Amphipolis, Macedonia (under Augustus) | AE21
Reference: RPC 1626
Date: 27 BCE-14 CE
Obverse: ΚΑΙΣΑΡ ΘΕΟΥ ΥΙΟΣ; bare head of Augustus right
Reverse: ΑΜΦΙΠΟΛΕΙΤΩΝ; Artemis Tauropolos on bull, right
Mint: Amphipolis, Macedonia
Size: 21.0 mm
Weight: 6.32 grams

A fine example of an 2 millenia-old issue from the Macedonian city of Amphipolis. What makes this coin historically interesting is the reverse, which depicts a bull-riding goddess. Coinage depictions of Artemis in this role (Tauropolos can mean "worshiped at Tauris" (Crimea), or "pulled by a yoke of bulls", or "the hunting bull goddess") seem to be unique to Macedonia. Other bull-riding figures can be found on ancient coins from Cilicia (see Lindgren 1597, rider is typically identified as Aphoridite, Tyche, or Cybele ); Mysia (see SNG von Aulock 1212); and Cyprus (Zapiti & Michaelidou 5). The bull-riding goddess is even depicting on modern 2 Euro coins commemorating Cyprus' entry to the European Union. This iconography might be an connected to the bull-leaping sport. Bull-leaping has a long history in the Mediterranean with depictions found on Hittite pottery (~1650 BCE) and Minoan frescos (~1450 BCE). A related sport involving horses, taurokathapsia  was popular in Thessaly (not too far from Macedonia) during Classical antiquity. Even today, bull leaping sports continue in France and Spain (course landaise). These Spanish bull sports were brought to the New World during the 16th century CE and eventually evolved into the American rodeo.

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