100% Original Old Stamps
Early Hungary 1914 - Architecture - Used Postcard - Magyar Posta 10 filler Stamp
WORLDWIDE SHIPPING
FLAT SHIPPING RATES - MULTIPLE ITEMS IN 1 PACKAGE
Fast delivery with tracking number for only $7.95 *
* $10.95 if more than 0.100 kg incl. pack.
Save money on postage - add more than 1 products to cart and request total from the shopping card page. We will send you invoice with combined shipping price for all of your lots.
Please note that we ship your order in 1-2 bussines days. Any further delays in shipment are likely the result of the delivery provider. International Shipments may take up to 3 weeks to arrive to their destination. We appreciate your patience and realistic shipping expectations for those Orders.
All items are absolutely guaranteed to be genuine and as described. Buy with confidence-we are professional, full-time dealers in business for many years online on StampLake.com website. We pack and ship your purchases with care and consideration in a timely manner. With us, you can expect First-Class service and helpful consultation at no extra charge.
Product information
The history of the post in Hungary began during the time of the Austrian state, and the postal service here was organized at the end of the 17th century. In the middle of the 18th century, the first stamps appeared with the letter V (von - from) and the name of the city; they had decorative frames and ornaments. The official wrote the date on the letter. At the beginning of the 19th century, stamps began to be used with the inscriptions: “Franco” (“Paid”), “Portó” (“Pay”), “Recomando, Recomon” (“Customized”) and others.
Until 1867, the time of the emergence of Austria-Hungary, there was one common administration for the Austrian and Hungarian post offices. Subsequently, an independent postal administration appeared in Hungary, subordinate to the Hungarian Minister of Trade. There were nine Hungarian postal and telegraph districts by the end of the 19th century.
Both halves of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, despite the difference in postal signs since 1871, in terms of postal terms constituted one territory. However, the financial side of the postal business was completely demarcated, and in the Universal Postal Union each part of the monarchy was given an independent voice. In this regard, the Russian Empire, for example, in 1904-1905 concluded agreements on the mutual exchange of postal money orders, among other states, with Austria and Hungary separately.
In 1894, Hungary had 4,132 post offices, with one post office per 78 km² and 4,226 inhabitants. The total number of departures for the year was 840,628,000, including:
146,180,000 letters,
45,788,000 open letters (postcards),
113,992,000 prints,
14,752,000 postal orders and
17,430,000 parcels.
There were 16.3 postal items per inhabitant, and the excess of income over expenses, in terms of rubles of the Russian Empire of that time, was expressed in a decent amount - 3,975,607 rubles.
According to the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union for 1903[3], the total value of insured letters and parcels sent in Hungary was 5 billion francs (the same as in France).
1848: design[en] for the first unissued postage stamp of Hungary
1867: Postage stamp of the first issue of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (Mi #36; Sc #29)
Issues of postage stamps
Flag of the Austrian Empire As part of the Austrian Empire
In 1848, the artist Mór Than prepared a design for the first Hungarian postage stamp. However, it did not go into circulation, since Hungary lost its independence, becoming a province of the Austrian Empire in 1849[4]. In this status, Austrian stamps were put into circulation on its territory in 1850.
By order of the head of the post office in Tokai, the first issue of Austrian stamps was provided with a linear notch. These stamps, especially those with a denomination of 2 kreuzers, are very rare. They are known with Tokay and Jamonna stamps.
The stamps of the Austrian Empire were in circulation on the territory of Hungary until 1867.
Flag of Austria-Hungary As part of Austria-Hungary
After the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1867, the Hungarian post offices were transferred to the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture, Trade and Crafts[1]. In the same year, a series of stamps entered circulation, which had equal circulation in the territories of Austria and Hungary. Unified Austro-Hungarian issues were in circulation until 1871.
On May 1, 1871, the first series of six Hungarian stamps entered circulation. Miniatures with a portrait of Emperor Franz Joseph I and the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary were lithographically printed. The name of the postal administration was not indicated on them. There are several copies of the stamp with a face value of 2 kreuzers in dark yellow instead of orange. These stamps are from the first print run, which was not put into circulation due to the poor quality of the printing (there were spots on the face of Franz Joseph I). These copies were used in 1873 at the post office in Pest. There are mixed frankings of correspondence with stamps of the Austro-Hungarian issue of 1867 and the Hungarian issue of 1871.
