| SWITZERLAND 1960 FULL SET FDC STAMPS SERIES 100% Original Old Collectible Stamps Switzerland 1960 - First Day Issue Letter - Full Set - Used WORLDWIDE SHIPPING FLAT SHIPPING RATES - MULTIPLE ITEMS IN 1 PACKAGE Fast delivery with tracking number for only $7.95 * * $10.95 if more than 0.100 kg incl. pack. Save money on postage - add more than 1 products to cart and request total from the shopping card page. We will send you invoice with combined shipping price for all of your lots. Please note that we ship your order in 1-2 bussines days. Any further delays in shipment are likely the result of the delivery provider. International Shipments may take up to 3 weeks to arrive to their destination. We appreciate your patience and realistic shipping expectations for those Orders.
All items are absolutely guaranteed to be genuine and as described. Buy with confidence-we are professional, full-time dealers in business for many years online on StampLake.com website. We pack and ship your purchases with care and consideration in a timely manner. With us, you can expect First-Class service and helpful consultation at no extra charge POSTAGE PRODUCT INFORMATION COLLECTING SWITZERLAND POSTAGE STAMPS OVER THE YEARS IS NOT ONLY AN ACQUAINTANCE WITH HISTORY, BUT ALSO A PROFITABLE INVESTMENT The history of postage and stamps in Switzerland covers the development of the postal service in Switzerland from the Middle Ages to the present day, as well as the issuance of postage stamps by this country and its various historical territories. Content 1 Mail development 2 Issues of postage stamps 2.1 Cantonal releases 2.1.1 Zurich 2.1.2 Geneva 2.1.3 Basel 2.2 Federal releases 2.2.1 "Local Post" and "District" 2.2.2 Stamps depicting Helvetia 2.2.3 Country name notation 2.2.4 Issues of the 20th century 2.2.5 Fancy stamps 2.2.6 Definitive grade series 3 Other types of postage stamps 3.1 Surcharges 3.2 Telegraphic 3.3 Service 4 Editions for international organizations 4.1 League of Nations 4.2 UN Europe 4.3 International Labor Organization 4.4 International Bureau of Education 4.5 International Telecommunication Union 4.6 Refugee International 4.7 World Meteorological Organization 4.8 World Health Organization 4.9 Universal Postal Union 5 Foreign post offices 6 Post offices abroad 6.1 Swiss post in France 6.2 Swiss post in Italy 6.3 Swiss post in Austria 7 Private mail 8 Non-postage stamps 9 Development of philately 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Literature 13 Links Postal development The founder of the early Bernese city post B. Fischer von Reichenbach [de] (portrait by J. R. Huber, 1696) The history of postal services in Switzerland in earlier centuries was connected with the fact that in many cantons the management of the postal business was given to individual families[1]. So, in 1675, the so-called Fisher Post was created in Bern. It was organized by the Bernese city councilor B. Fischer von Reichenbach[de] and operated until 1832. (On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Fisher Post, a Swiss stamp was issued on September 11, 1975.)[2]. United in the era of the Helvetic Republic (1798-1803), the post office was then again fragmented between the governments of the cantons. Since 1848, it was the regalia of the federal government and was administered by the Department of Posts and Railways, to which the directorates of 11 districts were subordinate. Postal operations were carried out by postal bureaus of three classes, and post offices were established in less significant villages. Since the 19th century, thanks to the influx of tourists, the postal part has reached an extremely wide development in Switzerland. At that time it was hardly possible to find at least one hotel that attracted travelers, in which there would be no post office. The influx of tourists to Switzerland caused an increased postal traffic. The Swiss postal service was also famous for its excellent institutions for the transport of passengers[1]. The Universal Postal Union (UPU) was founded in Switzerland On October 9, 1874, Switzerland, among a number of other states, signed the Universal Postal Convention and then became a member of the UPU. The executive body of the UPU was the International Bureau in Bern (fr. Bureau international de l'Union postale universelle), which was under the supreme supervision of the Swiss postal administration [1]. Although the UPU acted on the principle of uniform postal rates, due to which the fee for forwarding ordinary letters was charged uniformly everywhere, regardless of distance, in Switzerland for letters sent over short distances (up to 10 km), an exception was allowed from this rule[1]. At the Vienna Universal Postal Congress of 1891[de], Switzerland acceded to an interstate agreement whereby governments mutually undertook to deliver periodicals published within their territories at the same prices as to domestic subscribers, with a surcharge only for possible transit costs; in the country of destination, commissions and similar surcharges could be made, but they should not go beyond the limits set for domestic subscribers of that country. At the Lisbon Congress of the UPU in 1885[de], Switzerland, together with other states in which the operation of postal orders[de], concluded an agreement on the extension of this operation to their mutual relations[1]. When making postal orders in Switzerland, a system was in place when the transfer was sent by official procedure directly from the postal place of departure to the postal destination, which paid the money to the addressee at home or called him to receive the money by summons. As in neighboring Italy, in Switzerland there was also a kind of operation for making payments through the post: at post offices it was possible to purchase a postal credit book, upon presentation of which post offices paid the amount indicated in it in installments, as required. Thus, travelers got rid of the need to carry large amounts of money with them. In 1905, Switzerland entered into an agreement with Russiaand on the mutual exchange of postal money orders[1]. In Switzerland, for a long time, passengers were transported by mail in areas where there were no railways. This service was important here, since the maintenance of excellent wheeled postal messages along the alpine roads attracted tourists [1]. According to the data on the number and activities of postal institutions, in Switzerland in 1894 there were[1]: 3328 post offices, which averaged one post office per 12.4 km² and per 877 inhabitants of this country; 293,845,000 postal items, including: 108,058 thousand letters, 24,815 thousand open letters, 134,947 thousand printed works, 4683 thousand postal orders and 17323 thousand parcels. There were an average of 87.2 postal items per Swiss inhabitant. The excess of the income of the postal department over expenses, in terms of the rubles of the Russian Empire of that time, amounted to 815,267 rubles [1]. According to the International Bureau of the UPU for 1903[3], in terms of the density of the postal network, Switzerland ranked first in the world - with one office per 11.3 square meters. km. Switzerland, as well as Germany, accounted for the largest number of mailboxes in comparison with the size of the country - one box for every 4.1 square meters. km. The frequency of postal communication in Switzerland amounted to about 3000 km of annual work for each km of the railway mail