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The
United States one-cent coin, commonly known as a penny, is a unit of
currency equaling one one-hundredth of a United States dollar. The
cent's symbol is ¢. Its obverse has featured the profile of President
Abraham Lincoln since 1909, the centennial of his birth. From 1959 (the
sesquicentennial of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the reverse featured the
Lincoln Memorial. Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored
Lincoln's 200th birthday and a new, permanent reverse - the Union Shield
- was introduced in 2010. The coin is 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) in
diameter and 0.061 inches (1.55 mm) in thickness.
The U.S. Mint's
official name for a penny is "cent"[2] and the U.S. Treasury's official
name is "one cent piece".[3] The colloquial term penny derives from the
British coin of the same name, the pre-decimal version of which had a
similar value. In American English, pennies is the plural form, other
plural forms pence and pee (standard use in British English) are not
used.
As of 2012, it costs the U.S. Mint 2.41 cents to make a cent
because of the cost of materials and production.[4] This figure includes
the Mint’s fixed components for distribution and fabrication, estimated
at $13 million in FY 2011. It also includes Mint overhead allocated to
the penny, which was $17.7 million for 2011. Fixed costs and overhead
would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the
penny.[5] The loss in profitability due to producing the one cent coin
in the United States for the year of 2011 is $60,200,000. This is an
increase from 2010, the year before, which had a production loss of
$27,400,000
The
American bison (Bison bison), also commonly known as the American
buffalo or simply buffalo, is a North American species of bison that
once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds. They
became nearly extinct by a combination of commercial hunting and
slaughter in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from
domestic cattle, and have made a recent resurgence largely restricted to
a few national parks and reserves. Their historical range roughly
comprised a triangle between the Great Bear Lake in Canada's far
northwest, south to the Mexican states of Durango and Nuevo León, and
east to the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States (nearly to the
Atlantic tidewater in some areas) from New York to Georgia and per some
sources down to Florida. Bison were seen in North Carolina near Buffalo
Ford on the Catawba River as late as 1750.[2][3][4]
Two
subspecies or ecotypes have been described: the plains bison (B. b.
bison), smaller in size and with a more rounded hump, and the wood bison
(B. b. athabascae)—the larger of the two and having a taller, square
hump.[5][6][7][8][9][10] Furthermore, the plains bison has been
suggested to consist of a northern (B. b. montanae) and a southern
subspecies, bringing the total to three.[8] However, this is generally
not supported. The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of
bovid in the world, surpassed by only the Asian gaur and wild water
buffalo. It is the largest extant land animal in the Americas.
The American bison is the national mammal of the United States.
The
Buffalo nickel or Indian Head nickel is a copper-nickel five-cent piece
that was struck by the United States Mint from 1913 to 1938. It was
designed by sculptor James Earle Fraser.
As part of a drive to
beautify the coinage, five denominations of US coins had received new
designs between 1907 and 1909. In 1911, Taft administration officials
decided to replace Charles E. Barber's Liberty Head design for the
nickel, and commissioned Fraser to do the work. They were impressed by
Fraser's designs showing a Native American and an American bison. The
designs were approved in 1912, but were delayed several months because
of objections from the Hobbs Manufacturing Company, which made
mechanisms to detect slugs in nickel-operated machines. The company was
not satisfied by changes made in the coin by Fraser, and in February
1913, Treasury Secretary Franklin MacVeagh decided to issue the coins
despite the objections.
Despite attempts by the Mint to adjust
the design, the coins proved to strike indistinctly, and to be subject
to wear—the dates were easily worn away in circulation. In 1938, after
the expiration of the minimum 25-year period during which the design
could not be replaced without congressional authorization, it was
replaced by the Jefferson nickel, designed by Felix Schlag. Fraser's
design is admired today, and has been used on commemorative coins and
the gold American Buffalo series.Quarter (United States coin)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Quarter dollar
United States
Value 0.25 U.S. Dollar
Mass 0.2 oz. (5.67 g)
Diameter 0.955 in. (24.257 mm)
Thickness 0.069 in. (1.956 mm)
Edge 119 reeds
Composition From 1965: 91.67% Cu, 8.33% Ni
1932–1964: 0.2204 oz. (6.25 g), 90% Ag, 10% Cu
Years of minting 1796, 1804–1807, 1815–1828, 1831–1930, 1932, 1934–present
Catalog number 1985
Obverse
Design George Washington bust
Designer Laura Gardin Fraser
Design date 1931
Design used 2022–
Reverse
Design George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
Designer Benjamin Sowards
Design date 2021
The quarter, short for quarter dollar, is a United States coin worth 25 cents, one-quarter of a dollar. The coin sports the profile of George Washington on its obverse, and after 1998 its reverse design has changed frequently. It has been produced on and off since 1796 and consistently since 1831.[1]
It has a diameter of 0.955 inch (24.26 mm) and a thickness of 0.069 inch (1.75 mm). Its current version is composed of two layers of cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel) clad on a core of pure copper. [2] With the cupronickel layers comprising 1/3 of total weight, the coin's overall composition is therefore 8.33% nickel, 91.67% copper. Its weight is 0.1823 troy oz. or 0.2000 avoirdupois oz. (5.670 grams).
Designs before 1932
The choice of a quarter-dollar as a denomination, as opposed to the 1⁄5 or the 20-cent piece that is more common elsewhere; it originated with the practice of dividing Spanish milled dollars into eight wedge-shaped segments, which gave rise to the name "piece of eight" for that coin.[3] "Two bits" (that is, two eighths of a piece of eight) is a common nickname for a quarter.
From 1796 the quarter was minted with 0.2377 oz. (6.739 g) of 89.24% fine silver (.2121 oz. [6.014 g] fine silver), revised to 90% fine silver from 1838 to 1964. It weighed 0.2357 oz. (6.682 g) from 1838, 0.2194 oz. (6.22 g) from 1853, and 0.2204 oz. (6.25 g) from 1873 to 1964. Six designs, five regular and one commemorative, have been issued until 1930:
Draped Bust 1796–1807
Draped Bust, Small Eagle 1796[4]
Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle 1804–1807[5]
Capped Bust 1815–1838
Capped Bust (Large Size), With Motto 1815–1828[6]
Capped Bust (Small Size), No Motto 1831–1838[7]
Seated Liberty 1838–1891
Seated Liberty, No Motto 1838–1865[8]
Seated Liberty, With Motto 1866–1891[9]
Barber 1892–1916[10]
Isabella quarter commemorative 1893
Standing Liberty 1916–1930[11]
Standing Liberty (Type 1) 1916–1917 (featured an image of Liberty with one of her breasts exposed[12])
Standing Liberty (Type 2 or Type 2a) 1917–1924
Standing Liberty (Type 3 or Type 2b) 1925–1930
Capped Bust quarter, 1822
Capped Bust quarter, 1822
Liberty Seated quarter with arrows and rays, 1853
Liberty Seated quarter with arrows and rays, 1853
Barber quarter, 1914
Barber quarter, 1914
Type 1 Standing Liberty Quarter with bare breast, 1917
Type 1 Standing Liberty Quarter with bare breast, 1917
Standing Liberty quarter, 1924
Standing Liberty quarter, 1924
Washington quarter
Main article: Washington quarter
The original version of the Washington quarter issued from 1932 to 1998 was designed by sculptor John Flanagan. The obverse depicted George Washington facing left, with "Liberty" above the head, the date below, and "In God We Trust" in the left field. The reverse depicted an eagle with wings outspread perches on a bundle of arrows framed below by two olive branches.
