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COMORES 1993 DELUX STAMP SERIES

100% Original Old Postage

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Comores 1993 - DELUX - Map imperforate - 75F Stamps Block

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PRODUCT INFORMATION

GRANDE COMORO - ARCHIPEL DES COMORES 65 FRANK
OVERPRINTED WITH 75 FRANK RED ETAT COMORIEN
AIR MAIL FULL MNH SHEET - FRENCH POSRTE AERIENNE

The history of mail and postage stamps Comoros is conditionally divided into the French colonial period and the period of independence (since 1975) of this archipelago in the Indian Ocean, located off the southeastern coast of Africa, next to Madagascar. Own postage stamps for the entire territory of Comoros have been issued since 1950, and in 1976 the state was accepted as a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU).

Brief historical overview

The postal history of the archipelago was closely connected with the postal service of France during the period of colonization, which began with Mayotte in the 1840s. Subsequently, the inhabitants of Mayotte, as well as the islands of Anjouan, Grande Comore and Moheli, used postage stamps issued specifically for each of these islands. In 1912, the archipelago was administratively and postally merged with the French colony of Madagascar.

Since 1950, postage stamps with the designation "Archipel des Comores" ("Comoros Archipelago") began to be issued for the four Comoros islands. After the independence of the three Comoros in 1975, two postal services operate in the archipelago: the Comorian and the French post on the island of Mayotte, whose inhabitants refused independence in a referendum.
Early colonial period

Very few letters are known to have been mailed in the Comoros before 1900. The earliest was sent from Mayotte in December 1850, and it had no postage stamps pasted on it.

Mayotte became a French colony in the early 1840s, after it was purchased by the French commander of Passo from Sultan Andriantsouli.

The first postage stamps from the series with the imperial eagle, common to all French colonies, were sent in late 1861 - early 1862. The mail they paid for was sent between Mayotte and Nossy Be, the northern island of Madagascar. The earliest known letter from Mayotte bearing a postage stamp is dated December 1863.

When the islands of Moheli, Grand Comore and Anjouan fell into the sphere of influence of France, the French used the postal service of Mayotte. At the same time, colonial stamps with an eagle and French stamps were used (toothless in the colonies). However, the calendar stamp always bore the inscription "Mayotte et dépendances" ("Mayotte and dependencies"). At the same time, if the address of the sender is not indicated on the envelope or there are no other marks on the letter itself, there is no other way to determine the true point of departure of the Comorian letter of that period. Until the 1870s, the postage stamp itself was canceled with a rhombus of dots with a hole in the middle, so it is impossible to know where the postage stamp separated from the letter was cancelled.

After the appearance of the French adventurer Léon Humblot on the Comoros, ships of the French Navy arrived in the archipelago, which introduced French rule. Mayotte retained its central position in the new governance structure.

Gradually, like all French colonies, stamps were issued for each island with its own name, as the postal administration suffered losses from the illegal transfer of stamps from colonies with low currency value to colonies with high currency value. Mayotte and the Sultanat d'Anjouan received their own stamps in November 1892, Grande Comore in November 1897 and Moheli in 1906. Island issues had postal circulation until the annexation of the islands to colonial Madagascar in 1911.
Mayotte Island
Main article: Postal history and postage stamps of Mayotte

Mayotte was a French colony centered on Dzaudzi from 1886 to 1908. On the original postage stamps issued for Mayotte, there were inscriptions in French: "Mayotte" ("Mayotte"), "République française. Colonies" ("French Republic. Colonies"), "Postes" ("Mail"). Mayotte issued 20 postage stamps.
Postage stamp of the island of Moheli with a face value of 2 centimes from the "group series", 1906
Moheli Island

Moheli Island was a French colony centered on Fomboni from 1886 to 1908. The original postage stamps issued for the island were inscribed in French: “Mohéli” (“Mohéli”), “République française. Colonies" ("French Republic. Colonies"), "Postes" ("Mail"). 16 postage stamps were issued on Moheli Island[2].
Grand Comore Island

Grand Comore, or Grand Comore, was a French colonial possession centered on Moroni from 1886 to 1908. The original postage stamps issued for the island were inscribed in French: “Grande Comore” (“Grand Comore”), “République française. Colonies" ("French Republic. Colonies"), "Postes" ("Mail"). Grande Comore issued 19 postage stamps.
Anjouan Island
Main article: Postal history and postage stamps of Anjouan

The island of Anjouan or Grand Comoros was a French protectorate sultanate centered on Mutsamudu from 1886 to 1908. The original postage stamps issued for the island were inscribed in French: “Sultanat Anjouan” (“Sultanate of Anjouan”), “République française. Colonies" ("French Republic. Colonies"), "Postes" ("Mail"). On Anjouan, 19 postage stamps were put into circulation.
As part of French Madagascar

After the decision to unite the Comoros with the colony of Madagascar, the merger of the two postal departments took place in 1912. The remaining stocks of postage stamps were overprinted with large black and red numbers "05" and "10", denoting low its denominations are five and ten centimes. All the post offices of these former colonies annexed to Madagascar did the same. Overprinted stamps were accepted throughout the colony.

