Росси́йская Федерaция (Russian)
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Flag of Russia
Flag
Coat of arms of Russia
Coat of arms
Anthem:
"Gosudarstvenny gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii
(Slav'sya otechestvo, nashe svobodnoye
Bratsih narodov, soyuz vekovoy) " (transliteration)
"State Anthem of the Russian Federation"
Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a
Location of Russia (green)
Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a
Capital
and largest city Moscow
55°45′N 37°37′E
Official languages Russian
Recognised national languages See Languages of Russia
Ethnic groups (2010[1])
81.0% Russian
3.7% Tatar
1.4% Ukrainian
1.1% Bashkir
1.0% Chuvash
0.8% Chechen
11.0% others / unspecified
Religion See Religion in Russia
Demonym Russian
Government Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic[2]
• President
Vladimir Putin
• Prime Minister
Dmitry Medvedev
• Chairman of the Federation Council
Valentina Matviyenko
• Chairman of the State Duma
Vyacheslav Volodin
Legislature Federal Assembly
• Upper house
Federation Council
• Lower house
State Duma
Formation
• Arrival of Rurik[3]
862
• Kievan Rus'
882
• Grand Duchy of Moscow
1283
• Tsardom
16 January 1547
• Empire
22 October 1721
• Republic
14 September 1917
• Russian State
23 September 1918
• Russian SFSR
7 November (25 October, OS), 1917
• Soviet Union
30 December 1922
• Sovereignty Declaration
12 June 1990
• CIS Declaration
8 December 1991b
• Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation
25 December 1991b
• Current constitution
12 December 1993
Area
• Total
17,075,200[4] km2 (6,592,800 sq mi) (1st)
• Water (%)
13[5] (including swamps)
Population
• 2018 estimate
144,526,636 Increase[6] (without Crimea)[7] (9th)
• Density
8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (225th)
GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate
• Total
$4.152 trillion[8] (6th)
• Per capita
$28,918[8] (49th)
GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate
• Total
$1.522 trillion[8] (12th)
• Per capita
$10,630[8] (67th)
Gini (2015) Positive decrease 37.7[9]
medium · 98
HDI (2015) Increase 0.804[10]
very high · 49th
Currency Russian ruble (₽) (RUB)
Time zone (UTC+2 to +12)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy
Drives on the right
Calling code +7
ISO 3166 code RU
Internet TLD
.ru
.su
.рф
The
Crimean Peninsula is recognized as territory of Ukraine by a majority
of UN member nations, but is de facto administered by Russia.[11]
The
Belavezha Accords was signed in Brest, Belarus on December 8, creating
the Commonwealth of Independent States in which the Supreme Soviet of
the Russian SFSR ratified the accords on December 12, denouncing the
1922 treaty. On December 25, Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian
Federation and the following the day on December 26, the Supreme Soviet
of the Soviet Union ratified the accords, effectively dissolving the
Soviet Union.
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA:
[rɐˈsʲijə]), also officially known as the Russian Federation[12]
(Russian: Росси́йская Федерaция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA:
[rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a sovereign country in Eurasia.[13]
At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi),[14] Russia is the
largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of
the Earth's inhabited land area,[15][16][17] and the ninth most
populous, with over 144 million people at the end of December 2017.[6]
About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the
country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the
world; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk,
Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod.
Extending across the entirety
of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time
zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From
northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast),
Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and
North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk
and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East
Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th
centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and
their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century.
In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19]
beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined
Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately
disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands
were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the
nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow
gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved
independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural
and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had
greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to
become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in
history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the
east.[21][22]
Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian
Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading
constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's
first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a
decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged
as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the
Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological
achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made
satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of
1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest
standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of
mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet
Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR:
Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic
states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian
SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as
the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet
Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
The
Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth
largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive
mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the
world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas
globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear
weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and
has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of
the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade
Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty
Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian
Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan.
