ALBANIA 1960's OLYMPICS STAMPS SERIES100% Original Old Postage
YOU ARE BIDDING ON:Albania 1962 imperforate - MNH - Olympics Stamps Block - Scott $40.00 Condition: Check the Picture, please
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PRODUCT INFO
Collecting stamps of Albania 1960's over the years is not only an acquaintance
with history, but also a profitable investment!
The
history of the post and postage stamps of Albania examines the
development of postal communication and the issuance of its own postage
stamps (since 1913) on the territory of Albania. Content
1 Development of mail 2 Issues of postage stamps 2.1 First stamps 2.2 Subsequent issues 2.3 Overprints 3 Italian Post in Albania (1902-1923) 4 Occupation issues 4.1 Austro-Hungarian occupation 4.2 Occupation in World War II 5 Local edition of Shkoder 6 Fantastic releases 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Literature 10 Links
Mail Development
The
history of the post office in Albania has been traced since its entry
into the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, from 1870 to 1913, postage
stamps of the Ottoman Empire were in circulation on the Albanian
territory. Postage stamp issues The first stamps
After gaining independence, Albania issued the first postage stamps in 1913. Subsequent issues
Inscriptions on postage stamps of Albania denoting the name of the state in Albanian: Shqiperia, Shqiperise, Shqiptare. Overprints
The
first overprint on postage stamps of Albania was made on November 28,
1913. An overprint of the state symbols — the Albanian Eagle after the
declaration of independence from the Ottoman Empire and a new
denomination of 10 Turkish pairs - was made with a hand stamp. It was in
circulation until December 31, 1913. There are varieties by color[1].
The
last overprint was made in January 2006 to change the nominal value of
40 Albanian lek (lek) due to the need for stamps of this
denomination[1].
During the entire period, 319 cataloged
overprints were made[1], of which 14 were postal-charitable to raise
funds for the Red Cross Foundation, 52 — in connection with the change
in the state system in Albania, 50 — changes in the nominal value of the
postage stamp, 62 — commemorative, 21 — to change the type of stamp,
for use as a surcharge, 18 — control overprints to prevent speculation
by postage stamps[1]. Italian Post Office in Albania (1902-1923)
On
the territory of Albania, which was part of the Ottoman Empire until
1912, Italian post offices operated, which used postage stamps intended
for all such post offices operating in the Ottoman Empire. In addition
to these postage stamps, the Italian Post Office issued special stamps
for Albania. So, in 1902-1908, Italian postage stamps with an overprint
of the text ital were in circulation. "Albania" ("Albania") and a new
denomination, intended for post offices in the cities of Scutari
(Shkoder), Durazzo (Durres) and Valona (Vlora)[2].
In 1909-1916,
separate stamps were issued for these three post offices[2]. These were
Italian postage stamps overprinted with a new denomination in Turkish
currency and the name of the city, namely[2][3]: ital. "Scutari di
Albania" ("Scutari in Albania"), "Durazzo" ("Durazzo") and "Valona"
("Valona"). In total, 10 postage stamps were issued for Shkoder, 9 for
Durres and 10 for Vlora[3].
In October 1911, the Italian post
offices in Albania were closed, but they started working again a year
later, in October 1912, finally ceasing to function in 1923[2]. Occupation issues Austro-Hungarian occupation
During
the occupation of Albania by Austria-Hungary in the First World War,
stamps of the Austro-Hungarian field mail were in circulation in the
occupied territory[2]. Occupation in World War II
During the Second World War, postage stamps of the German, Greek and Italian occupation were issued. Local edition of Shkoder
In
March 1915, the post office of the city of Shkodera issued a local
issue, which was a four-line overprint with the name of the city and
other text in Albanian on Albanian postage stamps issued in 1914. Also,
for use as additional stamps, a similar overprint with the addition of
the letter "T" (surcharge) was made on stamps of Albania issued in 1913.