It was minted in 0.2204 oz. (6.25 g) of 90% fine silver until 1964, when rising silver prices forced the change into the present-day cupronickel-clad-copper composition, which was also called the "Johnson Sandwich" after then-president Lyndon B. Johnson. [13] As of 2011, it cost 11.14 cents to produce each coin. [14]
Regular issue Washington quarters:
Silver quarter, 1932–1964[15]
Clad composition quarter, 1965–1998
50 State quarters, 1999–2008
District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters, 2009
America the Beautiful quarters, 2010–2021
Washington Crossing the Delaware, 2021
American Women quarters, 2022–2025[16]
Semiquincentennial quarters, 2026[16]
Youth Sports quarters, 2027–2030[16]
Commemorative and bullion issue Washington quarters:
United States Bicentennial coinage quarter in clad & 40% silver, 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976)
Silver proof set quarter, 1992–1998
America the Beautiful silver bullion coins in 5-ounce silver, 2010–2021
Obverse and reverse of Washington quarter, 1983 (clad composition)
Obverse and reverse of Washington quarter, 1983 (clad composition)
Reverse of bicentennial quarter, 1976
Reverse of bicentennial quarter, 1976
New Jersey-designed State Quarter, 1999
New Jersey-designed State Quarter, 1999
US states and territories quarters, 1999–2009
Main articles: 50 State quarters and District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters
In 1999, the 50 State quarters program of circulating commemorative quarters began. These have a modified Washington obverse and a different reverse for each state, ending the former Washington quarter's production completely.[17] On January 23, 2007, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 392 extending the state quarter program one year to 2009, to include the District of Columbia and the five inhabited US territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The bill passed through the Senate, and was signed into legislation by President George W. Bush as part of Pub. L. 110–161: the Consolidated Appropriations Act (text) (PDF), on December 27, 2007.[18][19] The typeface used in the state quarter series varies a bit from one state to another, but is generally derived from Albertus.[citation needed]
America the Beautiful quarters, 2010–2021
Main article: America the Beautiful quarters
On June 4, 2008, the America's Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008, H.R. 6184, was introduced to the House of Representatives. On December 23, 2008, President Bush signed the bill into law as Pub. L. 110–456 (text) (PDF). The America the Beautiful quarters program began in 2010 and ended in 2021, lasting 12 years and depicting a natural or historic site for each state and territory.[20]
2021: Return of the original obverse, new legislation
Following the conclusion of the America the Beautiful quarter series in 2021, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin had the option of ordering a second round of 56 quarters, but did not do so by the end of 2018 as required in the 2008 legislation.
The quarter's design for 2021 therefore reverted to Flanagan's original obverse design, paired with a new reverse rendition of Washington crossing the Delaware River on the night of December 25, 1776. In October 2019, the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC) met to consider designs, with the final choice made by Mnuchin.[21] On December 25, 2020, the Mint announced the successful design, by Benjamin Sowards as sculpted by Michael Gaudioso. This quarter was released into circulation on April 5, 2021, and was minted until the end of 2021.[22]
The Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020 (Pub. L. 116–330 (text) (PDF)) established three new series of quarters for the next decade. From 2022 to 2025, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring prominent American women, with a new obverse design of Washington. In 2026, there will be up to five designs representing the United States Semiquincentennial. From 2027 to 2030, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring youth sports. The obverse will also be redesigned in 2027, and even after 2030 is still to depict Washington.[23]
American Women Quarters
Main article: American Women quarters
The American Women Quarters Program will issue up to five new reverse designs each year from 2022 to 2025 featuring the accomplishments and contributions made in various fields by women to American history and development. The obverse features Laura Gardin Fraser's portrait of George Washington originally intended for the first Washington quarter in 1932.[24]
Collecting silver Washington quarters
The "silver series" of Washington quarters spans from 1932 to 1964; during many years in the series it will appear that certain mints did not mint Washington quarters for that year. No known examples of quarters were made in 1933, San Francisco abstained in 1934 and 1949, and stopped after 1955, until it resumed in 1968 by way of making proofs. Denver did not make quarters in 1938. Proof examples from 1936 to 1942 and 1950 to 1967 were struck at the Philadelphia Mint; in 1968, proof production was shifted to the San Francisco Mint. The current rarities for the Washington quarter "silver series" are:
Branch mintmarks are D = Denver, S = San Francisco. Coins without mintmarks were all made at the main Mint in Philadelphia. This listing is for business strikes, not proofs:
1932-D
1932-S
1934 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1935-D
1936-D
1937 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1937-S
1938-S
1939-S
1940-D
1942-D – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1943 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1943-S – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
1950-D/S Over mintmark (coin is a 1950-D, with underlying S mintmark)
1950-S/D Over mintmark (coin is a 1950-S, with underlying D mintmark)
The 1940-D, 1936-D and the 1935-D coins, as well as many others in the series, are considerably more valuable than other quarters. This is not due to their mintages, but rather because they are harder to find in high grades (a situation referred to as "condition rarity"). Many of these coins are worth only melt value in low grades. Other coins in the above list are expensive because of their extremely low mintages, such as the 1932 Denver and San Francisco issues. The overstruck mintmark issues are also scarce and expensive, especially in the higher grades; even so they may not have the same popularity as overdates found in pre-Washington quarter series.
The 1934 Philadelphia strike appears in two versions: one with a light motto [for "In God We Trust"], which is the same as that used on the 1932 strikings, and the other a heavy motto seen after the dies were reworked. Except in the highest grades, the difference in value between the two is minor.