route. The internal exchange of parcels in 1903 in this country amounted to 22 million parcels. The total value of insured letters and parcels sent via Swiss mail was 2.5 billion francs[1]. The heir of the postal stagecoaches - the Swiss postal bus[en] In September 2013, an experiment began in Switzerland to abolish postage stamps. Payment for postage can now be made using SMS messages. It will be enough to send a short message to a certain number and receive a code in the response message, which will be handwritten on an envelope or parcel before sending. The cost of an SMS is $0.20 more than a regular brand. In a year, the Swiss post will have to decide on the transition to a new payment system[4]. Issues of postage stamps Cantonal issues The first postage stamps circulating in Switzerland were issued by the cantons of Zurich, Geneva and Basel for their own use, and the first federal issues appeared only a few years later. Zurich Black and white image of the Zurich Four and the Zurich Six The Zurich Four and Six first went on sale on March 1, 1843, making them the second postage stamp in the world, after the British Black Penny three years earlier. The issue consisted of two imperforated postage stamps printed separately, each of five types, in sheets of 100 stamps. On one stamp there was a large number "4", on the other - the number "6", the inscription on both stamps in the upper part of it. "Zurich" ("Zurich"). The 4 rappen stamp also had the inscription "LOCAL-TAXE" ("Local rate") at the bottom, since it was intended to pay for postage of letters within the city, and on the 6 rappen stamp - "CANTONAL-TAXE" (" Cantonal Tariff"), for use on letters sent within the canton. The drawing was lithographically applied in black by Orell, Fussli and Company[en] on a grid of thin red lines to protect against falsification. At the beginning, the red lines were horizontal, but from 1846 they were printed vertically. These postage stamps were popular from the very beginning, but were not printed in large numbers and are quite rare today. Their cost varies from 1.5 thousand to 20 thousand US dollars, depending on the type. The Canton of Zurich also issued a postage stamp in 1850, known to collectors as the Winterthur issue, featuring the Swiss federal cross and posthorn, which acted as a transitional issue until the introduction of Swiss federal government postage stamps later that year. Geneva "Double Geneva" was intended to pay for both local and cantonal postage. Main article: Double Geneva September 30, 1843 Geneva issued its own postage stamps - "Double Geneva". Like the first Zurich issue, this issue included a pair of stamps, each printed in black on green-yellow paper, featuring the city's coat of arms and inscription fr. "Poste de Genéve" ("Geneva Post") at the top and "Port local" ("Domestic Tariff") at its bottom. However, there was another inscription across the top of each pair: "10 PORT CANTONAL Cent." (“10 Cantonal rate sant.”). The idea was that the consumer could cut out one stamp to pay the postage charge within the canton, and the whole pair to get the amount of the postage charge between the cantons. In total, only 6,000 of these paired postage stamps were printed, and as of 2003, canceled paired stamps were usually sold at auctions.for approximately 35 thousand US dollars. In 1845, Geneva switched to regular single postage stamps with a face value of 5 centimes. In 1849, in the canton of VO, it issued a federal 4 centime stamp with a black and red federal cross, and in 1850 and 1851 stamps with a similar design with a face value of 5 centimes. Basel The Dove of Basel became the world's first tricolor postage stamp. Main article: Basel dove (postage stamp) Basel issued only one postage stamp, the Dove of Basel (in 1845). The 2½ rappen stamp depicts a white embossed dove carrying a letter in its beak and bears the inscription: German. "STADT POST BASEL" ("City post. Basel"). The drawing was made by the architect Melchior Berry. The stamp was made in black, crimson and blue, making it the first tricolor postage stamp in the world. Federal releases 10 rappen stamp of Switzerland (1850) "Local Post" and "District" Main article: Postage stamps of Switzerland showing "Local Post" and "District"[en] The adoption of a federal constitution in 1848 made it feasible to issue postage stamps for circulation throughout the confederation. The first such stamps were issued on October 22, 1849 with a face value of 4 centimes. All the stamps were of the same basic design - a Swiss cross topped with a postal horn, but had a number of varieties. The local tariff stamps had a face value of 2½ rappen, some were inscribed in German. "ORTS-POST" and fr. "POSTE LOCALE" ("Local Post"). This was the first of many multilingual releases. For mail sent over longer distances, a 5 rappen postage stamp with the inscription "RAYON" ("District") and a 10 rappen stamp with the text "RAYON II" ("Region II") were intended. Initially, the stamps were issued with a black border separating the white cross from the red background, but they were withdrawn due to the incorrect display of the Swiss coat of arms. In 1852, a 15 rappen stamp with the inscription "RAYON III" ("Region III") was issued, having the same design as the previous stamps, but printed entirely in cinnabar. Stamps depicting Helvetia 10 rappen stamp with green thread (1854) All previous issues were declared invalid on 1 October 1854 and replaced by stamps depicting the seated allegorical figure of Helvetia. It was the first in a series of issues known as "Seated Helvetia". The figure was embossed, but only its outlines were marked with color, which makes it difficult to distinguish. This was the first issue that reflected the presence of several languages in Switzerland: in addition to the word "FRANCO" ("Franco", that is, "free ... from payment at the place of receipt") on the top, on the other three sides of the picture, the denomination was indicated in rappen, centimes and centesimi . This issue also draws attention to the use of colored silk thread passed horizontally through the paper[en] as an anti-counterfeiting measure. (In the picture on the left, the thread is visible about 1/3 of the way from the bottom of the postage stamp and looks almost like a crease.) An enlarged image of a red thread woven into the paper of a 10 rappen Swiss postage stamp (1855) Between 1854 and 1862, a number of postage stamps were printed in denominations ranging from 5 rappen to 1 franc, with philatelists subdividing them into varieties according to paper type and thread color. The most common type that has survived to this day is a 5 rappen stamp, brown on thick paper with green thread, worth $20 cashed. Some other types are rare, for example, a pale yellow-green 40 rappen stamp is worth at least $7,000. In 1862 a new pattern was issued with a more prominent seated Helvetia, this time with a "watermark" in the form of a cross inscribed in an ellipse (actually it was not a real watermark, because it was stamped into the paper after how the stamps were printed), as well as for the first time - with perforations. The designation of the name of the monetary units disappeared, while at the top of the stamps there was the inscription "HELVETIA" ("Switzerland"), and at the bottom - "FRANCO" ("Franco"). Postage stamps were originally printed on white vellum paper, but in 1881 they were printed on marbled paper[en]. (The red and blue silk threads were woven into the paper, clearly visible in the enlarged image of the stamp on the left.) These postage stamps remained in postage until 1883. Many of these are common today and inexpensive, although marbled paper varieties with genuine cancellations are rare due to their short circulation. 