In the period from May 1915 to January 1919, the post office of Shkoder
did not function, but already in 1919, an overprint of the text of the
Albanian "Shkoder 1919" ("Shkoder 1919") was made on the postage stamp
of Albania issued in 1914[4]. Fantastic issues See also: Stamps of virtual states § Mirdita and Mirdita (district)
In
June 1921, the independent Republic of Mirdita was proclaimed on the
territory of Albania. It lasted until November of the same year. In
1922, a five-stamp series of the independent Government of Mirdita
appeared on the philatelic market with the inscription alb. Vetëkeverria
e Mirditiës ("Independent Government of Mirdita"). Some "stamps" were
overprinted "TAKSE" — surcharge. However, they had no relation to the
Mirdit Republic and were a speculative-fantastic issue[5].
Examples of speculative-fantastic Mirdita stamps "Postage stamp"
"Postage stamp" "Surcharge stamp"
"Surcharge stamp"
See also
History of Albania History of the post office and postage stamps of Northern Epirus Postal codes in Albania List of people on postage stamps of Albania[en] Posta Shqiptare[en]
Notes
Information from the catalogs of postage stamps "Michael" and "Scott". Albania
// Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya.
Levitas ... [et al.]; under the general editorship of N. I. Vladinets
and V. A. Jacobs. — M. : Radio and Communications, 1988. — P. 12. —
40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Albania // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Handbook / L. L. Lepeshinsky. — M.: Svyaz, 1967. — pp. 14-16. — 480 p. Shkodera
issue // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev,
I. Ya. Levitas ... [et al.]; under the general editorship of N. I.
Vladinets and V. A. Jacobs. — M. : Radio and Communications, 1988. — p.
297. — 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
"Issues of the
Mirdit Republic" // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I.
Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [et al.]; under the general editorship of
N. I. Vladinets and V. A. Jacobs. — M. : Radio and Communications, 1988.
— p. 194. — 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. (Accessed: June 15,
2020) Archived copy. Accessed: June 15, 2020. Archived on April 3, 2017.
Literature
Albania // Philatelic geography. European foreign countries / N. I.
Vladinets. — M.: Radio and Communications, 1981. — p. ?—?. — 160 p.
Arkhangelsk E. M. Postal issues of Albania // Rossika. — 1932. — No. 8. — pp. 69-75. Arkhangelsk E. M. Postal issues of Albania (continued) // Rossika. — 1932. — No. 9. — pp. 101-109.
OLYMPIC 1962 - OL POSTAGEСОВЕТСКИЙ СОЮЗ СССР ERA ALBANIE FRIMERKER BLOKKPERF POSTAGE COMPLETE SET PERFORATED STAMPSАЛБАНИЯ ОЛИМПИЯ - ОЛИМПИЙСКАЯ АЛБАНИЯSOCKER SPORT STAMP IMPERFORATEDSKI JUMP SPORT BLOCKS EUROPA ISSUE SHEETS The
history of Albania is part of the history of Europe. In the period of
antiquity, the territory of modern Albania was inhabited by some
Illyrian tribes, such as Ardians, Amantines, Taulantians and many
others, as well as Thracian and Greek tribes and Greek colonies on the
shores of the Adriatic Sea. In the III century before our era, the
territory was annexed by Rome and became part of the Roman provinces of
Dalmatia, Macedonia and Upper Moesia. Впоследствии the territory
remained under Roman and Byzantine control until the Slavic migrations
of the VII century. Albania was included in the Bulgarian Empire in the
9th century. In the Middle Ages, the principality of Arberia and the
state of the Crusaders, known as the Kingdom of Albania, were created.
Some districts became part of the Venetian and Serbian-Greek empires,
but they passed to the Ottoman Empire in the XV century. In 1912, it got
independence. In the 1920s and 1930s, it was alternately a republic or
kingdom, and in 1939 it was occupied by Italy.
Socialist Albania (1946-1990) Main article: People's Socialist Republic of Albania Main article: Hoxhaism Bunker
in the Albanian Alps. During the reign of Hoxha, who feared an invasion
from all his neighbors, concrete bunkers were being built in Albania.
Over 700 thousand small bunkers were built, one for every 4 inhabitants
of the country. The density of bunkers is 24 pieces per square
kilometer. Small bunkers were located in groups of 3 or more, in places
where the enemy was most likely to attack.