The mint mark on the coin is located on the reverse beneath the wreath on which the eagle is perched, and will either carry the mint mark "D" for the Denver Mint, "S" for the San Francisco Mint, or be blank if minted at the Philadelphia Mint.
Collecting clad Washington quarters
The copper-nickel clad Washington quarter was first issued in 1965 and as part of the switch, the Denver mintmark was added in 1968, which did not reappear on any US coin denomination until 1968. For the first three years of clad production, in lieu of proof sets, specimen sets were specially sold as "Special Mint Sets" minted at the San Francisco mint in 1965, 1966, and 1967 (Deep Cameo versions of these coins are highly valued because of their rarity).
Currently, there are few examples in the clad series that are valued as highly as the silver series but there are certain extraordinary dates or variations. The deep cameo versions of proofs from 1965 to 1971 and 1981 Type 2 are highly valued because of their scarcity, high grade examples of quarters from certain years of the 1980s (such as 1981–1987) because of scarcity in high grades due to high circulation and in 1982 and 1983 no mint sets were produced making it harder to find mint state examples, and any coin from 1981 to 1994 graded in MS67 is worth upwards of $1000.
The mint mark on the coin is currently located on the obverse at the bottom right hemisphere under the supposed date. In 1965–1967 cupro-nickel coins bore no mint mark; quarters minted in 1968–1979 were stamped with a "D" for the Denver mint, an "S" for the San Francisco mint (proof coins only), or blank for Philadelphia. Starting in 1980, the Philadelphia mint was allowed to add its mint mark to all coins except the one-cent piece. Twenty-five-cent pieces minted from 1980 onwards are stamped with "P" for the Philadelphia mint, "D" for the Denver mint, or "S" for San Francisco mint.
Until 2012 the "S" mint mark was used only on proof coins, but beginning with the El Yunque (Puerto Rico) design in the America the Beautiful quarters program, the US Mint began selling (at a premium) uncirculated 40-coin rolls and 100-coin bags of quarters with the San Francisco mint mark. These coins were not included in the 2012 or later uncirculated sets or the three-coin ATB quarter sets (which consisted of an uncirculated "P" and "D" and proof "S" specimen) and no "S" mint-marked quarters are being released into circulation, so that mintages will be determined solely by direct demand for the "S" mint-marked coins.
In 2019, the West Point Mint released two million of each of the five designs that year with a "W" mint mark for general circulation, in a move intended to spur coin collecting.[25] This was continued in 2020,[26] which turned out to be the final year of the "W" mint marked quarters as no quarters with the mint mark have been produced since.
See also
icon Money portal
Numismatics portal
flag United States portal
50 State quarters (1999–2008)
America the Beautiful quarters (2010–2021)
America the Beautiful silver bullion coins, 5 troy ounce silver bullion coins based on America the Beautiful quarters
DC and US Territories quarters (2009)
Quarter (Canadian coin)
United States Mint coin production
United States Bicentennial coinage (1975–1976)
United States quarter mintage figures
Washington quarter
References
"Quarter dollars" Archived January 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. coinfacts.com. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
"Circulating Coins – Quarter Dollar". Usmint.gov. December 9, 2022. Archived from the original on September 17, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
"History of the Quarter – ModernCoinMart". ModernCoinMart (MCM). Retrieved July 18, 2019.
"1796 Quarter Dollar Draped Bust Small Eagle". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"1804–07 Quarter Dollar Draped Bust Heraldic Eagle". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"1815–28 Quarter Dollar Capped Bust Large Size". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"1831–38 Quarter Dollar Capped Bust Small Size". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"1838–66 Quarter Dollar Seated Liberty Without Motto". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"1866–91 Quarter Dollar Seated Liberty With Motto". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"1892–1916 Quarter Dollar Barber". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"1916–30 Quarter Dollar Standing Liberty". Coinsite.com. December 2013. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"The Bare-Breasted Standing Liberty Quarter of 1916 and 1917". Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
History of the Washington Quarter Archived July 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
"Cost to Produce U.S." Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
"1932– Quarter Dollar Washington". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
"Gonzalez bill to honor American women on the quarter passes U.S. House of Representatives". U.S. Representative Anthony Gonzalez. September 23, 2020. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
Statehood Quarters Archived February 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 7, 2010..
"bill H.R. 392". Theorator.com. January 23, 2007. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
"United States Mint to Produce New Quarters in 2009 to Honor District of Columbia and U.S. Territories" (Press release). United States Mint. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
"National Sites Quarters". Usmint.gov. September 28, 2009. Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
Gilkes 2020.
"United States Mint announces new quarter dollar reverse design". United States Mint. December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
"Text – H.R.1923 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020". www.congress.gov. January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
"American Women Quarters Program | U.S. Mint". April 12, 2021.
"Mint Releases First Ever W Quarters Into Circulation". usmint.gov (Press release). United States Mint. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
Gilkes, Paul (April 9, 2020). "Two 2020-W quarter dollars, not one, being distributed at once into circulation". coinworld.com. Amos Media Company. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States quarters.
Official specifications Archived November 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
http://www.usmint.gov/faqs/circulating_coins/index.cfm?action=faq_circulating_coin Archived May 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
https://web.archive.org/web/20040813033020/http://acoin.com/regularissue/regular25c.htm
US Quarters by year and type. Histories, photos, and more.