History
Timeline
Proto-Indo-Europeans
Scythians East Slavs Rus' Khaganate Kievan Rus' Novgorod Republic
Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire
Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation
By topic
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relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human
rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement (Prisons)
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Outline
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Palekh miniature Russian icons Zhostovo painting
Ushanka
Balalaika
Tableware
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Clothing
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Lapti Orenburg shawl Papakha Peaked cap Podvorotnichok Sailor cap
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instruments
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[hide] v t e
Russia Subdivisions of Russia
Federal subjects
Republics
Adygea
Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan
Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia
Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia-Alania Sakha Tatarstan
Tuva Udmurtia
Krais
Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky
Oblasts
Amur
Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo
Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad
Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk
Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov
Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir
Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl
Federal cities
Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol1
Autonomous oblast
Jewish
Autonomous okrugs
Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2
1Claimed
by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be
part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast
3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast
Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions
Economic
regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by
Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts
(by law "On arbitration courts")
[hide] v t e
World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district
Kizhi Pogost
Palace Square, Saint Petersburg
Moscow Kremlin
Central
Church
of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square
Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir
and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl
Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano
Lake Baikal
Katun River in Altai Mountains
Southern
Western Caucasus
Northwestern
Curonian
Spit1 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic
Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint
Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc2
Far Eastern
Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote-Alin Wrangel Island
Siberian
Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria3 Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin3
Volga
Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin
North Caucasian
Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent
1 Shared with Lithuania 2 Shared with nine other countries 3 Shared with Mongolia
[hide] v t e
People from Russia
Political and religious leaders
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Metropolitans and Patriarchs Saints (1, 2)
Alexander Nevsky, the Name of Russia
Military figures and explorers
Field marshals Soviet marshals Admirals Aviators Cosmonauts
Scientists, engineers and inventors
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engineers Astronomers and astrophysicists Biologists Chemists Earth
scientists Electrical engineers IT developers Linguists and philologists
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Weaponry makers
Artists and writers
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Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra Armenia2 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and
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Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City
Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary (with borders).svg
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia2 Artsakh2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus2 South Ossetia2 Transnistria
Dependencies
Denmark
Faroe Islands1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark
United Kingdom
Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies
Special areas of
internal sovereignty
Finland
Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921
Norway
Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty
United Kingdom
Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement
1
Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with
the continent even though they are not situated on its continental
shelf.
2 Some countries completely outside the conventional
geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the
continent due to ethnological links.
[hide] v t e
Countries and dependencies of Asia
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Countries bordering the Baltic Sea
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1 Disputed statehood — partial international recognition, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory.
[hide]
International organizations
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States Vietnam
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APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival
1.
A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong,
China"; 2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Chinese
Taipei"
[hide] v t e
BRICS
Membership
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2009 Brasília 2010 Sanya 2011 New Delhi 2012 Durban 2013 Fortaleza 2014
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Members
Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan
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Georgia (1993–2009)
History
Russian
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States Belavezha Accords (Near abroad) Alma-Ata Protocol
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team CIS national football team CIS national ice hockey team CIS
national rugby team CIS Cup (football)
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Members
Albania
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Kingdom
Observers
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Former members
Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)
1
Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as "the former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute.
[hide] v t e
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G8 members
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See also
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[hide] v t e
G20 major economies
Argentina
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Negotiating parties
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Guests
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Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia
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Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon
Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan
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United Kingdom
Special administrative regions of the People's
Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China".
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs
Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in
short.
he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky
Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)),
officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з
Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh
Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx
sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)),
abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state
in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of
multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were
highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres
were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union
was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the
largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding
permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a
member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.
The Soviet Union had its
roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by
Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had
replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil
war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian,
Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's
death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in
the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned
from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a
period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial
production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment,
implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy,
and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational
clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous
improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the
country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries
during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major
institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of
fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to
suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia
which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and
executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated
600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through
the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though
this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its
existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for
industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to
the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died
in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and
Kazakhstan.[9][10]
After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany,
Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other
European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World
War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty
with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two
countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact
collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and
bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for
the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the
upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and
Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states
of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and
communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by
the United States.
