonacoPhil (MonacoPhil). The exhibition, which
takes place every two years, exhibits 100 of the world's rarest postal
items. World philatelic rarities are provided by members of the Monte
Carlo Elite Philately Club. Members of this club are both private
collectors and the world's leading postal museums. MonacoPhil
exhibitions are not competitive, therefore there is no jury at these
exhibitions and no awards are awarded. Each exhibition is accompanied by
a full-color catalog, which depicts all the exhibited items with
descriptions in French and English.
Extending across the entirety
of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time
zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From
northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast),
Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and
North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk
and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East
Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th
centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and
their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century.
In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19]
beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined
Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately
disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands
were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the
nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow
gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved
independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural
and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had
greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to
become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in
history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the
east.[21][22]
Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian
Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading
constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's
first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a
decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged
as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the
Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological
achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made
satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of
1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest
standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of
mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet
Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR:
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic
states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian
SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as
the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet
Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
The
Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth
largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive
mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the
world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas
globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear
weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and
has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of
the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade
Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty
Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian
Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan.
History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans
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3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic
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(by law "On arbitration courts") [hide] v t e World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district Kizhi Pogost Palace Square, Saint Petersburg Moscow Kremlin Central Church
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and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Lake Baikal Katun River in Altai Mountains Southern Western Caucasus Northwestern Curonian
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A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong,
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Taipei" [hide] v t e BRICS Membership Brazil Brazil Russia Russia India India China China South Africa South Africa Summits Yekaterinburg
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team CIS national football team CIS national ice hockey team CIS
national rugby team CIS Cup (football) Military Collective Security Treaty Organization Collective Rapid Reaction Force Joint CIS Air Defense System Economics Economic Court CISFTA Eurasian Economic Community Eurasian Patent Convention Eurasian Patent Organization EU Technical Aid Organization Interstate Aviation Committee Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS Category Category [hide] v t e Council of Europe Institutions Secretary
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United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the People's
Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs
Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in
short.
he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky
Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)),
officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з
Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh
Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx
sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)),
abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state
in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of
multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were
highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres
were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union
was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the
largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding
permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a
member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.
The Soviet Union had its
roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by
Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had
replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil
war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian,
Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's
death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in
the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned
from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a
period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial
production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment,
implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy,
and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational
clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous
improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the
country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries
during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major
institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of
fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to
suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia
which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and
executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated
600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through
the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though
this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its
existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for
industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to
the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died
in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and
Kazakhstan.[9][10]
After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany,
Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other
European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World
War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty
with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two
countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact
collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and
bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for
the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the
upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and
Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states
of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and
communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by
the United States.
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern
Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc,
united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly
succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began
the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The
Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first
artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was
removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head
of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of
relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the
Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader,
Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through
his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika
(openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist
Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a
surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended
during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern
Europe overthrew their respective communist governments.
With the
rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union
republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in
the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some
republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in
favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power
was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a
high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état
attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev
resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as
independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the
Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is
recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In
summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav
Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal
geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance.
Soviet Union topics History Index
of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October
Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy
Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War
Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions
of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution
Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human
rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State
ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist
Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress
General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet
(1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture
Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product
Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist
Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia
Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1
Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR
Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925)
Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991)
South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics
in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized
by the majority of the international community such as the United
States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union
officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to
its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz
Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan
Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2
Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North
Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain
1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz
1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari
1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean
1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe
Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan
Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess
Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh
North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet
occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary
Romania Yalta Conference
Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian
People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic
People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles
Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East
German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956
Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations
Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine
1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade
1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest
in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction /
Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh
movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration
and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states
Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions
of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism
in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution
of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events
in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective
Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova
Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union
NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types Alternative
facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception
Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake
news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble
Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation
Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining
Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow
journalism Books Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa
Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet
Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA Disinformation operations 1995
CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy
theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap
Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat
al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park
protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium
forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker
Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the
2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from
Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain Countering disinformation Active
Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign
Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org
PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda.
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STAMPLAKE.COM
PROFESSIONAL SELLER
Type
of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in
popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe
investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average
20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock
market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only
materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic
pleasure. However, investing money in antiques is a complex
activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to
acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate
community. It is necessary to understand what things really have
the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are
hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The
core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects
which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years,
depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of
the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in
hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at
those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the
history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment
of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help
the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make
competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in
antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money. A
lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and
a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning
investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him,
purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about
making money. You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even
at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with
antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops,
exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in
selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the
market. If you want to do engage in such a profitable and
exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to
offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced
consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the
right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious
and magical world of collection. Dear collectors! StampLake.com
are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can
always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for
and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the
item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are
interested in. Features and further details Dear
collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very
important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store
exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if
you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find
and order the product you are interested in. Our company is
made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items
which are related to the collection (coins, banknotes, faleras,
antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much
else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful
items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you
personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested
in. Contact us We
can be contacted at any time through eBay messages if you have any
questions, comments or product requests. We will respond to you
within 24-48 hours and do our best to help you out! We encourage our
customers to contact us with any questions or concerns! We'd like to
be sure you are completely satisfied with your purchase. Payment | PAYPAL , VISA , MASTERCARD , MASESTRO , AMERICAN EXPRESS
| Shipping | WITH TRACKING NUMBER IN 1-2 WORKING DAYS AFTER PAYMENT
| Disclaimer | If the description of the lot differs from its image, the image will have priority | Best regards from STAMPLAKE.COM
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