In 1945, elections to
the Constitutional Assembly were held in Albania, in which the communist
Democratic Front received 97.7% of the vote. One-party rule was
established in the Communist Party of Albania (CPA; from 1948, the Party
of Labor of Albania, PLA), headed by Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of
the Central Committee. On January 11, 1946, the monarchy was abolished,
the People's Republic of Albania (NRA) was proclaimed, and the
Constitution of the NRA was adopted.
At first, the new regime
enjoyed considerable popular support. This was facilitated by the
demolition of the former feudal hierarchy, the introduction of social
programs, and the proclamation of equal rights for women. In August
1945, the first agrarian reform in Albanian history was announced.
Landownership was liquidated, the peasants were endowed with additional
land and draft cattle, their debts were annulled. The collectivization
of agriculture, as in the USSR, was not carried out immediately, but
only after the strengthening of the regime and the creation of a food
base. A sharp increase in social mobility, the removal of the former
patriarchal restrictions provided the CPA with mass enthusiasm,
primarily among the youth, and residents of the south of the country.
Directions for industrialization and modernization, the creation of a
modern social infrastructure, education and health systems, the
achievement of universal literacy attracted both the masses of young
peasants and many Albanian intellectuals. The main social lift was the
Albanian People's Army (ANA). The many thousands of ANA was not only a
stronghold and political tool of the CPA / PLA, but also an instrument
of the new socialization of the peasant masses and a personnel reserve
of the authorities. Supporters of the ruling party were not only the
bearers of communist views. Fan Noli's adherents, attracted by left-wing
republican rhetoric, and nationalists, inspired by the slogans of
independence and development, and monarchists, who saw strong power and
career prospects, joined the new regime.
The anti-communist
political emigration, led by Midhat Frashëri and Abas Ermeni,
consolidated into the Free Albania National Committee, but could not
exert a noticeable influence on the situation in the country. Attempts
at armed resistance to the nationalist organization Balli Kombetar were
severely suppressed. Its leaders (including former ministers Cola
Tromara and Bahri Omari) were executed by the Special Court. Special
formations - Brigadave të Ndjekjes - committed thousands of
extrajudicial murders (mainly in northern Albania) [3]. In January 1946,
representatives of the Catholic intelligentsia and the Franciscan
order, members of the interfaith "Regency Council" were shot: Anton
Harapi, Malik Bushati, Lef Nosi. In July 1946, the court sentenced to
death the leaders of the legal liberal-democratic and
constitutional-monarchist opposition, including Sami Keribashi, Kenan
Dibra, Shaban Balu. Musina Kokalari, leader of the Social Democratic
Party, received 20 years in prison. Opposition parliamentarians from the
Deputy Group[5] appeared before show trials, many of them were executed
(including Riza Dani and Shefket Beya).
Albanian traditions of
military democracy, communal autonomy, rejection of any state power -
especially in the mountainous Catholic north - contributed to the
anti-communist armed resistance[6]. In January 1945, the Kelmend
uprising of Prek Tsali[7] and the Rebellion of Kopliku Lesh Marashi[8]
were suppressed in Malesia-e-Madi. In September 1946, the Postribian
uprising took place in Shkodër, led by Osman Hadjiya, Jup Kazazi and
Riza Dani[9]. In Mirdita, the influential Kapidani-Marcagioni clan
created an underground organization, the Mining Committee,[10] which in
August 1949 carried out a major terrorist attack - the assassination of
party secretary Bardock Biba. In Tepelen in the autumn of 1948, the
Japokiki Uprising took place, led by Bayram Kamberi and Jemal Brahim.
When suppressing these protests, the state security agencies focused not
on identifying specific opponents, but on mass repressions against the
population of these territories.