First issue of postage stamps of Hungary (1871)
The first stamps of Hungary depicting Emperor Franz Joseph I
(Sc #1-6) Cliche and Copy
second Hungarian
stamps (Sc #2)
On October 1, 1874, stamps of a new design were put into circulation. The miniatures were given the image of a postal envelope, St. Stephen's crown and a postal horn. These stamps were the first to indicate the name of the postal administration - “Magyar Kir. Posta" ("Hungarian Royal Mail"). Stamps with this pattern were issued until 1900 with various watermarks and perforations.
On January 1, 1900, in connection with the change in the monetary unit [1 crown (crown) = 100 fillers (hellers)], a new series of stamps with two drawings was put into circulation - the legendary Turul bird over the crown of St. Stephen and a portrait of Franz Joseph I in the crown of St. Stephen. Until 1916, there were several issues of stamps of these drawings with different watermarks and perforations.
In 1916-1917, definitive stamps with new designs were issued - reapers and the parliament building in Budapeste[1].
The last series of six stamps of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary was issued on August 30, 1918. The miniatures depicted portraits of King Charles IV and Queen Zita[5].
The first postal-charity stamps, with a surcharge in favor of flood victims in the Eastern Banat, entered circulation in 1913 [1].
In 1916, in honor of the coronation of King Charles IV of Hungary, the first commemorative stamps were issued[1].
In 1916, a postage savings stamp of 10 fillers was used as a postage stamp [1].
Flag of Hungary Issues of independent Hungary
1918-1920 years
In November 1918, after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Hungarian Republic was proclaimed. The definitive stamps of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1916-1918 were overprinted in black with the word "Köztarsasag" ("Republic"). In 1919, stamps were issued, repeating the design of the standard issue of 1916-1917 (reapers and parliament), with a modified inscription "Magyar Posta" ("Hungarian Post"). The overprinted stamps were in circulation until December 1920, and the new definitive issue until June 1921[1].
See also: Postage stamps of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
In March 1919, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on part of the territory of the republic. On June 14 of the same year, her first stamps came out: a series of five miniatures with portraits of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Sandor Petofi, Ignaz Martinovich and György Doz. The stamps bear the inscription "Magyar Tanács Köztarsasag" ("Soviet Republic of Hungary"). With the same overprint, definitive stamps were issued on 21 July. All stamps of the Hungarian Soviet Republic were withdrawn from circulation on November 30, 1919[1].
The government of Count Gyula Károlyi, founded in 1919 in Szeged, also issued its own stamps. All stocks of stamps available here were overprinted “Magyar Nemzeti Kormany. Szeged 1919” (“Hungarian National Government. Szeged 1919”) and put into circulation on June 28. In total, stamps were issued: postage - 41; surcharge - 8[1][6].
StampHungary1918Michel241.jpg
StampSzegedin1919Michel31.jpg
1918: postage stamp
Kingdom of Hungary
(portrait of Queen Zita)
overprinted with the word
"Köztarsasag" ("Republic")
(Mi #115) 1919: postage stamp
Hungarian National
government in Szeged
(Mi#31)
1920-1949
The first postal block of Hungary, 1934 (Mi #Block 1/516)
In March 1920, Hungary was declared a kingdom. In 1921, the inscription “Magyar Kir. Posta" ("Hungarian Royal Mail"). It was used intermittently (in 1923-1937, the inscription "Magyarorszag" ("Hungary") was placed on the stamps) until 1945. The topics of the releases of those years were religious symbols, the crown of St. Stephen, administrative buildings, churches, episodes of the struggle against the Turkish yoke, etc.[1][7]
In May 1934, the first postal block was published, dedicated to the philatelic exhibition in Budapest in honor of the 50th anniversary of the "First Russian Union of Philatelists" [5].
May 1, 1945 in a series of 26 stamps overprinted "Felszabadulas. April 1945 4” (“Liberation. 1945 Apr. 4”) and a new value on definitive stamps of 1943 marked the liberation of the country from fascism. These stamps exist with yellow and blue backgrounds[1].
Since 1945, a new inscription “Magyar Posta” (“Hungarian Post”) has been approved on the stamps of Hungary [7].