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Circulating coinage of the United States
Half cent (5₥)
Nova Constellatiox (1783)Liberty Cap (1793–1797)Draped Bust (1800–1808)Classic Head (1809–1836)Braided Hair (1840–1857)
Large cent and
penny (1¢)
Fugio (Franklin) (1787)Silver centerx (1792)Chain (1793)Wreath (1793)Liberty Cap (1793–1796)Draped Bust (1796–1807)Classic Head (1808–1814)Matron Head (1816–1839)Braided Hair (1839–1857, 1868)Ringx (1850–1851, 1853, 1884–1885)Flying Eagle (1856–1858, patterns struck in 1854–1855)Indian Head (1859–1909, patterns struck in 1858)Lincoln (1909–present)
Two cents (2¢)
Billonx (1836)Bronze (1864–1873, patterns struck in 1863)
Three cents (3¢)
Silver (1851–1873)Bronze (Coronet Head)x (1863)Nickel (Liberty Head) (1865–1889)
Half dime and
nickel (5¢)
Half disme (1792)Flowing Hair (1794–1795)Draped Bust (1796–1797, 1800–1805)Capped Bust (1829–1837)Washingtonx (1866; 1909–1910)Seated Liberty (1837–1873)Shield (1866–1883)Liberty Head (1883–1913)Buffalo (Indian Head) (1913–1938)Jefferson (1938–present)
Dime (10¢)
Nova Constellatiox (1783)Dismex (1792)Draped Bust (1796–1807)Capped Bust (1809–1837)Seated Liberty (1837–1891)Barber (1892–1916)Mercury (1916–1945)Roosevelt (1946–present)
Twenty cents (20¢)
Seated Liberty (1875–1878)
Quarter (25¢)
Draped Bust (1796–1807)Capped Bust (1815–1838)Seated Liberty (1838–1891)Barber (1892–1916)Standing Liberty (1916–1930)Washington (eagle reverse) (1932–1998)Washington (bicentennial) (1975–1976)Washington (50 State) (1999–2008)Washington (D.C. and U.S. Territories) (2009)Washington (America the Beautiful) (2010–2021)Washington (crossing the Delaware reverse) (2021)Washington (American Women) (2022–2025)Washington (Semiquincentennial) (2026)Washington (youth sports) (2027–2030)
Half dollar (50¢)
Nova Constellatiox (1783)Flowing Hair (1794–1795)Draped Bust (1796–1807)Capped Bust (1807–1839)Seated Liberty (1839–1891)Barber (1892–1915)Walking Liberty (1916–1947)Franklin (1948–1963)Kennedyc (1964–present)Kennedy (bicentennial) (1975–1976)
Dollar ($1)
Continental Currency (Fugio or Franklin)x (1776)Nova Constellatiox (1783)Flowing Hair (1794–1795)Draped Bust (1795–1804)Gobrechtx (1836–1839)Seated Liberty (1840–1873)Trade (1873–1885)Morgan (1878–1904; 1921; 2021)Peace (1921–1935; 2021; patterns struck in 1964)Eisenhower (1971–1978)Eisenhower (bicentennial) (1975–1976)Susan B. Anthony (1979–1981; 1999)Sacagaweac (2000–present)Presidentialc (2007–2016; 2020)American Innovationc (2018–2032)
Gold
Gold dollar ($1)
Liberty Head (1849–1854)Indian Princess (1854–1889)
Quarter eagle ($2.50)
Draped Bust (1796–1807)Capped Bust (1808–1834)Classic Head (1834–1839)Liberty Head (1840–1907)Indian Head (1908–1929)
Three dollars ($3)
Indian Princess (1854–1889)
Half eagle ($5)
Draped Bust (1795–1807)Capped Bust (1808–1834)Classic Head (1834–1838)Liberty Head (1839–1908)Indian Head (1908–1929)
Eagle ($10)
Capped Bust (1795–1804)Liberty Head (1838–1907)Indian Head (1907–1933)
Double eagle ($20)
Liberty Head (1850–1907, pattern struck in 1849)Quintuple Stellax (1879)Saint-Gaudens (1907–1933)
Other canceled
denominations
Two and a half cent piece (2.5¢)x (not minted)Two dollar piece ($2)x (not minted)Stella ($4)x (1879–1880)Half union ($50)x (1877)Union ($100)x (not minted)
(italics) Obsoletex Canceled(bold) Currently in productionc Currently produced for collectors only(bold and italics) Planned but production not commenced
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United States currency and coinage
Topics
Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve NoteU.S. dollarU.S. Mint DenverPhiladelphiaSan FranciscoWest PointCarson CityCharlotteDahlonegaNew OrleansManila MintThe Dalles MintBureau of Engraving and PrintingMutilated currency
Current coinage
Penny (1¢)Nickel (5¢)Dime (10¢)Quarter (25¢)Half dollar (50¢)Dollar ($1)
Bullion coinage
America the Beautiful (silver)American Silver EagleAmerican Gold EagleAmerican Buffalo (gold)First Spouse (gold)American Platinum EagleAmerican Palladium EagleAmerican Liberty (gold)
Current paper money
$1$2$5$10$20$50$100
Related
Bicentennial coinageBrasher DoubloonCommemorativesConfederate dollarContinental banknotesContinental dollar coinLarge denominationsObsolete denominationsCanceled denominationsCounterfeit United States currencyMillNational Numismatic CollectionCoin productionIn God We TrustE pluribus unumAnnuit cœptisNovus ordo seclorumNicknamesReplacement banknoteSales tax tokenCitizens Coinage Advisory CommitteePromotional fake denominations
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Coinage of the United States
Circulating
1¢5¢10¢25¢50¢$1
Obsolete
1⁄2¢1¢ (large size)2¢3¢ (silver)3¢ (nickel)5¢ (silver)20¢$1 (gold)$2.5$3$5$10$20
Canceled
2¢ (billon)2.5¢3¢ (bronze)$2$4$50$100
Commemorative
1800s1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020s
Bullion
Silver Eagle (1986–present)Gold Eagle (1986–present)Platinum Eagle (1997–present)Gold Buffalo (2006–present)First Spouse (gold) (2007–2016; 2020)Palladium Eagle (2017–present)America the Beautiful silver bullion coins (2010–2021)American Liberty high relief gold coin (2015–present)
Special sets
Proof Set (1936–present)Mint Set (1947–present)Special Mint Set (1964–1967)Souvenir Set (1972–1998)Silver Proof Set (1976, 1992–present)Prestige Set (1983–1997)
Categories: Twenty-five-cent coins of the United States1796 introductionsGeorge Washington on United States currency
Americana (culture)
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Apple pie, baseball and the United States flag are three well-known American cultural icons.
Liberty Enlightening the World: the famous New York landmark illustrated in a print by Currier and Ives
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Americana artifacts are related to the history, geography, folklore, and cultural heritage of the United States of America. Americana is any collection of materials and things concerning or characteristic of the United States or of the American people, and is representative or even stereotypical of American culture as a whole.[1][2]
What is and is not considered Americana is heavily influenced by national identity, historical context, patriotism and nostalgia. The ethos or guiding beliefs or ideals which have come to characterize America, such as The American Dream, are central to the idea. Americana encompasses not only material objects but also people, places, concepts and historical eras which are popularly identified with American culture.