25 centime stamp on marbled paper (1881) Issued in 1882, stamps of low denominations (up to 15 centimes) depicted figures, and stamps of high denominations depicted “standing Helvetia”. These stamps remained in circulation, with a number of modifications in colour, perforation and paper type, until 1907. In 1900 they saw the light ofSwiss Commemorative Stamps: A series of three stamps was issued for the 25th anniversary of the UPU. The allegorical drawing on the stamps was an image of various symbols of communication. Country name notation Traditionally used on the postage stamps of the Swiss Union since 1862, the word "Helvetia" ("Helvetia") denotes the name of the country. In ancient times, the north-western part of the present state was called so according to the Helvetians who lived there earlier. The authorities were forced to resort to this method of designating the name of the country due to the impossibility of placing the name of the country on tiny stamps in all three official languages: French, German and Italian, since, in accordance with the Swiss constitution, all official documents must be in three equal languages[5] . On the signs of postage, which are printed on stamped envelopes and postcards in Switzerland, instead of the word "Helvetia" asterisks are depicted according to the number of cantons of the country[5]. Editions of the 20th century The postage stamps of the new definitive series, published in 1907, showed William Tell's son holding a crossbow and an apple pierced by an arrow on stamps below 10 centimes, a bust of Helvetia on stamps from 10 to 15 centimes, and another seated Helvetia on stamps of higher denominations. The drawing depicting the son of William Tell underwent a number of changes, including the temporary location of the bowstring in front of the crossbow bed. Beginning in 1914, the 10 to 30 centime stamps featured a portrait of William Tell himself. Also in 1914, the first landscape postage stamps were issued. The 5-franc stamps depict the Rütli mountain meadow, the 3-franc and 10-franc stamps depict the Mithen[en] and Jungfrau mountains, respectively. The first charity stamp was issued in 1913, but the regular annual issue of such stamps did not begin until 1915. For many years, up to 1972, every year on December 1, an issue of 3-5 stamps was put into circulation. Art Deco stamp commemorating the Geneva Disarmament Conference (1932) A series of three postage stamps in 1919 marked the coming of peace at the end of the First World War. During this period, the issue of postage stamps encountered a number of difficulties, in connection with which, in 1915 and in 1921, overprints of new postage rates were required. The fiftieth anniversary of the UPU was marked in 1924 by the issuance of two postage stamps, one depicting the UPU building in Bern and the other depicting the site of the 1874 UPU congress[de]. Around 1930, Switzerland began to use the "glue wafer", where a light wafer was applied along with the application of the adhesive to prevent curling of the adhesive stamps. Wafering is most noticeable on unused stamps, but slightly noticeable on canceled stamps. This practice was abandoned around 1944. The next standard issue was the landscape series, released in 1934. The stamps were printed in a typographical way, which resulted in the image looking sharp, but somewhat rough, and therefore, from 1936, they were replaced by engraved versions of the same basic designs. A number of commemorative stamps were issued in the 1930s, followed by new definitive stamps in 1941 honoring Swiss military heroes. The release of another definitive series in 1945 marked the end of the war. The stamps of this series of high denominations were issued in small numbers, so they are now relatively expensive. The 1949 definitive series showcases Swiss technical advances. Since that time, stamps in Switzerland have generally been regularly printed following the same pattern: the issuance of about four commemorative stamps on the same date in the spring, the issuance of a similar group of stamps in the fall, and the issuance of the "Europe" issue, usually in the spring. . Since the 1980s, additional thematic issues have appeared: for example, in 1993, four postage stamps were issued depicting works of art by Swiss women. Fancy stamps Swiss postal miniatures are known around the world for the fact that unusual materials and experimental manufacturing methods are sometimes used for their production. Examples of unusual Swiss stamps 2000: embroidered stamp 2000: embroidered stamp 2004: stamp made of wood 2004: stamp made of wood Series of definitive stamps Chronology of definitive editions of Switzerland Other types of postage stamps Additional payment Swiss surcharge stamps have been issued since 1878[7]. The last issue of such stamps was issued in 1938[7]. Surcharge stamps were withdrawn from circulation on December 31, 1956, and since 1957 ordinary postage stamps have been used to issue surcharges[7]. Telegraph Since 1868, telegraph stamps have been in circulation in the country, which were withdrawn from circulation on October 1, 1886 [7]. Service In 1918-1959, the Swiss Post issued service stamps[7]. In the period from 1913 to 1957, to pay for the forwarding of official mailIn addition, special official stamps of the railway administration were used, the sale of which to private individuals was prohibited.[7] Editions for international organizations Under this name, all official stamps of the League of Nations and the specialized agencies of the United Nations located in Switzerland are united in Switzerland. Between 1923 and 1952, universal Swiss postage stamps were overprinted with appropriate inscriptions. Beginning in 1956, the issue of original stamps with various designs for the specialized agencies of the UN began[8]. The League of nations The release of special postage stamps was made for the League of Nations from 1922 to 1944. Until 1943, it was an overprint of the text: "Societe des Nations" ("League of Nations") on Swiss postage stamps. In 1944, another overprint appeared: "Courrier de la Societe des Nations" ("Courrier of the League of Nations"). Sales of postage stamps of the League of Nations to collectors were made only in canceled form[7]. In connection with the creation of the United Nations and the liquidation of the League of Nations on April 18, 1946, all postage stamps issued for the League of Nations went out of circulation on March 31, 1947 [7]. United Nations Europe In 1950, stamps for the European branch of the United Nations appeared in postal circulation with an overprint of the text: “Nations Unies. Office Européen" ("United Nations. European Branch"). From 1955 to 1963 stamps of original drawings were printed for this organization. On October 2, 1969, in connection with the creation of the UN European Postal Administration, which organized the issue of its own postage stamps, all stamps of the UN European Branch went out of circulation [7]. The International Labour Organization The first stamps for the International Labor Organization (ILO) were issued in 1923: Swiss