In January 1946, overprints were made on the stamps indicating the type of postal item for which the stamp was intended. They were sold at the price that existed at the time of the sale. These overprints were abbreviated: "Any." - parcel, "Hl." — local letter, "Hlp." - local postcard, "Tl." — internal letter, "Tlp." - an internal postcard, "Cs10-I" - for parcels up to 10 kg, etc. In May 1946, the stamps were overprinted with the full name of the type of postal item: "Tavolsagi level" - letter, "Ajalas" - registered, "Csomag 5 kg” — parcel 5 kg and others[1].
The proclamation of Hungary as a republic was marked by the issuance of two stamps on February 12, 1946. This was the only time in the history of Hungarian stamps when the name of the state was given in Latin (“Hungarica Respublica”)[1].
For some time, the denominations of post-war stamps were expressed in pengo. However, the economic damage caused by Hungary's participation in World War II led to hyperinflation. The issue of stamps did not keep pace with the increase in postal rates. In July 1946, a stamp was issued with the largestdenomination in the world - 500 thousand bilpengyo (500 × 1015 pengyo)[1][7].
On August 1, 1946, a monetary reform was carried out and a new currency, the forint, was put into circulation. The first series of standard stamps "Industry and Agriculture" with denominations in the new currency was in circulation from August 1, 1946 to February 28, 1950[1][5].
StampHungary1946Michel878.jpg
StampHungary1946Michel932.jpg
1946: postage stamp
overprinted "Ajl-I"
(custom) (Mi #857) 1946: postage stamp in honor of
declaration of Hungary as a republic
(Mi #878) 1946: postage stamp
with a face value of 500 thousand
bilpengyo (Mi #932)
After 1949
The proclamation of the Hungarian People's Republic in 1949 was marked by the issuance of a series of three stamps with a new coat of arms of the republic and the inscription "Magyar Nepköztarsasag" ("Hungarian People's Republic")[1].
From August 1, 1950 (partially earlier), all Hungarian stamps were issued with and without serrations. Circulations of imperforated stamps usually amounted to 4-7 thousand copies. Until 1958, perforated stamps were not accepted for postage, they were sold to collectors at a price equal to 10 face values. From February 22, 1958, all imperforate issues became regular postage marks for any postage. In 1991, the production of toothless was discontinued[1][8].
Until September 1, 1971, Hungarian stamps issued before 1964 had a limited circulation period. Then all the stamps issued since August 1, 1946 were re-admitted to circulation, the terms of which were not limited[1].
Since 1991, on the stamps of Hungary, the inscription "Hungarian Post" was again replaced by the word "Hungary"[9].
Unusual releases
Stamps of Hungary (2004): "A short course in the history of chess in Hungary" (Mi #4885-4948)
In October 1955, an airmail stamp printed on 0.009 mm thick aluminum foil was issued for the International Non-Ferrous Metals Congress held in Budapest. The stamp was only used by the Congressional Post Office[1].
In September 2004, the Hungarian Post Office released a series of 64 postal miniatures (Mi #4885-4948) that describe the history of chess in Hungary in microscript. Each stamp has a denomination of 50 forints, all of them are combined in a small sheet in the form of a chessboard, the pieces of which form the initial position of the Hungarian game. This opening was first encountered in the Paris-Budapest correspondence match, which lasted from 1842 to 1845.
The microfont made it possible to place several dozen words of text on each stamp, and the whole series is called "A short course in the history of chess in Hungary." A significant number of stamps are devoted to biographical articles about famous Hungarian grandmasters: Laszlo Szabo, Lajos Portis, András Adorjan, Gyula Sachs, Zoltan Ribli, Peter Leko, Istvan Bilek and Zsuzs Veröci-Petrovich.
This issue immediately set three records in philately[10]:
stamps with the most extensive text;
the largest small sheet;
the longest series of stamps dedicated to chess.
Other types of postage stamps
The Hungarian Post also issued newspaper, surcharge, express, newspaper-tax, parcel and service stamps.
Airmail
The first Hungarian airmail stamps were issued on 4 July 1918. They were intended for letters sent via the Vienna-Budapest-Krakow-Lvov air route and were an overprint of the text "Repülo posta" ("Flight Mail") and the new denomination on definitive stamps of 1917 ("Parliament"). The stamps were in circulation until July 24, 1918[1][5].