The name Americana also refers to Americana music, a genre of contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American music styles, including country, roots rock, folk, bluegrass, and blues, resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound.[3][4]
As nostalgia
From the mid to late 20th century, Americana was largely conceptualized as a nostalgia for an idealized life in small towns and cities in the United States around the turn of the century, roughly in the period between 1880 and the First World War.[5] It was believed that much of the structure of 20th-century American life and culture had been cemented in that time and place. American author Henry Seidel Canby wrote:
It is the small town, the small city, that is our heritage. We have made twentieth-century America from it, and some account of these communities as they were ... we owe our children and grandchildren.[6]
Many kinds of cultural artifacts fall within the definition of Americana: the things involved need not be old, but are usually associated with some quintessential element of the American experience. Each period of United States history is reflected by the advertising and marketing of the time, and the various types of antiques, collectibles, memorabilia and vintage items from these time periods are typical of what is popularly considered Americana. The Atlantic described the term as "slang for the comforting, middle-class ephemera at your average antique store—things like needle-pointed pillows, Civil War daguerreotypes, and engraved silverware sets".[7]
The nostalgia for this period was based on a remembrance of confidence in American life that had emerged during the period due to such factors as a sense that the frontier had finally been "conquered", with the U.S. Census Bureau's declaration that it was "closed" in 1890, as well as the recent victory in the Spanish–American War.[5] By 1912, the contiguous United States was at last fully politically incorporated, and the idea of the nation as a single, solid unity could begin to take hold.
As Canby put it,
Americans at this time "really believed all they heard on the Fourth of July or read in school readers. They set on one plane of time, and that the present, the Declaration of Independence, the manifest destiny of America, the new plumbing, the growth of the factory system, the morning paper, and the church sociable. It was all there at once, better than elsewhere, their own, and permanent. ... They had just the country they wanted...and they believed it would be the same, except for more bathtubs and faster trains, forever ... for the last time in living memory everyone knew exactly what it meant to be an American."[6]
On growing up Italian-American, novelist Don DeLillo stated:
It’s no accident that my first novel was called Americana. This was a private declaration of independence, a statement of my intention to use the whole picture, the whole culture. America was and is the immigrant's dream, and as the son of two immigrants I was attracted by the sense of possibility that had drawn my grandparents and parents.
— Conversations With Don DeLillo[8]
The zeitgeist of this idealized period is captured in Disneyland and Magic Kingdom's Main Street, U.S.A. section (which was inspired by both Walt Disney's hometown of Marceline, Missouri and Harper Goff's childhood home of Fort Collins, Colorado),[9] as well as the musical and movie The Music Man and Thornton Wilder's stage play Our Town.[5] Especially revered in nostalgic Americana are small-town institutions like the barber shop,[10] drug store, soda fountain and ice cream parlor;[11] some of these were eventually resurrected by mid-twentieth century nostalgia for the time period in businesses like the Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour chain, with its 1890s theme.[12]
Examples
Cultural symbols
American football[13]
Baseball[14]
Blue jeans[15]
Cowboy
Flag of the United States[15]
Fourth of July[16]
Mount Rushmore[17]
Route 66[18]
Small town[15]
Statue of Liberty[16]
Tent revival[19]
Thanksgiving[13]
White picket fence[20][15]
Wild West[15]
Food
Apple pie[14]
Barbecue[21]
Bubble gum[22]
Buffalo wing[23]
Hamburger[24]
Hot dog[14]
Fried chicken[25]
Milkshake[26]
American-styles of Pizza[23]
Music
Blues[27]
Country
Jazz[27]
Rock and roll[15]
"The Star-Spangled Banner"[16]
Clothing and fashion
Blue jeans[28]
T-shirt
Cowboy hat
Motorcycle jacket[28]
Denim jacket[28]
Cowboy boots
Workwear[28]
College prep
Western shirt
Brand names
Budweiser
Chevrolet[14]
Coca-Cola[29][30][15]
Ford
Harley-Davidson
Jack Daniel's
Jim Beam
Levi's blue jeans, especially Levi's 501s[30][28][15]
Marlboro
Nike
See also
Culture of the United States
Folklore of the United States
History of the United States
American studies
Transcendentalism
Romanticism
Black Americana
Similar concepts
Australiana, for cultural artifacts from Australia
Canadiana, for cultural artifacts from Canada
Communist nostalgia, a similar concept in former or currently communist countries
Floridiana, artifacts relating to the state of Florida.
Hawaiiana, Native Hawaiian cultural artifacts from the U.S. state of Hawaii.
Kiwiana, for cultural artifacts from New Zealand
Ostalgie, a similar concept in East Germany
PRL nostalgia, a similar concept in Poland
Rhodesiana, a similar concept in Zimbabwe relating to items made in its colonial (Rhodesia) era
Soviet nostalgia, a similar concept in the former Soviet Union
Yugo-nostalgia, a similar concept in the former Yugoslav states
References
"Americana". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
"Americana". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
Shriver, Jerry (31 August 2009). "Grammys will be putting Americana on the map". USA Today.
"2011 Grammy Category Descriptions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
Sears, Stephen (1975). Hometown U.S.A. New York: American Heritage. pp. 6–9. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.
Canby, Henry Seidel (1934). The Age of Confidence: Life in the Nineties. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. ASIN B000857UVO.
Giovanni Russonello (August 2013). "Why Is a Music Genre Called 'Americana' So Overwhelmingly White and Male?". The Atlantic.
DeLillo, Don (January 13, 2005). Conversations with Don DeLillo. University Press of Mississippi. p. 88. ISBN 1578067049.
"Local History Archive Larimer Legends – Old Town & Disneyland – City of Fort Collins, Colorado". Library.ci.fort-collins.co.us. Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2013-12-19.
Sears, Stephen (1975). Hometown U.S.A. New York: American Heritage. pp. 12–13, 29. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.
Sears, Stephen (1975). Hometown U.S.A. New York: American Heritage. pp. 12–13, 20. ISBN 0-671-22079-9.
"Farrell's looks to restart growth Owner outlines expansion plans for iconic ice cream chain". Nation's Restaurant News. August 31, 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
"What is Americana? (with pictures)". United States Now.
Evans, Jon (Sep 21, 2021). "Why "Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie And Chevrolet" Has Stood The Test Of Time". Advertising Weekly.
Perelman, Britton (August 27, 2020). "How to Capture "Americana" in Photography". Passion Passport.
Lineberry, Cate (March 1, 2007). "The Story Behind the Star Spangled Banner". Smithsonian Magazine.
"Mount Rushmore Sculptor Gutzon Borglum Carved American History". Artistic Fuel. 17 February 2020.
Sides, Hampton (2007). Americana: Dispatches from the New Frontier. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1400033553.
Stoutland, Frederick A. (2006). Landscapes of Christianity. FAS Publishing. p. 361. ISBN 9780977234103.
Xiong, Nzong (2008-03-03). "White picket fences appease homeowners". TuscaloosaNews.com. McClatchy-Tribune News Service. Archived from the original on 2015-09-02. "Americana aside, people like white picket fences for a couple of practical reasons."