postage stamps were overprinted. The stamps issued before 1943 were withdrawn from circulation in 1944[7]. In 1956 stamps of original drawings were issued. The stamps bear the inscription: “Bureau international du Travail” (“International Labor Office”)[9]. Since then, such stamps continue to be issued regularly [7]. International Bureau of Education Postage stamps for the International Bureau of Education have been produced since 1944. Until 1958, Swiss postage stamps were overprinted, and after 1958, original stamps were issued[7]. The stamps bear the inscription: “Courrier du Bureau international d’Education” (“Correspondence of the International Bureau of Education”)[9]. Two special four-color vignettes and a block issued in 1940-1944 should not be confused with stamps, which were not in postal circulation[7]. International Telecommunication Union Since 1958, original stamps have been issued for the International Telecommunication Union (ITU - UIT) [7]. The stamps bear the inscription: “Union internationale des telecommunications” (“International Telecommunication Union”)[9]. In connection with the opening of the new building of this organization in 1973, a commemorative stamp was issued[7]. International Refugee Organization In 1950, a series of stamps with overprints for the International Organization for Refugees was issued, which was withdrawn from postal circulation as early as January 31, 1951 [7]. On the stamps the text: "Organisations internationale pour les refugies" ("International Organization for Refugees")[9]. World Meteorological Organization Since 1956, the original stamps of the World Meteorological Organization have been issued[7]. The stamps bear the inscription: “Organisation meteorologique Mondiale” (“World Meteorological Organization”)[9]. World Health Organization The first World Health Organization (WHO) stamps were issued in 1948. These were overprints on Swiss stamps. Since 1957, the issue of stamps with original drawings began, and in the following year, 1958, stamps with overprints were withdrawn from circulation[7]. On the stamps the text: "Organization Mondiale de la Sante" ("World Health Organization")[9]. Universal Postal Union In 1957-1960, the first series of definitive stamps for the UPU was issued[7]. The stamps bear the inscription: “Union Postale Universelle” (“Universal Postal Union”)[9]. In 1976, four stamps were issued highlighting the activities of this international organization[7]. The issue of stamps continues. Foreign post offices Puzzle and feather This section of the article has not been written. According to the idea of one or more Wikipedia contributors, a special section should be located in this place. You can help by writing this section. (September 30, 2016) Post offices abroad Swiss post offices operated in France (1852-1913), Italy (1857-1921) and Austria (1872-1915). On the postmarks used in these post offices, in addition to the name of the corresponding post office, its belonging to Switzerland was indicated[7]. Swiss post in France Puzzle and feather This section of the article has not been written. According to the idea of one or more Wikipedia contributors, a special section should be located in this place. You can help by writing this section.(September 30, 2016) Swiss post in Italy Puzzle and feather This section of the article has not been written. According to the idea of one or more Wikipedia contributors, a special section should be located in this place. You can help by writing this section. (September 30, 2016) Swiss post in Austria Puzzle and feather This section of the article has not been written. According to the idea of one or more Wikipedia contributors, a special section should be located in this place. You can help by writing this section. (September 30, 2016) private mail Main articles: Hotel mail and Hotel mail stamp Puzzle and feather This section of the article has not been written. According to the idea of one or more Wikipedia contributors, a special section should be located in this place. You can help by writing this section. (September 30, 2016) Non-postage stamps Among the various non-postage stamps that were issued in Switzerland, propaganda vignettes of a political, propagandistic nature and revolutionary content, which were published, for example, during the First World War, are of particular interest. So, in 1912, stamps were made in Switzerland with portraits of Karl Marx and the inscription (in three languages): “RSDLP. for the election campaign." They served to raise funds for the Bolshevik campaign during the elections to the State Duma. These stamps were distributed not only abroad, but also in Russia under conditions of persecution by the police and the detective department[10]. Zumstein catalogs for 2006 and 2007 for Swiss and Liechtenstein stamps The development of philately In Switzerland, since 1909, the Zumstein stamp catalog has been published, describing the stamps of Europe. Switzerland has hosted international philatelic exhibitions many times. For example, on August 7-11, 1977, the International Youth Philatelic Exhibition "Jufileks-77" ("JUPHILEX 77") was held in Bern, where collectors from 50 countries were invited. A conference of representatives of the International Federation of Philately on youth philately was also organized there. INFO I NORSK Historien til porto og frimerker i Sveits dekker utviklingen av postvesenet i Sveits fra middelalderen til i dag, samt utstedelsen av frimerker av dette landet og dets forskjellige historiske territorier. Innhold 1 E-postutvikling 2 Utgivelser av frimerker 2.1 Kantonale utgivelser 2.1.1 Zürich 2.1.2 Genève 2.1.3 Basel 2.2 Føderale utgivelser 2.2.1 "Lokal post" og "distrikt" 2.2.2 Frimerker som viser Helvetia 2.2.3 Landnavnnotasjon 2.2.4 Utgaver av det 20. århundre 2.2.5 Fancy frimerker 2.2.6 Definitiv karakterserie 3 Andre typer frimerker 3.1 Tillegg 3.2 Telegrafisk 3.3 Service 4 utgaver for internasjonale organisasjoner 4.1 Folkeforbundet 4.2 FN Europa 4.3 Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasjonen 4.4 International Bureau of Education 4.5 International Telecommunication Union 4.6 Refugee International 4.7 Verdens meteorologiske organisasjon 4.8 Verdens helseorganisasjon 4.9 Verdenspostforbundet 5 Utenlandske postkontorer 6 Postkontorer i utlandet 6.1 Sveitsisk post i Frankrike 6.2 Sveitsisk post i Italia 6.3 Sveitsisk post i Østerrike 7 Privat post 8 Frimerker 9 Utvikling av filateli 10 Se også 11 Merknader 12 Litteratur 13 lenker Postutvikling Grunnleggeren av den tidlige Bernese byposten B. Fischer von Reichenbach [de] (portrett av J. R. Huber, 1696) Posttjenestens historie i Sveits i tidligere århundrer hang sammen med at i mange kantoner ble styringen av postvirksomheten gitt til individuelle familier[1]. Så i 1675 ble den såkalte Fisher Post opprettet i Bern. Den ble organisert av byrådslederen i Bern B. Fischer von Reichenbach[de] og opererte til 1832. (I anledning 300-årsjubileet for grunnleggelsen av Fisher Post ble det gitt ut et sveitsisk frimerke 11. september 1975.)