FRANCE - AFRICA 1960'S 26 STAMPS FULL 5 SETS100% Original Old Postage
YOU ARE BIDDING ON:Congo 1960's - Space, Army - Full 5 Sets - MNH - 26 French Africa Stamps
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PRODUCT INFO
- EUROPA AFRICA COLONIES FULL SETS MNH STAMPS LOT
TIMBRE DENTELE - PERFORATED POSTAGE - ORIGINAL GUM - NOT HINGED
The
history of mail and postage stamps of Chad, a state in Central Africa,
covers the stages of development of postal communications on the
territory of Chad during the colonial dependence on France (since 1904)
and during the period of the modern independent Republic of Chad (since
1960). The issue of its own postage stamps has been carried out since
1922. Chad is a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU; since 1961);
the national postal operator in this country is the company fr. Société
tchadienne des posts et de l'épargne
Postal history in Chad dates
back to the colonial period. Regular postal service in Chad began
shortly after the French occupation of the area in 1904, followed by the
formation in 1905 of the French colony of Oubangi-Chari-Chad. In 1905,
the first post office was opened at Fort Lamy. Then post offices were
established: in 1909 - in Abéché and Athy; in 1910, when the territory
of Chad was annexed to French Equatorial Africa, in Am Timan,
Manjaf[en], Tshekne (Masenye) and Buso. In 1914, Chad received the
status of a separate colony within French Equatorial Africa, and in 1920
it passed to civilian administration, and at the same time new post
offices were set up in Fade and Faya-Largeau.
After receiving in
1958 the status of a republic - a member of the French Community [4],
and then declaring independence on August 11, 1960, the country began to
develop its own postal service. On June 23, 1961, Chad joined the ranks
of the countries participating in the UPU.
In modern conditions,
postal services in the country are provided by Société tchadienne des
posts et de l'épargne (abbreviated STPE), subordinate to the Ministry of
Posts and New Information Technologies (Ministère des Postes et des
Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information).
Issues of postage stamps
Ubangi-Shari stamp - Chad, 1915 (Mi #2; Yt #2)
Colonial Chad
Ubangi Shari - Chad
See also: Postal history and postage stamps of Ubangi Shari
Until 1915, Chad Post used French Congo stamps and then Oubangui-Chari-Tchad stamps overprinted with "Oubangui-Chari-Tchad".
First stamps of Chad
In
1922, the colony received its first postage stamps, French Middle Congo
stamps overprinted with "Tchad" ("Chad"). The first series included 18
stamps with denominations from 1 centime to 5 francs.
French Equatorial Africa stamp for Chad, 1924 (Sc #19)
Subsequent issues
As
with the Oubangi-Shari issues, from 1924 Chad's stamps began to feature
the additional inscription "Afrique équatoriale française" ("French
Equatorial Africa"). In the future, the inscription “RF. AEF. Tchad"
("French Republic. French Equatorial Africa. Chad").
Between 1924
and 1933 postage miniatures of 32 different combinations of colors and
denominations were added, along with nine stamps overprinted with the
new denomination.
In 1931, the first commemorative stamps
appeared, which were part of France's co-issue for its colonies
"Colonial Exhibition" in honor of the Paris Colonial Exhibition.
Colonial Chad stopped issuing its own stamps in 1936, after which it
began to use stamps issued for all countries of French Equatorial
Africa.
An example of a modern postage stamp from independent Chad:
the spider Nephila senegalensis (of the genus Nephilus), 1972 (Sc #254)
In
1959, before gaining independence from France, the country issued its
first own stamps without the inscription "RF" (from "République
française" - "French Republic"). One of the two stamps, denominated at
15 francs, depicted cotton flowers, fishermen on Lake Chad and the head
of an antelope.
Independence
The adoption of independence in
1960 was not immediately reflected on the postage stamps of Chad. It was
only in 1961 that three commemorative stamps of sovereign Chad were
issued to commemorate the accession of the state to the UN, followed by a
series on the occasion of the anniversary of independence.
According
to L. L. Lepeshinsky, a total of 110 postage stamps of Chad were issued
between 1922 and 1963. At the same time, the inscriptions were made on
the original stamps: “Postes” (“Post”), “République du Tchad” (“Republic
of Chad”, since 1959).
The country's first postal block was
issued in 1969. In connection with the Moscow Olympics in 1980,
commemorative stamps and the block of Chad were issued.
Other types of postage stamps
Additional payment
Surcharge
stamps in Chad have been printed since 1928, and they are inscribed:
"Chiffre-taxe" ("Additional payment") and "Timbre-taxe" ("Additional
stamp", since 1959). In 1930, many colorful surcharge stamps appeared
for the first time, inscribed with the name of the colony. According to
L. L. Lepeshinsky, until 1963, 34 additional stamps were issued.
Extending
across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe,
Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of
environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares
land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and
Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia,
Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares
maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of
Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a
recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18]
Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants,
the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted
Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the
synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture
for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a
number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the
Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in
the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the
surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the
Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of
Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded
through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian
Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from
Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22]
Following the
Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist
state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied
victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower
and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw
some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th
century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the
launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet
Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military
in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union
in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia,
Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states
regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR
reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the
continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet
Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
The
Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth
largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive
mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the
world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas
globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear
weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and
has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of
the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization
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Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian
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Kyrgyzstan.
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the
Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the
Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died
and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced
Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the
Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race,
with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight.
Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was
succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a
brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions
resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last
Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the
economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and
perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the
Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the
constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set
in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite
states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist
governments.
With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist
movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a
dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991
referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of
participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a
renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after
Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing
down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party
hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining
twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states.
The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet
Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state
of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international
ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of
the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military,
ideological and economic significance.
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