Warnes, Andrew (2008). Savage barbecue : race, culture, and the invention of America's first food. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820328966.
O'Leary, Joanna. "The Jewish history of Bazooka bubble gum". www.timesofisrael.com.
Page, David (2021). Food Americana : the remarkable people and incredible stories behind America's favorite dishes. Coral Gables, FL. ISBN 9781642505863.
"Behold the burger: Americana on a bun – DGO Magazine".
McCarthy, Amy (29 June 2022). "How Theme Parks Use Fried Chicken to Sell the American Dream". Eater.
"Milkshakes: pure Americana and a Hong Kong burger's best friend". South China Morning Post. 20 May 2015.
Graham, David A. (17 May 2016). "Without Jazz and Blues, There's No 'Americana'". The Atlantic.
"The Americana Essentials That Will Literally Never Go Out of Style | Complex". Complex Networks.
Correspondent, DON MELVIN, Atlanta. "COCA-COLA A SIP OF AMERICANA THINGS HAVE BEEN GOING BETTER WITH COKE SINCE 1886". Sun-Sentinel.com.
Day, Sherri; Elliott, Stuart (10 January 2003). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING; Coca-Cola goes back to its 'Real' past in an effort to find some new fizz for its Classic brand. - The New York Times". The New York Times.
External links
Look up Americana or americana in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Americana.
Merriam-Webster definition of "Americana"
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American bison
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American bison
Temporal range: 0.01–0 Ma
PreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN
↓
Early Holocene – present
Plains bison
(Bison bison bison)
Wood bison
(Bison bison athabascae)
0:04
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Subtribe: Bovina
Genus: Bison
Species: B. bison
Binomial name
Bison bison
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies
B. b. athabascae (wood bison)
B. b. bison (plains bison)
MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
IUCN range of the two American bison subspecies.
Plains bison (Bison bison subsp. bison)
Wood bison (Bison bison subsp. athabascae)
Synonyms
Bos americanus Gmelin, 1788
Bos bison Linnaeus, 1758
Bison americanus (Gmelin, 1788)
Bison bison montanae Krumbiegel, 1980
The American bison (pl: bison) (Bison bison), also called the American buffalo or simply buffalo (not to be confused with true buffalo), is a species of bison native to North America. It is one of two extant species of bison, alongside the European bison. Its historical range, by 9000 BCE, is described as the great bison belt, a tract of rich grassland that ran from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico, east to the Atlantic Seaboard (nearly to the Atlantic tidewater in some areas), as far north as New York, south to Georgia, and according to some sources, further south to Florida, with sightings in North Carolina near Buffalo Ford on the Catawba River as late as 1750.[2][3][4]
Once roaming in vast herds, the species nearly became extinct by a combination of commercial hunting and slaughter in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from domestic cattle. With a population of 60 million in the late 18th century, the species was culled down to just 541 animals by 1889 as part of the subjugation of the Native Americans, because the American bison was a major resource for their traditional way of life (food source, hides for clothing and shelter, and horns and bones for tools). Recovery efforts expanded in the mid-20th century, with a resurgence to roughly 31,000 wild bison as of March 2019.[5] For many years, the population was primarily found in a few national parks and reserves. Through multiple reintroductions, the species now freely roams wild in several regions in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, with it also being introduced to Yakutia in Russia.[6]
Two subspecies or ecotypes have been described: the plains bison (B. b. bison), smaller in size and with a more rounded hump, and the wood bison (B. b. athabascae)—the larger of the two and having a taller, square hump.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Furthermore, the plains bison has been suggested to consist of a northern plains (B. b. montanae) and a southern plains (B. b. bison) subspecies, bringing the total to three.[10] However, this is generally not supported. The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of extant bovid in the world, surpassed only by the Asian gaur.[13] Among extant land animals in North America, the bison is the heaviest and the longest, and the second tallest after the moose.
Spanning back millennia, Native American tribes have had cultural and spiritual connections to the American bison. It is the national mammal of the United States of America.
Etymology
Adult male (hindmost) and adult female (foremost), in Yellowstone National Park
In American English, both buffalo and bison are considered correct terms for the American bison.[14] However, in British English, the word buffalo is reserved for the African buffalo and water buffalo and not used for the bison.[15]
In English usage, the term buffalo was used to refer to the American mammal as early as 1625.[16] The word bison was applied in the 1690s.[17]
Buffalo was applied to the American bison by Samuel de Champlain as the French word buffles in 1616 (published 1619), after seeing skins and a drawing. These were shown to him by members of the Nipissing First Nation, who said they travelled forty days (from east of Lake Huron) to trade with another nation who hunted the animals.[18] Buffel in turn comes from Portuguese bufalo (water buffalo), which comes from Latin bufalus (an antelope, gazelle, or wild ox), from Greek boubalos.[19] From the same Greek word boubalos we also get the Bubal hartebeest.
Bison was borrowed from French bison in the early 1600s, from Latin bison (aurochs), from a Proto-Germanic word similar to wisent.[17][20]
In Plains Indian languages in general, male and female bison are distinguished, with each having a different designation rather than there being a single generic word covering both sexes. Thus:
in Arapaho: bii (bison cow), henéécee (bison bull)
in Lakota: pté (bison cow), tȟatȟáŋka (bison bull)
Such a distinction is not a general feature of the language (for example, Arapaho possesses gender-neutral terms for other large mammals such as elk, mule deer, etc.), and so presumably is due to the special significance of the bison in Plains Indian life and culture.[citation needed]
Description
Male plains bison in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma
Skeleton of plains bison
Plains bison galloping, photos by Eadweard Muybridge, first published in 1887 in Animal Locomotion
A bison has a shaggy, long, dark-brown winter coat, and a lighter-weight, lighter-brown summer coat. Male bison are significantly larger and heavier than females.[21] Plains bison are often in the smaller range of sizes, and wood bison in the larger range. Head-rump lengths at maximum up to 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) for males and 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) for females long and the tail adding 30 to 95 cm (1 ft 0 in to 3 ft 1 in).[21][22][23] Heights at withers in the species can reach up to 186 to 201 cm (6 ft 1 in to 6 ft 7 in) for B. b. bison and B. b. athabascae respectively.[23] Typically weights can range from 318 to 1,179 kg (701 to 2,599 lb),[23][24][25][26] 460 to 988 kg (1,014 to 2,178 lb) with medians of 730 to 792.5 kg (1,609 to 1,747 lb) (B.b. bison) and 943.6 kg (2,080 lb) (B.b.athabascae) in males, and 360 to 640 kg (790 to 1,410 lb) with medians of 450 to 497.6 kg (992 to 1,097 lb) in females,[21] although the lowest weights probably representing typical weight around the age of sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years of age.[27][28][29][30][31][21]
The heaviest wild bull for B.b.bison ever recorded weighed 1,270 kg (2,800 lb)[32] while there had been bulls estimated to be 1,400 kg (3,000 lb).[33] B.b.athabascae is significantly larger and heavier on average than B.b.bison while the number of recorded samples for the former was limited after the rediscovery of a relatively pure herd.[21] Elk Island National Park, which has wild populations of both wood and plains bison, has recorded maximum weights for bull bison of 1186 kg (plains) and 1099 kg (wood), but noted that 3/4 of all bison over 1000 kg were wood bison. When raised in captivity and farmed for meat, the bison can grow unnaturally heavy and the largest semidomestic bison weighed 1,724 kg (3,801 lb).[24] The heads and forequarters are massive, and both sexes have short, curved horns that can grow up to 60 cm (2 ft) long with 90 cm (3 ft) to 124 cm (4 ft) width,[34][33] which they use in fighting for status within the herd and for defense.