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern
Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc,
united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly
succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began
the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The
Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first
artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was
removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head
of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of
relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the
Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader,
Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through
his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika
(openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist
Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a
surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended
during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern
Europe overthrew their respective communist governments.
With the
rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union
republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in
the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some
republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in
favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power
was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a
high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état
attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev
resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as
independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the
Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is
recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In
summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav
Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal
geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance.
Soviet Union topics
History
Index
of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October
Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy
Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War
Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions
of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states
State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg
Geography
Subdivisions
Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list
Regions
Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain
Politics
General
Constitution
Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human
rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State
ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism
Bodies
Communist
Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress
General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet
(1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court
Offices
Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier
Security services
Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB
Political repression
Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry
Ideological repression
Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images
Economy
Agriculture
Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product
Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport
Science
Communist
Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list
Society
Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT
Culture
Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture
Opposition
Soviet dissidents and their groups list
Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics
Template Templates
Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism
Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject
[hide]
Administrative division of the Soviet Union
[hide] v t e
Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Principal
Armenia
Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1
Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan
State Emblem of the Soviet Union
Short-lived
Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936)
Non-union republics
SSR
Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925)
Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991)
South Ossetian SR (1990–1991)
1The annexation of the Baltic republics
in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized
by the majority of the international community such as the United
States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union
officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to
its final dissolution three months later.
[hide] v t e
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
By name
Abkhaz
Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan
Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2
Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North
Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
By year
established
1918–1924 Turkestan
1918–1941 Volga German
1919–1990 Bashkir
1920–1925 Kirghiz2
1920–1990 Tatar
1921–1990 Adjar
1921–1945 Crimean
1921–1991 Dagestan
1921–1924 Mountain
1921–1990 Nakhchivan
1922–1991 Yakut
1923–1990 Buryat1
1923–1940 Karelian
1924–1940 Moldavian
1924–1929 Tajik
1925–1992 Chuvash
1925–1936 Kazak2
1926–1936 Kirghiz
1931–1991 Abkhaz
1932–1992 Karakalpak
1934–1990 Mordovian
1934–1990 Udmurt
1935–1943 Kalmyk
1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush
1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar
1936–1990 Komi
1936–1990 Mari
1936–1990 North Ossetian
1944–1957 Kabardin
1956–1991 Karelian
1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush
1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar
1958–1990 Kalmyk
1961–1992 Tuva
1990–1991 Gorno-Altai
1991–1992 Crimean
1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958.
2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925.
[hide] v t e
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Adyghe
Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan
Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess
Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh
North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
[hide] v t e
Socialism by country
By country
American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan
History
Brazil United Kingdom United States
Regional variants
African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese
Communist
states
Africa
Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia
Americas
Cuba Grenada
Asia
Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen
Short-lived
Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China
Europe
Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Short-lived
Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919)
History of socialism
[hide] v t e
Eastern Bloc
Soviet Union Communism
Formation
Secret
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet
occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary
Romania Yalta Conference
Annexed as, or
into, SSRs
Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia
Satellite states
Hungarian
People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic
People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948)
Annexing SSRs
Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR
Organizations
Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Revolts and
opposition
Welles
Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East
German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956
Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations
Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine
1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade
1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest
in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction /
Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh
movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January
Cold War events
Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis
Conditions
Emigration
and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states
Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping
Decline
Revolutions
of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism
in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution
of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events
in Latvia
Post-Cold War topics
Baltic Assembly Collective
Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova
Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union
NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group
[hide] v t e
Disinformation
Types
Alternative
facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception
Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake
news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble
Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation
Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining
Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow
journalism
Books
Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa
Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet
Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA
Disinformation
operations
1995
CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy
theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap
Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat
al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park
protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium
forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker
Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the
2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from
Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain
Countering
disinformation
Active
Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign
Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org
PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency
Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda.