FRANCE COLONIES 1960'S AFRICAN SERIES AIR MAIL BLOCK100% Original Old Postage
YOU ARE BIDDING ON:French Gabon 1963 - Air Mail - Kennedy - MNH - 4 Stamps Block
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PRODUCT INFO
The history of mail and postage stamps of Gabon, a state in the west of central Africa with its capital in Libreville, is conditionally divided into the colonial period (until 1958) and the period of independence (since 1958).
Gabon is a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU; since 1961). The modern postal operator of the country is La Poste SA[en][1]. Content
1 Early development of mail 2 Issues of postage stamps 2.1 First stamps 2.2 French colonial 2.3 Independence 2.4 Issuing policy 3 Other types of postage stamps 3.1 Postal-charity 3.2 Surcharges 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Literature 7 Links
Early postal development Image of a Fang warrior on a 5 centime postage stamp (1910) This 5 centime stamp depicting a raft on the Ogowa River was in circulation for a very short time (1932) Envelope sent from Libreville to Chicago in 1965 bears postage stamps from the 1961 Floral Issue and the 1962 Leon Mba Issue
The very first post office was opened in Libreville in 1862. Mail from it was sent through the British post office to Fernando Po (now Bioko). To pay for correspondence, postage stamps of the general issue of the French colonies were used, which were canceled with a postmark with the letters "GAB" (abbreviated from the French "GABON" - "GABON") inside a rhombus of dots. Issues of postage stamps First stamps
On July 31, 1886, Gabon issued its first postage stamps, which were overprints on available stamps, made to cover the shortage of stamps of the most popular denominations. The stamps were overprinted with the text "GAB" ("GAB") in dots and a new denomination[2][3].
The overprints issued in 1888 represented only the denomination figure, and in 1889, on additional stamps, in addition to the new denomination, an overprint of the text fr. "GABON/TIMBRE" ("GABON/STAMP") to indicate their suitability for use as regular postage stamps. Gabon 1889 ( Mi #14; Sc #14; SG #14; Yt #14 )
In the same year, 1889, stamps with a face value of 15 and 25 centimes were printed on the spot. The stamps have the inscription "Gabon-Congo / POSTES" ("Gabon-Congo / MAIL") in one corner, the denomination in the opposite corner and the diagonal inscription "Republique Française" ("Republic of France") in the center.
All of the first editions mentioned were produced in small print runs and are rare. French colonial
From 1891 to 1904, Gabon was part of the French Congo and stamps of the French Congo[3] were used on its territory, but in connection with the provision of partial autonomy in 1904, he issued his own postage stamps. These were stamps from the "Seafaring and Trade" series[en], used by all French colonies. The issue consisted of stamps of 17 denominations from 1 centime to 5 francs.
This was followed in 1910 by a series of stamps with drawings of the Gabonese theme: a Fang warrior, a view of Libreville and a Fang woman. All stamps were bicolor. On the stamps of the first version, in addition to the word "GABON" (Gabon), there was an inscription fr. "CONGO FRANÇAIS" (French Congo), but soon the stamps were re-engraved with the text changed to "AFRIQUE EQUATORIALE" (Western Africa).
As in the case of many other colonies, in 1912 the remnants of the "Seafaring and Commerce" stamps were overprinted with new denominations: "5" and "10".
After 1924, the stamps of the 1910 series were overprinted with the text "AFRIQUE EQUATORIALE FRANÇAISE" ("French Equatorial Africa"), and after 1927 some of them were additionally overprinted with new denominations.
In 1932, a new standard series of 24 denominations of three types of drawings was issued: a wooden raft on the Ogowa River, a portrait of de Brazza, and a view of the village of Setta Kemma. The series did not remain in circulation for long, since Gabon was included in French Equatorial Africa, after which the postage stamps of the latter were used there[3]. Independence
Despite the proclamation of a republic in November 1958, the population continued to use the postage stamps of French Equatorial Africa. The first issue of the Republic of Gabon saw the light of day on its first anniversary, November 28, 1959. The issue consisted of stamps of two denominations depicting different portraits of Prime Minister Leon Mba. The inscription on the stamps: fr. "République Gabonaise" ("Gabonese Republic")[3]. Issuing policy
In the 1960s, postage issues took the form generally characteristic of the postage stamps of France and its former colonial possessions: multicolor engraved oblong stamps, either horizontal or vertical. Some of these were deliberate imitations of French postage stamp designs, like the small coat of arms stamps that began in 1969 and continued well into the 1980s (long after France stopped using the design on its stamps). In the 1970s, postage stamps gradually began to appear, the design of which was calculatedItan is primarily for American and European collectors. This, for example, a series of motorcycles, released in 1978, Nobel Prize winners, released in 1995, but they were the exception rather than the rule. In 1965, Gabon issued one of the first postage stamps on gold foil[2]. The postal miniature was dedicated to the memory of Albert Schweitzer. Other types of postage stamps Postal Charity
Charity postage stamps were issued in Gabon in 1915-1917. Additional payment
Overprints on French surcharge stamps fr. Gabon. A.E.F." (“Gabon. F. E. A.”). Inscription on stamps: fr. "Chiffre-taxe" ("Supplement")[3]. see also
History of Gabon La Poste SA[en] Category:Images:Gabonese stamps
Notes
Gabon (English). member countries. africa. Universal Postal Union. Retrieved 16 August 2013. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013. Gabon // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Gabon // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Reference book / L. L. Lepeshinsky. - M .: Communication, 1967. - S. 237-238. — 480 s.
Literature Owner N. Gabon // Philately of the USSR. - 1991. - No. 2. - S. 60-61. — (Heading: By countries and continents). Gabon // Philately of the USSR. - 1973. - No. 12. - P. 29. - (Heading: By countries and continents). Levikov O., Torgashin V. Vintage territories of the world (Angola, Bateken, Benin, Botswana, Bouvet, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gabon, Gambia) // Philately. - 2008. - No. 9. - S. 25-32. — (Heading: Philatelic geography). Rossiter S., Fowler J. The Stamp Atlas: A Unique Assembly of Geography, Social and Political History, and Postal Information. — 1st edn. - L., Sydney: Macdonald, 1986. - 336 p. - ISBN 0-356-10862-7. (English) Stanley Gibbons Limited: Various "Stanley Gibbons" catalogs. (English) Stone R. G. The diverse world of postal markings of Gabon / Congo / A. E. F. — New York, NY, USA: France and Colonies Philatelic Society, 1987
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he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский
Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this
sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz
Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx
sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)),
abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state
in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of
multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were
highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres
were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet
Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and
possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It
was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,
as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.
The Soviet Union
had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks,
led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government
which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a
civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the
Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics.
Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph
Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the
Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally
planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and
collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet
Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare
system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid
vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of
industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard
of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting
with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but
was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and
failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the
Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential
counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in
the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of
suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths.
As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system
was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this
consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its
existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for
industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to
the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died
in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and
Kazakhstan.[9][10]
After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany,
Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other
European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World
War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty
with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two
countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact
collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and
bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for
the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the
upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and
Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states
of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist
and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West,
led by the United States.
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the
Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the
Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died
and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced
Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the
Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race,
with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight.
Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was
succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a
brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions
resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last
Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the
economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and
perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the
Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the
constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set
in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite
states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist
governments.
With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist
movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a
dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991
referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of
participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a
renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after
Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing
down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party
hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining
twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states.
The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet
Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state
of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international
ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of
the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military,
ideological and economic significance.
Soviet Union topics History Index
of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October
Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy
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Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions
of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution
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