[2]. Forent i den helvetiske republikkens tid (1798-1803), ble postkontoret igjen fragmentert mellom kantonenes regjeringer. Siden 1848 var det regaliene til den føderale regjeringen og ble administrert av Department of Posts and Railways, som direktoratene til 11 distrikter var underordnet. Postvirksomheten ble utført av postbyråer av tre klasser, og postkontorer ble etablert i mindre betydningsfulle landsbyer. Siden 1800-tallet, takket være tilstrømningen av turister, har postdelen nådd en ekstremt bred utvikling i Sveits. På den tiden var det knapt mulig å finne minst ett hotell som tiltrakk reisende, der det ikke ville være noe postkontor. Tilstrømningen av turister til Sveits førte til økt posttrafikk. Den sveitsiske posttjenesten var også kjent for sine utmerkede institusjoner for transport av passasjerer[1]. Universal Postal Union (UPU) ble grunnlagt i Sveits Den 9. oktober 1874 undertegnet Sveits, blant en rekke andre stater, Verdenspostkonvensjonen og ble deretter medlem av UPU. UPUs utøvende organ var Det internasjonale byrået i Bern (fr. Bureau international de l'Union postale universelle), som var under den sveitsiske postadministrasjonens øverste tilsyn [1]. Selv om UPU handlet etter prinsippet om ensartede posttakster, på grunn av at gebyret for videresending av vanlige brev ble belastet likt overalt, uavhengig av avstand, i Sveits for brev sendt over korte avstander (inntil 10 km), ble det gitt unntak fra denne regelen[1]. På Verdenspostkongressen i Wien i 1891[de] sluttet Sveits seg til en mellomstatlig avtale der regjeringer gjensidig forplikter seg til å levere tidsskrifter publisert innenfor deres territorier til samme priser som til innenlandske abonnenter, med et tillegg bare for mulige transittkostnader; i destinasjonslandet kan det kreves provisjoner og lignende tillegg, men de bør ikke gå utover grensene som er satt for innenlandske abonnenter i det landet. På UPU-kongressen i Lisboa i 1885[de], inngikk Sveits, sammen med andre stater der driften av postordre[de], en avtale om utvidelse av denne operasjonen til deres gjensidige forhold[1]. Når du foretok postbestillinger i Sveits, var et system på plass når overføringen ble sendt ved offisiell prosedyre direkte fra poststedet for avreise til poststedet, som betalte pengene til adressaten hjemme eller ringte ham for å motta pengene ved innkalling . Som i nabolandet Italia, var det i Sveits også en slags operasjon for å foreta betalinger via posten: på postkontorer var det mulig å kjøpe en postkredittbok, etter fremvisning av hvilke postkontorer betalte beløpet som er angitt i den i avdrag, som nødvendig. Dermed ble reisende kvitt behovet for å ha med seg store mengder penger. I 1905 inngikk Sveits en avtale med Russlandog om gjensidig utveksling av postanvisninger[1]. I Sveits ble passasjerer i lang tid fraktet med post i områder der det ikke fantes jernbaner. Denne tjenesten var viktig her, siden vedlikehold av utmerkede postmeldinger på hjul langs alpeveiene tiltrakk seg turister [1]. I følge dataene om antall og aktiviteter til postinstitusjoner var det i Sveits i 1894[1]: 3328 postkontorer, som i gjennomsnitt var ett postkontor per 12,4 km² og per 877 innbyggere i dette landet; 293 845 000 postsendinger, inkludert: 108 058 tusen brev, 24.815 tusen åpne brev, 134 947 tusen trykte verk, 4683 tusen postordre og 17323 tusen pakker. Det var i gjennomsnitt 87,2 postsendinger per sveitsisk innbygger. Overskuddet av inntekten til postavdelingen i forhold til utgiftene, i form av rubler i det russiske imperiet på den tiden, beløp seg til 815 267 rubler [1]. I følge Det internasjonale byrået til UPU for 1903[3], når det gjelder tettheten til postnettverket, rangerte Sveits først i verden - med ett kontor per 11,3 kvadratmeter. km. Sveits, så vel som Tyskland, sto for det største antallet postkasser sammenlignet med størrelsen på landet – én boks for hver 4,1 kvadratmeter. km. Hyppigheten av postkommunikasjon i Sveits utgjorde omtrent 3000 km årlig arbeid for hver km av jernbanepostruten. Den interne utvekslingen av pakker i 1903 her i landet utgjorde 22 millioner pakker. Den totale verdien av forsikrede brev og pakker sendt via sveitsisk post var 2,5 milliarder franc[1]. Arvingen til postdiligensen - den sveitsiske postbussen[no] I september 2013 startet et eksperiment i Sveits for å avskaffe frimerker. Betaling for porto kan nå gjøres ved hjelp av SMS-meldinger. Det vil være nok å sende en kort melding til et bestemt nummer og motta en kode i svarmeldingen, som blir håndskrevet på en konvolutt eller pakke før sending. Kostnaden for en SMS er $0,20 mer enn et vanlig merke. Om et år må den sveitsiske posten ta stilling til overgangen til nytt betalingssystem[4]. Utgivelser av frimerker Kantonale spørsmål De første frimerkene som sirkulerte i Sveits ble utstedt av kantonene Zürich, Genève og Basel til eget bruk, og de første føderale utgavene dukket opp bare noen år senere. Zürich Svart-hvitt bilde av Zürich Four og Zürich Six Zurich Four and Six ble først solgt 1. mars 1843, noe som gjorde dem til det andre frimerket i verden, etter den britiske Black Penny tre år tidligere. Utgaven besto av to uperforerte frimerker trykket separat, hver av fem typer, i ark med 100 frimerker. På det ene stempelet var det et stort tall "4", på det andre - tallet "6", inskripsjonen på begge frimerkene i den øvre delen av det. "Zürich" ("Zürich"). Frimerket med 4 rapper hadde også inskripsjonen "LOCAL-TAXE" ("Local rate") nederst, siden det var ment å betale for porto av brev i byen, og på 6 rappen-stempelet - "CANTONAL-TAXE" ( "Cantonal Tariff"), for bruk på brev sendt innenfor kantonen. Tegningen ble litografisk brukt i svart av Orell, Fussli og Company[en] på et rutenett med tynne røde linjer for å beskytte mot forfalskning. I begynnelsen var de røde linjene horisontale, men fra 1846 ble de trykt vertikalt. Disse frimerkene var populære helt fra begynnelsen, men ble ikke trykket i stort antall og er ganske sjeldne i dag. Kostnadene deres varierer fra 1,5 tusen til 20 tusen amerikanske dollar, avhengig av typen. Kantonen Zürich utstedte også et frimerke i 1850, kjent for samlere som Winterthur-utgaven, med det sveitsiske føderale korset og posthornet, som fungerte som en overgangsutgave frem til introduksjonen av sveitsiske føderale regjeringsfrimerker senere samme år. Genève "Double Geneva" var ment å betale for både lokal og kantonal porto. Hovedartikkel: Dobbel Genève 30. september 1843 ga Genève ut sine egne frimerker - "Double Geneva". I likhet med det første Zürich-nummeret inkluderte dette nummeret et par frimerker, hver trykt i svart på grønn-gult papir, med byens våpenskjold og inskripsjon fr. "Poste de Genéve" ("Geneva Post") øverst og "Port local" ("Innenlandsk tariff") nederst. Imidlertid var det en annen inskripsjon over toppen av hvert par: "10 PORT CANTONAL Cent." ("10 Cantonal rate sant."). Tanken var at forbrukeren kunne klippe ut ett frimerke for å betale portoen innenfor kantonen, og hele paret for å få portobeløpet mellom kantonene. Totalt ble bare 6000 av disse parvise frimerkene trykt, og fra og med 2003 ble kansellerte parede frimerker vanligvis solgt på auksjoner.for omtrent 35 tusen amerikanske dollar. I 1845 gikk Genève over til vanlige enkeltfrimerker med en pålydende verdi på 5 centimes. I 1849, i kantonen VO, utstedte den et føderalt 4 centime-stempel med et svart og rødt føderalt kors, og i 1850 og 1851 frimerker med lignende design med en pålydende verdi på 5 centimes. Basel The Dove of Basel ble verdens første tricolor frimerke. Hovedartikkel: Basel due (frimerke) Basel utstedte bare ett frimerke, Duen fra Basel (i 1845). Det 2½ rappestemplet viser en hvit preget due som bærer en bokstav i nebbet og har inskripsjonen: tysk. "STADT POST BASEL" ("Bypost. Basel"). Tegningen er laget av arkitekten Melchior Berry. Frimerket ble laget i