Bison are herbivores, grazing on the grasses and sedges of the North American prairies. Their daily schedule involves two-hour periods of grazing, resting, and cud chewing, then moving to a new location to graze again. Sexually mature young bulls may try to start mating with cows by the age of two or three years, but if more mature bulls are present, they may not be able to compete until they reach five years of age.
For the first two months of life, calves are lighter in color than mature bison. One extremely rare condition is the white buffalo, in which the calf turns entirely white.
Evolution
Bison are members of the tribe Bovini. Genetic evidence from nuclear DNA indicates that the closest living relatives of bison are yaks, with bison being nested within the genus Bos, rendering Bos without including bison paraphyletic. While nuclear DNA indicates that the two living bison species are each other's closest living relatives, the mitochondrial DNA of European bison is more closely related to that of domestic cattle and aurochs, which is either suggested to be the result of incomplete lineage sorting or ancient introgression.[35][36] Bison first appeared in Asia during the Early Pleistocene, around 2.6 million years ago.[37] Bison only arrived in North America 195,000 to 135,000 years ago, during the late Middle Pleistocene, descending from the widespread Siberian steppe bison (Bison priscus), which had migrated through Beringia. Following its first appearance in North America, the bison rapidly differentiated into new species such as the largest of all bison, the long-horned Bison latifrons as well as Bison antiquus. The first appearance of bison in North America is considered to define the regional Rancholabrean faunal stage, due to its major impact on the ecology of the continent.[38] Modern American bison are thought to have evolved from B. antiquus during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition via the intermediate form Bison occidentalis.[39]
Differences from European bison
An adult European bison
Although they are superficially similar, the American and European bison exhibit a number of physical and behavioral differences. Adult American bison are slightly heavier on average because of their less rangy build and have shorter legs, which render them slightly shorter at the shoulder.[40] American bison tend to graze more and browse less than their European relatives because their necks are set differently. Compared to the nose of the American bison, that of the European species is set farther forward than the forehead when the neck is in a neutral position. The body of the American bison is hairier, though its tail has less hair than that of the European bison. The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of its face, making it more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favors charging.[41] American bison are more easily tamed than the European and breed more readily with domestic cattle.[42]
Crossbreeding with cattle
During the population bottleneck, after the great slaughter of American bison during the 1800s, the number of bison remaining alive in North America declined to as low as 541. During that period, a handful of ranchers gathered remnants of the existing herds to save the species from extinction. These ranchers bred some of the bison with cattle in an effort to produce "cattalo" or "beefalo".[43] Accidental crossings were also known to occur. Generally, male domestic bulls were crossed with bison cows, producing offspring of which only the females were fertile. The crossbred animals did not demonstrate any form of hybrid vigor, so the practice was abandoned. The proportion of cattle DNA that has been measured in introgressed individuals and bison herds today is typically quite low, ranging from 0.56 to 1.8%.[43][44] In the United States, many ranchers are now using DNA testing to cull the residual cattle genetics from their bison herds. The U.S. National Bison Association has adopted a code of ethics which prohibits its members from deliberately crossbreeding bison with any other species.[45]
Range and population
Further information: Conservation of American bison
Bison herd grazing at the CSKT Bison Range in Montana
Population estimates in 2010 ranged from 400,000 to 500,000, with approximately 20,500 animals in 62 conservation herds and the remainder in approximately 6,400 commercial herds.[46][47] According to the IUCN, roughly 15,000 bison are considered wild, free-range bison not primarily confined by fencing.
The Nature Conservancy (TNC) has reintroduced bison to over a dozen nature preserves around the United States. In October 2016, TNC established its easternmost bison herd in the country, at Kankakee Sands nature preserve in Morocco, Newton County, Indiana.[48] In 2014, U.S. Tribes and Canadian First Nations signed a treaty to help with the restoration of bison, the first to be signed in nearly 150 years.[49]
Habitat and trails
See also: Great bison belt
Bison fighting in Grand Teton National Park in Moose, Wyoming
American bison live in river valleys, and on prairies and plains. Typical habitat is open or semiopen grasslands, as well as sagebrush, semiarid lands, and scrublands. Some lightly wooded areas are also known historically to have supported bison. Bison also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep. Though not particularly known as high-altitude animals, bison in the Yellowstone Park bison herd are frequently found at elevations above 2,400 m (8,000 ft) and the Henry Mountains bison herd is found on the plains around the Henry Mountains, Utah, as well as in mountain valleys of the Henry Mountains to an altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft). Reintroduced plains bison in Banff National Park have been observed to roam mountainous areas including high ridges and steep drainages, and archaeological finds indicate some bison historically may have spent their lives within mountains while others may have migrated in and out of mountains.[50] Those in Yukon, Canada, typically summer in alpine plateaus above treeline.[51] The first thoroughfares of North America, except for the time-obliterated paths of mastodon or muskox and the routes of the mound builders, were the traces made by bison and deer in seasonal migration and between feeding grounds and salt licks. Many of these routes, hammered by countless hoofs instinctively following watersheds and the crests of ridges in avoidance of lower places' summer muck and winter snowdrifts, were followed by the aboriginal North Americans as courses to hunting grounds and as warriors' paths. They were invaluable to explorers and were adopted by pioneers.
