Germany 1987 - MNH - 6 Stamps Souvenir Sheet - Old Carousels
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before and after the first union,
during the existence of two German states (Germany and the GDR before 1990) and
after the second unification.
The main postal operators in the entire German postal history were:
Imperial Post Office (1871-1945),
Deutsche Post (German post, under the control of the Allied Powers: 1945-1949),
German Post of the GDR (1949-1990),
Deutsche Bundespost (German Federal Post; 1949-1995), along with
Deutsche Bundespost Berlin (German Federal Post Office in Berlin; 1949-1990),
Deutsche Post AG (since 1995).
Postage stamps have been issued in Germany since 1849.
Content
1 Early history
1.1 Mail of butchers
1.2 Church and City messengers
1.3 Turn-and-Taxis
1.4 German Principalities
2 Further development of mail and stamp issues
2.1 The German Empire
2.1.1 Imperial Mail
2.1.2 German colonies
2.1.3 German Post abroad
2.1.4 Occupation of territories in the First World War
2.2 The Weimar Republic
2.2.1 Reichspost
2.2.2 Plebiscite territories
2.2.3 Danzig
2.2.4 Memel
2.2.5 Saarland
2.3 Nazi Germany
2.3.1 Third Reich Post Office
2.3.2 Sudetenland/Bohemia and Moravia
2.3.3 Occupation of territories in World War II
2.4 Divided Germany
2.4.1 Local releases
2.4.2 Allied occupation
2.4.3 German Federal Post Office of West Berlin
2.4.4 German Post GDR
2.4.5 Deutsche Bundespost
2.5 United Germany
3 Summary data
4 Propaganda and fantasy releases
5 Development of philately
6 See also
7 Notes
8 Literature
9 Links
Early history
Mail of butchers
The mail of butchers[de] is considered the first international mail of the Middle Ages[1]. So, in some cities of southern Germany, the butchers' workshop (German Metzger) was charged with the transportation of letters and parcels, in return for which it was exempt from community duties. The so-called "butchers' post office" formed in this way in places received the meaning of a state institution (in Württemberg)[2]. The Guild of Butchers organized courier delivery of correspondence on horseback: upon arrival of the mail, the sound of a horn was heard announcing this, thanks to which the generally accepted emblem of the post office appeared. The mail of butchers originated in the XII century and worked until 1637[3], when the Turn-and-Taxis family became monopolistically engaged in mail delivery[1].
Church and city messengers
The exchange of information was most needed in the Middle Ages by the church, both because its structure rested on the beginning of centralization, and because for a long time it was the only carrier of the intellectual life of peoples. The archives of church institutions and the regests of the Roman Curia show that even at the very beginning of the Middle Ages there was a lively exchange of messages between the head of the Catholic hierarchy and its members. In the lands of the German spiritual order, a special administration of messengers or couriers arose for this purpose and stations for changing horses were established[2].
With the development of urban liberties, one of the most important means of communication in the Middle Ages was the institution of city messengers, which existed almost everywhere since the XIV century, but received special development in large shopping centers in Germany. From the numerous regulations that have come down to us, it is clear to the city messengers (in Cologne, Mainz, Nordhausen — in the XIV century, in Strasbourg — in 1443, in Augsburg — in 1552, in Breslau — in 1573, etc.) that they were under the jurisdiction of the city council, to which they pledged to obey under oath. They received no salary from the community, nor from individual corporations or merchant guilds. Speaking from the city on certain days, they on horseback or on foot delivered the correspondence of the city administration to the destination within the prescribed time, as well as letters and parcels of citizens from whom they charged a fee. The institute of city messengers received a strong and wide development thanks to the unions of cities on the Rhine and in Lower Germany. The messengers of the Rhenish City Union maintained correct communications from Cologne and Mainz via Frankfurt to Nuremberg. The messengers of the Hanseatic cities were famous for their accuracy in meeting deadlines, maintaining communications between Hamburg, Bremen, Amsterdam and Antwerp, as well as to the east through Stettin, Danzig and Konigsberg up to Riga. In southern Germany, the first place was occupied by the messengers of Augsburg; in addition to the lines to Nuremberg (three times a week), Lindau and Regensburg, they maintained communications with Italy; they arrived in Venice via Brenner in eight days [2].