svart, crimson og blått, noe som gjør det til det første tricolor frimerket i verden. Føderale utgivelser 10 rappen frimerke fra Sveits (1850) "Lokal post" og "distrikt" Hovedartikkel: Frimerker fra Sveits som viser "Local Post" og "District"[no] Vedtakelsen av en føderal grunnlov i 1848 gjorde det mulig å utstede frimerker for sirkulasjon i hele konføderasjonen. De første slike frimerker ble gitt ut 22. oktober 1849 med en pålydende verdi på 4 centimes. Alle frimerkene var av samme grunndesign - et sveitserkors toppet med et posthorn, men hadde en rekke varianter. De lokale tariffstemplene hadde en pålydende verdi på 2½ rappen, noen ble skrevet på tysk. "ORTS-POST" og fr. "POSTE LOCALE" ("Lokal post"). Dette var den første av mange flerspråklige utgivelser. For post sendt over lengre avstander var det tiltenkt et 5 rappen frimerke med påskriften "RAYON" ("District") og et 10 rappen frimerke med teksten "RAYON II" ("Region II"). Opprinnelig ble frimerkene utstedt med en svart kant som skiller det hvite korset fra den røde bakgrunnen, men de ble trukket tilbake på grunn av feil visning av det sveitsiske våpenskjoldet. I 1852 ble det gitt ut et 15 rappefrimerke med inskripsjonen "RAYON III" ("Region III"), med samme design som de forrige frimerkene, men trykket helt i cinnaber. Frimerker som viser Helvetia 10 rappen stempel med grønn tråd (1854) Alle tidligere utgaver ble erklært ugyldige 1. oktober 1854 og erstattet av frimerker som viser den sittende allegoriske figuren til Helvetia. Det var den første i en serie med utgaver kjent som "Seated Helvetia". Figuren var preget, men bare konturene var markert med farge, noe som gjør den vanskelig å skille. Dette var den første utgaven som reflekterte tilstedeværelsen av flere språk i Sveits: i tillegg til ordet "FRANCO" ("Franco", det vil si "gratis ... fra betaling på mottaksstedet") på øverst, på de tre andre sidene av bildet, ble valøren angitt i rappen, centimes og centesimi . Denne utgaven trekker også oppmerksomheten mot bruken av farget silketråd som føres horisontalt gjennom papiret[no] som et tiltak mot forfalskning. (På bildet til venstre er tråden synlig omtrent 1/3 av veien fra bunnen av frimerket og ser nesten ut som en fold.) Et forstørret bilde av en rød tråd vevd inn i papiret til et 10 rappen sveitsisk frimerke (1855) Mellom 1854 og 1862 ble en rekke frimerker trykket i valører fra 5 rappen til 1 franc, med filatelister som delte dem inn i varianter i henhold til papirtype og trådfarge. Den vanligste typen som har overlevd til i dag er et 5 rappen-stempel, brunt på tykt papir med grønn tråd, verdt $20 innløst. Noen andre typer er sjeldne, for eksempel er et blekt gulgrønt 40 rappen-stempel verdt minst $7000. I 1862 ble det gitt ut et nytt mønster med en mer fremtredende sittende Helvetia, denne gangen med et "vannmerke" i form av et kors innskrevet i en ellipse (faktisk var det ikke et ekte vannmerke, fordi det ble stemplet inn i papiret etter hvordan frimerker ble trykt), så vel som for første gang - med perforeringer. Betegnelsen på navnet på pengeenhetene forsvant, mens det øverst på frimerkene var inskripsjonen "HELVETIA" ("Sveits"), og nederst - "FRANCO" ("Franco"). Frimerker ble opprinnelig trykket på hvitt vellumpapir, men i 1881 ble de trykket på marmorert papir[no]. (De røde og blå silketrådene ble vevd inn i papiret, godt synlig i det forstørrede bildet av frimerket til venstre.) Disse frimerkene forble i porto til 1883. Mange av disse er vanlige i dag og rimelige, selv om marmorerte papirvarianter med ekte kanselleringer er sjeldne på grunn av deres korte sirkulasjon. 25 centime stempel på marmorert papir (1881) Utgitt i 1882, frimerker med lav valør (opptil 15 centimes) avbildet figurer, mens frimerker med høy valør avbildet "stående Helvetia". Disse frimerkene forble i sirkulasjon, med en rekke modifikasjoner i farge, perforering og papirtype, frem til 1907. I 1900 så de lyset avSveitsiske minnesmerker: En serie på tre frimerker ble gitt ut til 25-årsjubileet for UPU. Den allegoriske tegningen på frimerkene var et bilde av ulike symboler for kommunikasjon. Landnavnnotasjon Tradisjonelt brukt på frimerkene til den sveitsiske union siden 1862, betegner ordet "Helvetia" ("Helvetia") navnet på landet. I gamle tider ble den nordvestlige delen av den nåværende staten kalt det ifølge helvetianerne som bodde der tidligere. Myndighetene ble tvunget til å ty til denne metoden for å angi navnet på landet på grunn av umuligheten av å plassere navnet på landet på små frimerker på alle tre offisielle språk: fransk, tysk og italiensk, siden i samsvar med den sveitsiske grunnloven , må alle offisielle dokumenter være på tre like språk[5] . På portoskiltene, som er trykt på frimerkede konvolutter og postkort i Sveits, er det i stedet for ordet "Helvetia" avbildet stjerner i henhold til antallet kantoner i landet[5]. Utgaver av det 20. århundre Frimerkene til den nye definitive serien, utgitt i 1907, viste William Tells sønn som holdt en armbrøst og et eple gjennomboret av en pil på frimerker under 10 centimes, en byste av Helvetia på frimerker fra 10 til 15 centimes, og en annen sittende Helvetia på frimerker av høyere valører. Tegningen som viser sønnen til William Tell gjennomgikk en rekke endringer, inkludert den midlertidige plasseringen av buestrengen foran armbrøstsengen. Fra og med 1914 inneholdt frimerkene på 10 til 30 centime et portrett av William Tell selv. Også i 1914 ble de første landskapsfrimerkene gitt ut. 5-franc-stemplene viser Rütli-fjellengen, 3-franc- og 10-franc-stemplene viser henholdsvis Mithen[en]- og Jungfrau-fjellene. Det første veldedighetsfrimerket ble gitt ut i 1913, men den vanlige årlige utgivelsen av slike frimerker begynte ikke før i 1915. I mange år, frem til 1972, hvert år 1. desember, ble det satt ut et nummer på 3-5 frimerker. Art Deco-stempel til minne om nedrustningskonferansen i Genève (1932) En serie på tre frimerker i 1919 markerte fredens komme ved slutten av første verdenskrig. I denne perioden møtte utgivelsen av frimerker en rekke vanskeligheter, i forbindelse med at det i 1915 og i 1921 ble påkrevd overtrykk av nye portotakster. Femtiårsjubileet for UPU ble markert i 1924 ved utstedelsen av to frimerker, det ene viser UPU-bygningen i Bern og det andre viser stedet for UPU-kongressen i 1874 [de]. Rundt 1930 begynte Sveits å bruke «lim wafer», hvor en lett wafer ble påført sammen med påføringen av limet for å hindre krølling av limstemplene. Wafering er mest merkbar på ubrukte frimerker, men litt merkbar på kansellerte frimerker. Denne praksisen ble forlatt rundt 1944. Den neste standardutgaven var landskapsserien, utgitt i 1934. Frimerkene ble trykket på en typografisk måte, noe som resulterte i at bildet så skarpt, men noe røft ut, og derfor ble de fra 1936 erstattet av graverte versjoner av de samme grunndesignene. En rekke minnesmerker ble gitt ut på 1930-tallet, etterfulgt av nye definitive frimerker i 1941 til ære for sveitsiske militærhelter. Utgivelsen av en annen definitiv serie i 1945 markerte slutten på krigen. Frimerkene i denne serien med høye valører ble gitt ut i små antall, så de er nå relativt dyre. Den definitive serien fra 1949 viser sveitsiske tekniske fremskritt. Siden den gang har frimerker i Sveits generelt blitt trykket regelmessig etter samme mønster: utstedelse av omtrent fire minnesmerker på samme dato om våren, utstedelse av en lignende gruppe frimerker om høsten, og utstedelse av " Europa", vanligvis om