The second series, overprinted with "Légi posta" ("Airmail") and a new denomination on definitive stamps of 1917, entered circulation in November 1920. Since then, airmail stamps have been issued regularly until 1988[1][5].
Newspaper
Newspaper stamps were issued by the Hungarian post office from 1871 to 1922. All of them were printed without teeth. Withdrawn from circulation April 30, 1922 [1].
StampHungary1918Michel210.JPG
DueStampHungary1903Michel8.jpg
NewspaperStampHungary1868Michel I.JPG
TelegraphStampHungary1873Michel8.jpg
1918: First airmail stamp
(Mi #210) 1903: surcharge stamp
from the first issue (Mi #8) 1868: first newspaper stamp
(Mi #I) 1873: telegraph stamp
from the first issue
(Mi#8)
Additional payment
The issue of additional stamps began in November 1903 and continued until December 1987[1][5].
Parcel
In December 1953, parcel stamps were issued for domestic parcels. They are an overprint of the new denomination on the 1946 definitive stamp (Mi #955)[1][5].
Service
Service stamps were issued from June 1921 to March 1924. July 1, 1924 were withdrawn from circulation[1][5].
Telegraph
Telegraph stamps were issued from 1873 to October 1874. Usually extinguished with a pen. Telegraph stamps, used since February 1875, are rare on stamps[1][5].
Local and regional releases
Abon
In 1945, a local issue of stamps was made in the city of Abon. 28 Hungarian miniatures of different editions were hand overprinted with new denominations. The circulation of these stamps is small. Falsifications are known[1][11].
Nyiregyhaza
3On October 1, 1944, the city of Nyiregyhaza was liberated by Soviet troops. Before the retreat, the German troops blew up the building of the post office and the international telephone exchange. Therefore, one of the initial tasks that the new burgomaster and military commandant of the city had to solve was the restoration of the postal services, which was delayed due to the lack of stamps. It was decided to make temporary stamps and envelopes on their own. This business was entrusted to the private printer Karol Venkovich. He made envelopes in two colors (yellow and pink), as well as stamps in denominations of 20 and 40 fillers[12]. Both denominations were printed in black ink - the first on yellow, the second on pink paper and were very primitive in appearance - the designation of the denomination without any inscriptions. The stamps and some of the envelopes were stamped in purple by the city's tax office, which covered the cost of making them. In total, stamps of each denomination were printed approximately 5 thousand copies. December 16, 1944 can be considered the day of their release.
When the Provisional National Government, which was working in Debrecen at that time, became aware of the pharmacists, their stocks were already exhausted. For this reason, the Debrecen Post Office commissioned reprints for the museum. However, it turned out that the original clichés did not survive, and therefore new prints were made from other clichés made specifically for this purpose. This gives grounds to consider the reprint as replicas.
In February 1945, at the direction of the head of the postal department, Karol Shabiyani, a second issue was made, also consisting of two denominations. In their appearance, these issues are similar to the stamps of the first issue and have the same denominations, but they have an additional red inscription “Nyíregyháza-1” (“Nyíregyháza-1”) printed on the bottom [12]. About 5,000 stamps of 20 fillers each and about 2,000 of 40 fillers were issued.
Fake stamps of both the first and second issues are known. In addition to stamps, 12,000 postcards of three types were made[13].
Postage stamp of Baranya from the first issue, 1919 (Mi #31)
lamb
In 1918, during the First World War, the South Hungarian county (district) of Baranya and part of the border lands were occupied by Serbian troops. On the occupied lands, the Republic of Baranya was proclaimed with the center in the city of Pec. In May 1919, the first issue of Baranya stamps took place - on the postage stamps of Hungary of various issues, the overprint "1919 Baranya" ("1919 Baranya") was made. In May, additional stamps were also issued - overprints on the additional stamps of Hungary with the inscription "1919 Baranya" and a new denomination. There were four editions in total. The last one - in December 1919 - was overprinted in a semicircle on Hungarian stamps with black ink of the word "BARANYA" and a large red number of the new denomination. August 20, 1920 Sheep was returned to Hungary. Overprinted stamps were withdrawn from circulation and replaced by Hungarian ones. In total, stamps were issued: postage - 60; surcharge - 3[1][5][6][14].
Debrecen
Postage stamp of Debrecen from the first issue, 1919 (Mi #25)
Postage stamp of Debrecen (1919). Bird Turul (Mi #79)
The East Hungarian county of Debrecen and the surrounding areas were occupied by the Romanian army from November 1919 to June 1920. During the occupation, postage and surcharge stamps were issued.