Enver Hoxha's regime was
distinguished by the consistency of the Stalinist course. The economy
was nationalized and extremely centralized. Political power belonged
undividedly to the top of the PLA, headed by the first secretary. A cult
of Hoxha's personality was planted. The opposition was brutally
suppressed by the Sigurimi secret police. Minister of Justice Bilbil
Klosi stated that the political articles of the NRA Criminal Code should
be tougher than the Soviet counterparts of the period of Stalinist
repressions. - OLYMPIC 1962 - OL POSTAGE
- СОВЕТСКИЙ СОЮЗ СССР ERA
- ALBANIE FRIMERKER BLOKK
- PERF POSTAGE COMPLETE SET
- PERFORATED STAMPS
- АЛБАНИЯ ОЛИМПИЯ - ОЛИМПИЙСКАЯ АЛБАНИЯ
- SOCKER SPORT STAMP IMPERFORATED
- SKI JUMP SPORT BLOCKS
- EUROPA ISSUE SHEETS
Albania Stamps USSR Lenin SOVJETUNIONEN USSR SOWJETUNION UdSSR RAUM GAGARIN YURI
USSR Russian Federation - Albania Friends Росси́йская Федерaция (Russian) + Albanija Rossiyskaya Federatsiya - Albaniya Famous Persons Flag of Russia & Albania Flag Coat of arms of Albania Coat of arms Anthem: "Gosudarstvenny gimn Albanii (Slav'sya otechestvo, nashe svobodnoye Bratsih narodov, soyuz vekovoy) " (transliteration) "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" MENU0:00 Location of Albania (green) Albanian-administered Coat of arms Anthem: "Gosudarstvenny gimn Albanii (Slav'sya otechestvo, nashe svobodnoye Bratsih narodov, soyuz vekovoy) " (transliteration) "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" MENU0:00 Location of Albania (green) Albanian-administered
Extending
across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe,
Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of
environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares
land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and
Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia,
Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares
maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of
Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a
recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18]
Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants,
the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted
Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the
synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture
for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a
number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the
Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in
the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the
surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the
Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of
Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded
through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian
Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from
Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22]
Following the
Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist
state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied
victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower
and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw
some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th
century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the
launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet
Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military
in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union
in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia,
Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states
regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR
reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the
continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet
Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
The
Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth
largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive
mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the
world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas
globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear
weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and
has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of
the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade
Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty
Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian
Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan.
History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans
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Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire
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industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling
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Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal [hide] v t e Russian souvenirs, arts and crafts Matryoshka Samovar Handicrafts Gorodets
painting Gzhel Filimonovo toy Kholmogory bone carving Khokhloma
Russian lacquer art Fedoskino miniature Kholuy miniature Mstyora
miniature Palekh miniature Russian icons Zhostovo painting Ushanka Balalaika Tableware Table-glass Podstakannik Russian porcelain Dulyovo porcelain Samovar Clothing Afghanka
Budenovka Cherkeska French Gymnastyorka Kokoshnik Kosovorotka Kaftan
Lapti Orenburg shawl Papakha Peaked cap Podvorotnichok Sailor cap
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Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur
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Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov
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Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir
and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Lake Baikal Katun River in Altai Mountains Southern Western Caucasus Northwestern Curonian
Spit1 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic
Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint
Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc2 Far Eastern Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote-Alin Wrangel Island Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria3 Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin3 Volga Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin North Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent 1 Shared with Lithuania 2 Shared with nine other countries 3 Shared with Mongolia [hide] v t e People from Russia Political and religious leaders Pre-1168
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Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia1 Malta Moldova Monaco
Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino
Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United
Kingdom Observers Canada Holy See Israel Japan Mexico United States Sovereign Military Order of Malta Former members Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 1
Provisionally referred to by the Council of Europe as "the former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. [hide] v t e East Asia Summit (EAS) First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Australia Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Laos Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Thailand United States Vietnam [hide] v t e Eurasian Economic Union Member states Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union Observer members Moldova Prospective members Mongolia Syria Tajikistan [hide] v t e Group of Eight (G8) and Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) G8 members Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Representative European Union G8+5 Brazil China India Mexico South Africa See also Group of Six Group of Seven G7+1 [hide] v t e G20 major economies Argentina
Argentina Australia Australia Brazil Brazil Canada Canada China China
European Union European Union France France Germany Germany India India
Indonesia Indonesia Italy Italy Japan Japan Mexico Mexico Russia
Russia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia South Africa South Africa South Korea
Republic of Korea Turkey Turkey United Kingdom United Kingdom United
States United States [hide] v t e Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria Georgia Greece Moldova Romania Russia Serbia Turkey Ukraine [hide] v t e Quartet on the Middle East Negotiating parties Israel Israel Palestinian National Authority Palestinian Authority Diplomatic quartet European
Union European Union (Mogherini) Russia Russia (Lavrov) United Nations
United Nations (Guterres) United States United States (Sullivan) Special Envoy Netherlands Kito de Boer Associated organizations Elections Reform Support Group [hide] v t e Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summits Beijing 2012 Dushanbe 2014 Astana 2017 Member states China India Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Russia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Observer states Afghanistan Belarus Iran Mongolia Dialogue partners Armenia Azerbaijan Cambodia Nepal Sri Lanka Turkey Guests ASEAN CIS Turkmenistan See also Eurasian Land Bridge Three Evils Working languages Chinese Russian [hide] v t e Security Council of the United Nations Power Chapter V Chapter VII Veto Resolution Organization Military Observer Peacebuilding Commission Counter-Terrorism Committee Peacekeeping Missions United Nations Command Unified Task Force Members Permanent China France Russia United Kingdom United States 2016–2017 Egypt Japan Senegal Ukraine Uruguay 2017 Italy 2017–2018 Bolivia Ethiopia Kazakhstan Sweden Category Category [hide] v t e World Trade Organization System Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Issues Criticism Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Agreements General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture Sanitary and Phytosanitary
Measures Technical Barriers to Trade Trade Related Investment Measures
Trade in Services Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
Government Procurement Information Technology Marrakech Agreement Doha
Declaration Bali Package Ministerial Conferences 1st (1996) 2nd (1998) 3rd (1999) 4th (2001) 5th (2003) 6th (2005) 7th (2009) 8th (2011) 9th (2013) 10th (2015) People Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General) Pascal Lamy Supachai Panitchpakdi Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Members Afghanistan
Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia
Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil
Brunei Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde
Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Democratic Republic
of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba
Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Fiji
Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau
Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong1 Iceland India Indonesia Israel Jamaica
Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos
Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein Macau1 Macedonia Madagascar Malawi
Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia
Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger
Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru
Philippines Qatar Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St.
Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra
Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname
Swaziland Switzerland Tajikistan Taiwan2 Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates
United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe European Union Austria
Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland
France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania
Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia
Spain Sweden United Kingdom Special administrative regions of the
People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and
"Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as
"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and
"Chinese Taipei" in short.
he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский
Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this
sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz
Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx
sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)),
abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state
in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of
multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were
highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres
were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet
Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and
possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It
was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,
as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.
The Soviet Union
had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks,
led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government
which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a
civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the
Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics.
Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph
Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the
Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally
planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and
collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet
Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare
system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid
vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of
industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard
of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting
with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but
was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and
failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the
Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential
counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in
the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of
suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths.
As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system
was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this
consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its
existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for
industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to
the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died
in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and
Kazakhstan.[9][10]
After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany,
Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other
European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World
War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty
with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two
countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact
collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and
bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for
the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the
upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and
Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states
of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist
and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West,
led by the United States.
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the
Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the
Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died
and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced
Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the
Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race,
with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight.
Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was
succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a
brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions
resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last
Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the
economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and
perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the
Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the
constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set
in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite
states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist
governments.
With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist
movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a
dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991
referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of
participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a
renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after
Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing
down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party
hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining
twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states.
The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet
Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state
of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international
ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of
the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military,
ideological and economic significance.
Soviet Union topics History Index
of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October
Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy
Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War
Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions
of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution
Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human
rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State
ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist
Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress
General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet
(1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture
Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product
Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist
Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin
All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia
Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1
Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR
Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925)
Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991)
South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics
in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized
by the majority of the international community such as the United
States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union
officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to
its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz
Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan
Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2
Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan
North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain
1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz
1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari
1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean
1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe
Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan
Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess
Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh
North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet
occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary
Romania Yalta Conference
Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian
People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic
People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles
Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East
German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956
Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan
demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student
demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests
Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests
Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo
Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian
Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration
and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states
Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions
of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism
in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution
of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events
in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective
Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova
Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union
NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types Alternative
facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception
Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake
news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble
Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation
Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining
Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere
Yellow journalism Books Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa
Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet
Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA Disinformation operations 1995
CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy
theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap
Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat
al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park
protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium
forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker
Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the
2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from
Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain Countering disinformation Active
Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign
Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org
PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda.
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STAMPLAKE.COM
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