våren. . Siden 1980-tallet har flere tematiske utgaver dukket opp: for eksempel ble det gitt ut fire frimerker i 1993 som skildrer kunstverk av sveitsiske kvinner. Fancy frimerker Sveitsiske postminiatyrer er kjent over hele verden for det faktum at uvanlige materialer og eksperimentelle produksjonsmetoder noen ganger brukes til produksjonen. Eksempler på uvanlige sveitsiske frimerker 2000: brodert stempel 2000: brodert stempel 2004: stempel laget av tre 2004: stempel laget av tre Serie med definitive frimerker Kronologi av definitive utgaver av Sveits Andre typer frimerker Tilleggsbetaling Sveitsiske tilleggsmerker har blitt utstedt siden 1878[7]. Den siste utgaven av slike frimerker ble gitt ut i 1938[7]. Tilleggsmerker ble tatt ut av omløp 31. desember 1956, og siden 1957 har vanlige frimerker blitt brukt til å utstede tilleggsavgifter[7]. Telegraf Siden 1868 har telegraffrimerker vært i omløp i landet, som ble tatt ut av omløp 1. oktober 1886 [7]. Service I 1918-1959 utstedte Swiss Post servicefrimerker[7]. I perioden fra 1913 til 1957, for å betale for videresending av offisiell postI tillegg ble det brukt spesielle offisielle frimerker fra jernbaneadministrasjonen, som var forbudt å selge til privatpersoner.[7] Utgaver for internasjonale organisasjoner Under dette navnet er alle offisielle frimerker fra Folkeforbundet og FNs spesialiserte byråer som ligger i Sveits, samlet i Sveits. Mellom 1923 og 1952 ble universelle sveitsiske frimerker overtrykt med passende inskripsjoner. Fra og med 1956 begynte utgivelsen av originale frimerker med ulike design for FNs spesialiserte byråer[8]. Folkeforbundet Utgivelsen av spesielle frimerker ble laget for Folkeforbundet fra 1922 til 1944. Fram til 1943 var det et overtrykk av teksten: "Societe des Nations" ("League of Nations") på sveitsiske frimerker. I 1944 dukket det opp et annet overtrykk: "Courrier de la Societe des Nations" ("Courrier of the League of Nations"). Salg av frimerker fra Folkeforbundet til samlere ble kun gjort i kansellert form[7]. I forbindelse med opprettelsen av De forente nasjoner og avviklingen av Folkeforbundet 18. april 1946 gikk alle frimerker utstedt for Folkeforbundet ut av sirkulasjon 31. mars 1947 [7]. FNs Europa I 1950 dukket det opp frimerker for den europeiske avdelingen av FN i postsirkulasjon med et overtrykk av teksten: «Nations Unies. Office Européen" ("FN. Europeisk avdeling"). Fra 1955 til 1963 ble det trykt frimerker med originale tegninger for denne organisasjonen. Den 2. oktober 1969, i forbindelse med opprettelsen av FNs europeiske postadministrasjon, som organiserte utgivelsen av egne frimerker, gikk alle frimerkene til FNs europeiske avdeling ut av sirkulasjon [7]. Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasjonen De første frimerkene for Den internasjonale arbeidsorganisasjonen (ILO) ble utgitt i 1923: Sveitsiske frimerker ble overtrykt. Frimerkene utgitt før 1943 ble tatt ut av omløp i 1944[7]. I 1956 ble det gitt ut frimerker av originale tegninger. Frimerkene har inskripsjonen: «Bureau international du Travail» («International Labour Office»)[9]. Siden den gang har slike frimerker fortsatt å bli gitt ut regelmessig [7]. International Bureau of Education Frimerker for International Bureau of Education har blitt produsert siden 1944. Fram til 1958 ble sveitsiske frimerker overtrykt, og etter 1958 ble det gitt ut originale frimerker[7]. Frimerkene har inskripsjonen: «Courrier du Bureau international d’Education» («Correspondence of the International Bureau of Education»)[9]. To spesielle firfargede vignetter og en blokk utgitt i 1940-1944 må ikke forveksles med frimerker som ikke var i postomløp[7]. Den internasjonale telekommunikasjonsunionen Siden 1958 har originale frimerker blitt utstedt for International Telecommunication Union (ITU - UIT) [7]. Frimerkene har inskripsjonen: «Union internationale des telecommunications» («International Telecommunication Union»)[9]. I forbindelse med åpningen av nybygget til denne organisasjonen i 1973, ble det gitt ut et minnesmerke[7]. Den internasjonale flyktningorganisasjonen I 1950 ble det gitt ut en serie frimerker med overtrykk for International Organization for Refugees, som ble tatt ut av postsirkulasjonen allerede 31. januar 1951 [7]. På frimerkene teksten: "Organisations internationale pour les refugies" ("International Organization for Refugees")[9]. Verdens meteorologiske organisasjon Siden 1956 har de originale frimerkene til Verdens meteorologiske organisasjon blitt utstedt[7]. Frimerkene har inskripsjonen: «Organisation meteorologique Mondiale» («Verdens meteorologiske organisasjon»)[9]. Verdens helseorganisasjon De første frimerkene fra Verdens helseorganisasjon (WHO) ble gitt ut i 1948. Dette var overtrykk på sveitsiske frimerker. Siden 1957 startet utgivelsen av frimerker med originaltegninger, og året etter, 1958, ble frimerker med overtrykk tatt ut av omløp [7]. På frimerkene teksten: "Organization Mondiale de la Sante" ("Verdens helseorganisasjon")[9]. Verdenspostforbundet I 1957-1960 ble den første serien med definitive frimerker for UPU gitt ut[7]. Frimerkene har inskripsjonen: «Union Postale Universelle» («Universal Postal Union»)[9]. I 1976 ble det gitt ut fire frimerker som fremhevet aktivitetene til denne internasjonale organisasjonen[7]. Utgivelsen av frimerker fortsetter. Utenlandske postkontorer Puslespill og fjær Denne delen av artikkelen er ikke skrevet. I henhold til ideen til en eller flere Wikipedia-bidragsytere, bør en spesiell seksjon være plassert på dette stedet. Du kan hjelpe ved å skrive denne delen. (30. september 2016) Postkontorer i utlandet Sveitsiske postkontorer opererte i Frankrike (1852-1913), Italia (1857-1921) og Østerrike (1872-1915). På poststemplene som ble brukt i disse postkontorene, i tillegg til navnet på det tilsvarende postkontoret, ble det angitt at det tilhørte Sveits[7]. Sveitsisk post i Frankrike Puslespill og fjær Denne delen av artikkelen er ikke skrevet. I henhold til ideen til en eller flere Wikipedia-bidragsytere, bør en spesiell seksjon være plassert på dette stedet. Du kan hjelpe ved å skrive denne delen.(30. september 2016) Sveitsisk post i Italia Puslespill og fjær Denne delen av artikkelen er ikke skrevet. I henhold til ideen til en eller flere Wikipedia-bidragsytere, bør en spesiell seksjon være plassert på dette stedet. Du kan hjelpe ved å skrive denne delen. (30. september 2016) Sveitsisk post i Østerrike Puslespill og fjær Denne delen av artikkelen er ikke skrevet. I henhold til ideen til en eller flere Wikipedia-bidragsytere, bør en spesiell seksjon være plassert på dette stedet. Du kan hjelpe ved å skrive denne delen. (30. september 2016) privat post Hovedartikler: Hotellpost og hotellpoststempel Puslespill og fjær Denne delen av artikkelen er ikke skrevet. I henhold til ideen til en eller flere Wikipedia-bidragsytere, bør en spesiell seksjon være plassert på dette stedet. Du kan hjelpe ved å skrive denne delen. (30. september 2016) Frimerker Blant de ulike frimerkene som ble gitt ut i Sveits, er propagandavignetter av politisk, propagandistisk karakter og revolusjonært innhold, som ble utgitt for eksempel under første verdenskrig, av særlig interesse. Så i 1912 ble det laget frimerker i Sveits med portretter av Karl Marx og inskripsjonen (på tre språk): "RSDLP. til valgkampen." De tjente til å skaffe midler til den bolsjevikiske kampanjen under valget til statsdumaen. Disse frimerkene ble distribuert ikke bare i utlandet, men også i Russland under forhold med forfølgelse av politiet og detektivavdelingen[10]. Zumstein-kataloger for 2006 og 2007 for sveitsiske og Liechtenstein-frimerker Utviklingen av filateli I Sveits, siden 1909, har Zumsteins frimerkekatalog blitt publisert, som beskriver frimerkene til Europa. Sveits har vært vertskap for internasjonale filatelistiske utstillinger mange ganger. For eksempel ble den 7.-11. august 1977 arrangert i Bern, hvor samlere fra 50 land var invitert. En konferanse med representanter fra International Federation of Philately om ungdomsfilateli ble også organisert der. Extending across the entirety