Turn-and-Taxis
Main article: Turn-and-Taxis Mail
By the end of the XV century, the name of the post office in Germany began to mean the whole set of institutions that were established by the state or under the control of the state for the forwarding of both government and private correspondence and for the transportation of passengers. The first experience of organizing mail in this sense of the word on a broad international basis was made by members of the Taxis family from Bergamo, who took over the support of communications between the Habsburg possessions[2].
In 1497, on behalf of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, Franz von Taxis established a post office, which replaced messengers carrying state correspondence[4]. The branches of this post organized in Germany and other European countries rendered great services in the development of postal communications[2]: within its framework, a horse relay system was created, which reduced the time of mail transportation and made the time of its delivery predictable. After that, the House of Thurn and Taxis, which used the imperial yellow and black colors, retained the postal privilege for many centuries. In 1650, the Turn-and-Taxis post office used the first horse-drawn mail coaches in Europe since Ancient Rome[5].
The Turn-and-Taxis stamp for the North German States (1865)
The Turn-and-Taxis stamp for the North German States (1865)
The Turn-and-Taxis stamp for the South German States (1859)
The Turn-and-Taxis stamp for the South German States (1859)
The Thurn-and-Taxis family lost its monopoly when Napoleon granted the Rhenish Union the right to carry out postal communication. The Thurn and Taxis Post office continued to operate and even issued its own postage stamps, but after the creation of the North German Union by Prussia, the owners of the Thurn and Taxis post office had to sell their postal privilege in 1867[6].
German Principalities
Main articles: The history of the post and postage stamps of Bavaria, the History of the post and postage stamps of Baden, the History of the post and postage stamps of Bergedorf, the History of the post and postage stamps of Braunschweig and the History of the post and postage stamps of Hamburg
Main articles: History of Hanover post and postage stamps, History of Helgoland post and postage stamps, History of Lubeck post and postage stamps, History of Mecklenburg post and postage stamps and History of Oldenburg post and postage stamps
Main articles: The History of the post and postage stamps of Prussia, the History of the post and postage stamps of Saxony and the History of the post and postage stamps of the North German Union
The idea of postal regalia, that is, the exclusive right of the government to maintain postal institutions within the state territory, was first put forward at the end of the XVI century, and in the XVII century it began to be implemented. The first of the German sovereigns to establish a government post office and recognize the nature of a monopoly behind it was the great Elector Frederick William (1646). His example was followed by other significant imperial ranks. At the same time, the content of the mail began to be considered not only as a right, but also as a duty of governments. Already at the beginning of the XVIII century, some statesmen (for example, Friedrich Wilhelm I in Prussia) abandoned fiscal views on mail and saw its task in reducing the cost of postal tariffs and making postal messages as accessible as possible to the population. Unlike France, where the forwarding of letters (fr. poste aux lettres) was declared a state monopoly, but along with government mail there were private passenger transportation enterprises (messageries), in larger German states, the activities of government mail covered both the forwarding of letters and goods and the transportation of passengers. The government post office of Saxony, Braununschweig-Hanover, Hesse and especially Brandenburg-Prussia was famous for its expedient organization. On the main Prussian Kleve — Memel line , the post has been departing twice a week since 1655; from Konigsberg to Berlin, she arrived within four days, from Konigsberg to Cleves — in 10 days. It was an extraordinary speed for that time. In addition to branches to Hamburg, Stettin, Leipzig and Breslau, postal services were maintained in the west with Holland, in the east with Warsaw and the Swedish post in Riga. In the matter of passenger transportation, Prussia, however, already at the end of the XVIII century was surpassed by countries with more well-maintained roads. Moreover, contemporaries were struck by the success achieved by Prussia in 1821, when the so-called Germans were established. Nagler'sche Schuellposten, with comfortable traveling carriages[2].
A great step forward in the organization of mail was the Austro-German Postal Union, concluded in 1850 between Prussia, Austria, other German states and the Taxi post office on the basis of uniform and uniform collection of postal fees. This union ceased to exist after the war of 1866, but during 1867-1873, first the North German Union and then the German Empire concluded a number of postal conventions imbued with the same spirit[2].
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