The first issue of postage stamps took place on November 21, 1919. The Hungarian stamps were overprinted: in an oval frame, the words "Zona de ocupatie romana" ("Romanian Occupation Zone") and the emblem of the Romanian postal service. The overprint was made in blue, red and black ink. The same overprint was placed on the additional stamps of Hungary. Stamps with an overprint of an oval and an emblem made with a double line are proof prints.
In December 1919, a series of postage stamps was issued, and in January 1920, postage stamps of original designs with the inscription "Magyar posta" and overprinted in a round frame "Romania. Zona de ocupatie” (“Romania. Occupation Zone”). There are inverted overprints. They were practically non-existent.
In 1920, Debrecen was returned to Hungary, and Hungarian stamps were put into circulation. In total, stamps were issued: postage - 102; surcharge - 21[1][5][6][15].
Western Hungary
Under the Trianon Treaty of 1920, Hungary lost a significant part of its territories, including the province of Burgenland, which was transferred to Austria. The question of the nationality of its part (the so-called Western Hungary) with the center in the city of Sopron was to be decided by a plebiscite. The Hungarian population, demanding to join Hungary, revolted. Beginning in September 1921, the rebels issued eight series of stamps with various overprints. On November 11, 1921, the ninth series of 23 postage stamps and a series of additional stamps of original drawings were issued. The stamps bear the inscription "Lajtabánság posta" ("Transleitania Post"). Only the stamps of the first three issues were in circulation. Of the last issue, only four were put into circulation[5].
As a result of the plebiscithat Sopron remained part of Hungary, and since 1922 stamps of Hungary came into circulation[1][16].
Some postage stamps of Western Hungary (1919-1921)
StampWestern-Hungary1921Michel2.JPG
StampWestern-Hungary1921Michel31.JPG
StampWestern-Hungary1921Michel64.JPG
StampWestern-Hungary1921Michel69.jpg
1919: from the first issue
(Mi #2) 1921: from the fourth issue
(Mi #31) 1921: from the eighth issue
(Mi #64) 1921: from the ninth issue
(Mi#69)
The development of philately
The first society of Hungarian philatelists was founded in Budapest in the spring of 1884. The fiftieth anniversary of this society was celebrated by the Hungarian post in 1934 with the issuance of a stamp and a block; a philatelic exhibition was organized[17].
Before the Second World War there were scattered circles of philatelists in Hungary. After the liberation of the country from the Nazi invaders, a revival of cultural life began, including the revival of the philatelic movement. Most societies were reorganized, new ones were created, and in February 1952, individual societies and circles were merged into the All-Hungarian Union of Philatelists (Hungarian Magyar Bélyeggyűjtők Országos Szövetsége - MABÉOSZ; MABEOS) [18]. The basis of the national philatelic organization of the Hungarian People's Republic was the First Union of Hungarian Philatelic Societies, established in 1922[17].
The new organization was given the task of using philately in the development of the country's culture and the education of young people in the spirit of socialism. By the mid-1970s, the Union included 3410 circles - 2205 for adult philatelists and 1205 for youth, which united 200 thousand members. Regional branches of the Union were created in six cities of the country. Hungarian collectors have established extensive ties with foreign philatelic organizations, participated in international exhibitions[18], including Soviet-Hungarian exhibitions:
One-sided postcard with original stamp “International Philatelic Exhibition of the USSR – Hungary. Yerevan”, USSR, 1977 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 47). Artist R. Strelnikov. Special cancellation: Yerevan, Post Office, May 20-29, 1977
On September 4, 1971, a new eight-story MABEOS building was opened with numerous halls and lobbies for major exhibitions. According to Bela Zboraia, secretary of the MABEOS Thematic Philately Department, collections on various topics from different cities of Hungary were shown at 70 permanent stands of the large exhibition hall once a month for ten days[18].
Using the experience of Romanian colleagues, MABEOS organized a school of postage stamps, within which courses of lectures were given. They included various information useful to the philatelist and covering certain areas and directions of philately, practical advice on determining watermarks and perforations, methods of compiling collections, etc.[18]
The work with youth was coordinated by the relevant MABEOS commission. The All-Hungarian Youth Philatelic Exhibition was held annually. For example, in 1975 it took place in the city of Zalaegerszeg with the participation of young philatelists from other socialist countries[18].