Between 1912 and 1950, the postage stamps of Madagascar were in circulation in the Comoros. To identify Comorian materials, collectors look at where the stamp was cancelled.

French Comorian archipelago
Francotype of the French Overseas Territory of Comoros with Moroni calendar stamp (1974)

The situation changed in 1946, when the archipelago ceased to be a colony, becoming an overseas territory of France. On May 15, 1950, special stamps were issued with the inscription "Archipel des Comores" ("Archipela Comoros") and "RF" ("French Republic") and with denominations in CFA francs. The drawings of the first postage stamps depicted views of local landscapes. The marine life of Comoros, the traditions, arts and crafts of the Comoros formed the majority of the stamp program, along with the omnibus issues of the French colonies.

The first person to be honored to be featured on the stamps of the Comoros archipelago was Charles de Gaulle in 1971, using two of the metropolitan series. Then, during the period 1972-1973, issues were dedicated to internationally renowned scientists and artists. Subsequently, two local personalities appeared on stamps: President Said Mohamed Cheikh (died 1970) on two stamps in 1973, and Said Omar ibn Sumet (Saïd Omar ben Soumeth), Grand Mufti of Comoros, in 1974.
period of independence

Following referendums in 1974, the Comorian Parliament voted for independence on July 5, 1975. Postage stamps remained in Moroni on the island of Grande Comore. They were overprinted, crossing out the mention of Comoros belonging to France and adding the words "État comorien" ("Comorian state"). In December 1975, the first commemorative stamps were issued in honor of the Soyuz-Apollo joint flight.

In 1976 and 1977, under President Ali Sualikh, the Comoros saw a feverish surge in stamp issuance: in the two years mentioned, the country issued more stamps than in all the years of the Comoros archipelago (1946-1975). In addition, very few of these stamps had local themes. The state focused on thematic philatelists: space exploration, the Winter Olympics, etc.

During the existence of the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (1978-2002), postage programs again turned to local topics.

In 1979, the first Comor service stamps appeared in circulation.
Separatism of Anjouan and Moheli
According to unconfirmed information, the flag of Anjouan was depicted on postage stamps and vignettes allegedly published in Anjouan between 1997 and 2001.

In 1997-2000, manifestations of separatism were observed on the islands of Anjouan and Moheli, which, it would seem, were settled with the creation of the Union of the Comoros.

In the period after the independence of the Comoros in 1975, Anjouan used postage stamps common to all Comoros. Only one revenue stamp with the map and flag of Anjouan, printed in France, was pasted on court documents.

However, in late 1997 - early 1998, some French philatelic magazines[4] published an informational message about the opening of a private post office to send correspondence between Anjouan and French-controlled Mayotte. At the same time, stamps were allegedly used with the image of the map and symbols of Anjouan and the flag of France, which were pasted on letters received for sending and had a face value corresponding to the cost of transporting mail between these islands on dhow-type ships. Already in Mayotte, a French stamp was additionally pasted, and the letter was dropped into the mailbox of the French post office. However, according to other sources, evidence of the real existence of this postal service has not been received.

pivot table

The table below summarizes the postage stamps in circulation in the Comoros since the middle of the 19th century:
Years Postage stamps in circulation
Colony, then "overseas territory" of France
1850?—1861? No
1861?-1892 General stamps of the colonies
1892-1912 Mayotte (Mayotte)
Sultanat d'Anjouan (Sultanate of Anjouan)
1897-1912 Grande Comore (Grand Comore)
1906-1912 Moheli (Moheli)
1912-1950 Madagascar (Madagascar)
1950-1975 Archipel des Comores (Comorian archipelago)
Independence
1975-1975 Archipel des Comores (Comorian archipelago)
État comorien (State of the Comoros)
1976-1977 État comorien (State of Comoros)
1977-1979 République des Comores (Republic of the Comoros)
1979-2000 Rep. fed. islamique des Comores (Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros)
2000—… Union des Comores (Union of the Comoros)
Notes
? Estimated date of first use.
(Mayotte).
crossed out the new designation of the country on the overprint
(in brackets) translation into Russian
falsifications
In 2001, the postal administration of Comoros twice notified the UPU of illegitimate issues of stamps[en], made for speculative purposes, allegedly on behalf of this island nation.

OTHER INFORMATION

Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.

The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22]

Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.

The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Members
Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong1 Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau1 Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan2 Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
European Union
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom
Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.

he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)), abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.

The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan.[9][10]

After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States.

The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments.

With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance.

Formation
Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference

Annexed as, or
into, SSRs
Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia
Satellite states
Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948)
Annexing SSRs
Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR
Organizations
Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Revolts and
opposition
Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January
Cold War events
Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis
Conditions
Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping
Decline
Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia
Post-Cold War topics
Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group
[hide] v t e
Disinformation
Types
Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism
Books
Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA
Disinformation
operations
1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain
Countering
disinformation
Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency
Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda.

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PROFESSIONAL SELLER

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Features and further details

Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.

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