of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time
zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From
northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast),
Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and
North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk
and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22] Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus' Khaganate Kievan Rus' Novgorod Republic Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism Postal Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Mountains Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Presidential elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement (Prisons) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic 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Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts (by law "On arbitration courts") [hide] v t e World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district Kizhi Pogost Palace Square, Saint Petersburg Moscow Kremlin Central Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Lake Baikal Katun River in Altai Mountains Southern Western Caucasus Northwestern Curonian Spit1 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc2 Far Eastern Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote-Alin Wrangel Island Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria3 Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin3 Volga Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin North Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent 1 Shared with Lithuania 2 Shared with nine other countries 3 Shared with Mongolia [hide] v t e People from Russia Political and religious leaders Pre-1168 1168–1917 1922–1991 1991–present RSFSR leaders General secretaries Soviet premiers (1st deputies) Soviet heads of state (and their spouses) Prime ministers (1st deputies) Foreign ministers Prosecutors general Metropolitans and Patriarchs Saints (1, 2) Alexander Nevsky, the Name of Russia Military figures and explorers Field marshals Soviet marshals Admirals Aviators Cosmonauts Scientists, engineers and inventors Aerospace engineers Astronomers and astrophysicists Biologists Chemists Earth scientists Electrical engineers IT developers Linguists and philologists Mathematicians Naval engineers Physicians and psychologists Physicists Weaponry makers Artists and writers Architects Ballet dancers Composers Opera singers Novelists Philosophers Playwrights Poets Sportspeople Chess players [hide] Gnome-globe.svg Geographic locale [hide] v t e Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia2 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus2 Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland1 Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary (with borders).svg States with limited recognition Abkhazia2 Artsakh2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus2 South Ossetia2 Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement 1 Oceanic 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[hide] v t e Countries and dependencies of Asia Abkhazia Afghanistan Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cyprus Egypt Georgia Hong Kong India British Indian Ocean Territory Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Ossetia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand East Timor (Timor-Leste) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Asia (orthographic projection).svg [hide] v t e Countries bordering the Baltic Sea Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden [hide] v t e Black Sea Countries bordering the Black Sea Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine Cities Batumi Burgas Constanța Giresun Hopa Istanbul Kerch Mangalia Năvodari Novorossiysk Odessa Ordu Poti Rize Samsun Sevastopol Sochi Sukhumi1 Trabzon Varna Yalta Zonguldak 1 Disputed statehood — partial international recognition, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. [hide] International organizations [hide] v t e Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Nations Australia Brunei Canada Chile China Hong Kong¹ Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei² Thailand United States Vietnam Summits 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival 1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China"; 2. 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China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)), abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan.[9][10] After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States. The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments. With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain 1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz 1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari 1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism Books Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA Disinformation operations 1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain Countering disinformation Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda. |
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PROFESSIONAL SELLER
Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure.
However, investing money in antiques is a complex activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate community. It is necessary to understand what things really have the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years, depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money.
A lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him, purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about making money.
You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops, exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the market.
If you want to do engage in such a profitable and exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious and magical world of collection.
Dear collectors!
StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.
Features and further details
Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.
Our company is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in.
Contact us
We can be contacted at any time through eBay messages if you have any questions, comments or product requests. We will respond to you within 24-48 hours and do our best to help you out! We encourage our customers to contact us with any questions or concerns! We'd like to be sure you are completely satisfied with your purchase.
| Payment | PAYPAL , VISA , MASTERCARD , MASESTRO , AMERICAN EXPRESS |
|---|---|
| Shipping | WITH TRACKING NUMBER IN 1-2 WORKING DAYS AFTER PAYMENT |
| Disclaimer | If the description of the lot differs from its image, the image will have priority |
Best regards from STAMPLAKE.COM