In the People's Republic of Hungary, the Day of the Postage Stamp was regularly celebrated and postage stamps were issued in connection with its celebration. So, on September 9, 1975, a series of postal-charity stamps dedicated to this event was issued in Hungary, which were made by offset method in perforated and imperforated versions. The artist of the series I. Vertel captured the views of Vyshegrad. All stamps had a face value of 2 + 1 forint. The series was closed by a postal block of four stamps of the same denomination. On the day of issue, stamps and blocks were canceled with special stamps[19].
The publication of MABEOS is the monthly magazine Filatéliae Szemle (Philatelic Review), which has been published since 1954 in Hungarian. The journal contains information about philatelic novelties of the countries of the world and special articles on philately[17].
For the design of the cover of the album of stamps on the theme “Space”[20], a postage stamp of Hungary of 1966 from the series “Space Exploration” was used, dedicated to the world’s first formation flight of the Soviet spacecraft Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 (Mi # 2299A;Yt#1872)
see also
State Printing House of Hungary
History of Hungary
Postage stamps and postal history of Austria
Legradi, Sandor
Postage stamps of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
List of people on postage stamps of Hungary[en]; hu:Magyar postabélyegeken ábrázolt személyek listája (Hung.)
List of postage stamp artists of Hungary[hu]
Tan, More
hu:Belyeggyűjtes (Hung.) (Philately)
Category:Images:Hungarian stamps
Notes
↑ Show compactly
Hungary (Hungarian People's Republic) // Philatelic geography. European foreign countries / N. I. Vladinets. - M .: Radio and communication, 1981. - 160 p. (Accessed: October 5, 2010)
Mail // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
"Post and telegraph magazine", 1905, vol. VIII; see: Mail // EncyclopediaBrockhaus and Efron's Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Visnyovszki (1996), p. 85.
According to information from the Michel catalogue.
Hungary (Hungarian People's Republic) // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Handbook / L. L. Lepeshinsky. - M .: Communication, 1967. - S. 28-29. — 480 s.
Hungary // Philately of the USSR. - 1979. - No. 8. - S. 24-26. — (Heading: By countries and continents).
“Hungarian toothless issues” // Big philatelic dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K Myakota, S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, and V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Philarama // Philately. - 1991. - No. 9. - P. 62.
Lizarev A. Three records of the Hungarian mail // Philately. - 2005. - No. 9. - P. 47.
Aboni issue // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Nyiregyhazy issues // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 210. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Pakozdi L. Local issues of stamps and postcards in the mountains. Nyiregyhaza (Hungary) in 1944-1945. // Philately of the USSR. - 1979. - No. 10. - P. 45.
Lamb issue // Big philatelic dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 22. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Debrecen issues // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Issues of Western Hungary // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota , S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Information desk. In Hungary - Hungary // Philatelist Calendar 1977. - M .: Svyaz, 1976. - February 6.
Zborai B. Philately in Hungary // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 11. - P. 45. - (Heading: Globe: problems, information).
Our catalog // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 12. - P. 33. - (Heading: Reference table).
The World of Stamps: Space. - L.: Methuen [en] Children's Books Ltd., 1973. - 24 p. - (The World of Stamps Bk. 3). — ISBN 0-416-76760-5. (English)
Literature
Hungarian Soviet Republic // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota , S. A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Hungary // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Volynkina N. Proud lyre of the poet // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 11. - P. 46. - (Heading: Globe: problems, information). (Accessed 30 August 2015) Archived from the original on 30 August 2015.
Kostyán Á., Makkai L., Névai P., Surányi L., Vajda E., Váradi I. Monograph on Hungarian postage stamps: in 6 volumes. = Amagyar bélyegek monográfiája I-VI. (inaccessible link) - Budapest: Közlekedési Dokumentációs Vállalat, 1973. - 4179 o. (Hungarian)
Magyar belyegek katalogusa. - Budapest, 2005. (Hungarian)
Magyar posta- es illetekbelyeg katalogus. CD-ROM. - Budapest: Philatelia Hungarica kiadása, 2008. (Hungarian)
Pakozdi L. A magyar belyegek monografiája VII. Magyar postabélyegek 1962-1979 es dijjegyes postai nyomtatványok 1965-1979. - Budapest: Közlekedési Dokumentációs Vállalat, 1981. - 787 p. (Hung.) [Monograph on Hungarian postage stamps. Volume 7.]
Penzügyi belyegek Magyarországon es a Habsburg birodalomban. - Budapest, 2007. (Hungarian)
Scott 2007. Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue. - New York, NY, USA: Scott, 2006. (English)
Stanley Gibbon. Stamp Catalogue. Pt. 2. Austria and Hungary. (unavailable link) - 6th edn. — L.: Stanley Gibbons, 2002. — 368 p. — ISBN 0-85259-527-1. (English) (inaccessible link)
Visnyovszki G. Belyegkönyv. - Budapest: Állami Nyomda Publishing, 1996. (Hung.) [Stamps.]
After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States.
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments.
With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance.
Soviet Union topics
History
Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states
State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg
Geography
Subdivisions
Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list
Regions
Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain
Politics
General
Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism
Bodies
Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court
Offices
Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier
Security services
Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB
Political repression
Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry
Ideological repression
Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images
Economy
Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport
Science
Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list
Society
Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT
Culture
Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture
Opposition
Soviet dissidents and their groups list
Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics
Template Templates
Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism
Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject
[hide]
Administrative division of the Soviet Union
[hide] v t e
Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Principal
Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan
State Emblem of the Soviet Union
Short-lived
Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936)
Non-union republics
SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991)
1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later.
[hide] v t e
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
By name
Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
By year
established
1918–1924 Turkestan
1918–1941 Volga German
1919–1990 Bashkir
1920–1925 Kirghiz2
1920–1990 Tatar
1921–1990 Adjar
1921–1945 Crimean
1921–1991 Dagestan
1921–1924 Mountain
1921–1990 Nakhchivan
1922–1991 Yakut
1923–1990 Buryat1
1923–1940 Karelian
1924–1940 Moldavian
1924–1929 Tajik
1925–1992 Chuvash
1925–1936 Kazak2
1926–1936 Kirghiz
1931–1991 Abkhaz
1932–1992 Karakalpak
1934–1990 Mordovian
1934–1990 Udmurt
1935–1943 Kalmyk
1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush
1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar
1936–1990 Komi
1936–1990 Mari
1936–1990 North Ossetian
1944–1957 Kabardin
1956–1991 Karelian
1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush
1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar
1958–1990 Kalmyk
1961–1992 Tuva
1990–1991 Gorno-Altai
1991–1992 Crimean
1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958.
2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925.
[hide] v t e
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
[hide] v t e
Socialism by country
By country
American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan
History
Brazil United Kingdom United States
Regional variants
African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese
Communist
states
Africa
Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia
Americas
Cuba Grenada
Asia
Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen
Short-lived
Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China
Europe
Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Short-lived
Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919)
History of socialism
[hide] v t e
Eastern Bloc
Soviet Union Communism
Formation
Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference
Annexed as, or
into, SSRs
Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia
Satellite states
Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948)
Annexing SSRs
Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR
Organizations
Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Revolts and
opposition
Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January
Cold War events
Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis
Conditions
Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping
Decline
Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia
Post-Cold War topics
Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group
[hide] v t e
Disinformation
Types
Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism
Books
Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA
Disinformation
operations
1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain
Countering
disinformation
Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency
Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda.
STAMPLAKE.COM
PROFESSIONAL SELLER
Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure.
However, investing money in antiques is a complex activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate community. It is necessary to understand what things really have the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years, depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money.
A lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him, purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about making money.
You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops, exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the market.
If you want to do engage in such a profitable and exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious and magical world of collection.
Dear collectors!
StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.
Features and further details
Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.
Our company is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in.
Contact us
We can be contacted at any time through eBay messages if you have any questions, comments or product requests. We will respond to you within 24-48 hours and do our best to help you out! We encourage our customers to contact us with any questions or concerns! We'd like to be sure you are completely satisfied with your purchase.
| Payment | PAYPAL , VISA , MASTERCARD , MASESTRO , AMERICAN EXPRESS |
|---|---|
| Shipping | WITH TRACKING NUMBER IN 1-2 WORKING DAYS AFTER PAYMENT |
| Disclaimer | If the description of the lot differs from its image, the image will have priority |
Best regards from STAMPLAKE.COM