Bison traces were characteristically north and south, but several key east–west trails were used later as railways. Some of these include the Cumberland Gap through the Blue Ridge Mountains to upper Kentucky. A heavily used trace crossed the Ohio River at the Falls of the Ohio and ran west, crossing the Wabash River near Vincennes, Indiana. In Senator Thomas Hart Benton's phrase saluting these sagacious path-makers, the bison paved the way for the railroads to the Pacific.[52]
Mexico
Bison herd grazing in Chihuahua, Mexico
The southern extent of the historic range of the American bison includes northern Mexico and adjoining areas in the United States as documented by archeological records and historical accounts from Mexican archives from 700 CE to the 19th century. The Janos-Hidalgo bison herd has ranged between Chihuahua, Mexico, and New Mexico, United States, since at least the 1920s.[53] The persistence of this herd suggests that habitat for bison is suitable in northern Mexico. In 2009, genetically pure bison were reintroduced to the Janos Biosphere Reserve in northern Chihuahua adding to the Mexican bison population.[54] In 2020, the second herd was formed in Maderas del Carmen.[55] A private reserve named Jagüey de Ferniza has kept bisons since before the above-mentioned reintroductions in Coahuila.[56]
Introductions to Siberia
Wood bison reintroduction program in Sakha Republic.
Since 2006, an outherd of wood bison sent from Alberta's Elk Island National Park was established in Yakutia, Russia[57][58][59] as a practice of pleistocene rewilding; wood bison are the most closely related to the extinct bison species. The bison are adapting well to the cold climate,[60] and Yakutia's Red List officially registered the species in 2019; a second herd was formed in 2020.[61][62]
In Pleistocene Park, there are also 24 plains bison as wood bison could not be acquired.
Behavior and ecology
Grazing in winter, Yellowstone National Park: Bison use their heads to clear out snow for the grass
Bison are migratory and herd migrations can be directional as well as altitudinal in some areas.[63][64][65] Bison have usual daily movements between foraging sites during the summer. In the Hayden Valley, Wyoming, bison have been recorded traveling, on average, 3 km (2 mi) per day.[65] The summer ranges of bison appear to be influenced by seasonal vegetation changes, interspersion and size of foraging sites, the rut, and the number of biting insects.[63] The size of preserve and availability of water may also be a factor.[65] Bison are largely grazers, eating primarily grasses and sedges. On shortgrass pasture, bison predominately consume warm-season grasses.[66] On mixed prairie, cool-season grasses, including some sedges, apparently compose 79–96% of their diet.[67] In montane and northern areas, sedges are selected throughout the year.[63] Bison also drink water or consume snow on a daily basis.[65]
Social behavior and reproduction
A herd of American bison grazing at Tall Grass Prairie Preserve in Osage County, Oklahoma
Female bison live in maternal herds which include other females and their offspring. Male offspring leave their maternal herd when around three years old and either live alone or join other males in bachelor herds. Male and female herds usually do not mingle until the breeding season, which can occur from July through September.[68] However, female herds may also contain a few older males. During the breeding season, dominant bulls maintain a small harem of females for mating. Individual bulls "tend" cows until allowed to mate, by following them around and chasing away rival males. The tending bull shields the female's vision with his body so she will not see any other challenging males. A challenging bull may bellow or roar to get a female's attention and the tending bull has to bellow/roar back.[69] The most dominant bulls mate in the first 2–3 weeks of the season.[69] More subordinate bulls mate with any remaining estrous cow that has not mated yet. Male bison play no part in raising the young.
Calf
A cow suckling calf at the Cologne Zoological Garden in Cologne, Germany
Bison herds have dominance hierarchies that exist for both males and females. A bison's dominance is related to its birth date.[70] Bison born earlier in the breeding season are more likely to be larger and more dominant as adults.[70] Thus, bison are able to pass on their dominance to their offspring as dominant bison breed earlier in the season. In addition to dominance, the older bison of a generation also have a higher fertility rate than the younger ones.[70]
Bison mate in August and September; gestation is 285 days. A single reddish-brown calf nurses until the next calf is born. If the cow is not pregnant, a calf will nurse for 18 months. Cows nurse their calves for at least 7 or 8 months, but most calves seem to be weaned before the end of their first year.[65] At three years of age, bison cows are mature enough to produce a calf. The birthing period for bison in boreal biomes is protracted compared to that of other northern ungulates, such as moose and caribou.[71]
Bison have a life expectancy around 15 years in the wild and up to 25 years in captivity. However, males and females from a hunted population also subject to wolf predation in northern Canada have been reported to live to 22 and 25 years of age, respectively.[72]
Bison have been observed to display homosexual behaviors, males much more so than females. In the case of males, it is unlikely to be related to dominance, but rather to social bonding or gaining sexual experience.[73]
Horning
Bison mate in late spring and summer in more open plain areas. During fall and winter, bison tend to gather in more wooded areas. During this time, bison partake in horning behaviors. They rub their horns against trees, young saplings, and even utility poles. Aromatic trees like cedars and pine seem to be preferred. Horning appears to be associated with insect defense, as it occurs most often in the fall when the insect population is at its highest.[74] Cedar and pines emit an aroma after bison horn them and this seems to be used as a deterrent for insects.[74]
Wallowing behavior
A bison wallowing on dirt near Lamar River Canyon
A bison wallow is a shallow depression in the soil, which bison use either wet or dry. Bison roll in these depressions, covering themselves with dust or mud. Past and current hypotheses to explain the purpose of wallowing include grooming associated with shedding, male-male interaction (typically rutting), social behavior for group cohesion, play, relief from skin irritation due to biting insects, reduction of ectoparasite (tick and lice) load, and thermoregulation.[75] Bison wallowing has important ecosystem engineering effects and enhances plant and animal diversity on prairies.[76]
Predation
American bison standing its ground against a wolf pack
A grizzly bear feeding on an American bison carcass.
While often secure from predation because of their size and strength, in some areas, vulnerable individuals are regularly preyed upon by wolves. Wolf predation typically peaks in late winter, when elk migrates south and bison are distressed with heavy snows and shortages of food sources,[77] with attacks usually being concentrated on weakened and injured cows and calves.[78][79] Wolves more actively target herds with calves than those without. The length of a predation episode varies, ranging from a few minutes to over nine hours.[80][81] Bison display five apparent defense strategies in protecting calves from wolves: running to a cow; running to a herd; running to the nearest bull; running in the front or center of a stampeding herd; entering water bodies, such as lakes or rivers. When fleeing wolves in open areas, cows with young calves take the lead, while bulls take to the rear of the herds to guard the cows' escape. Bison typically ignore wolves not displaying hunting behavior.[82] Wolf packs specializing in bison tend to have more males because their larger size than females allows them to wrestle prey to the ground more effectively.[83] Healthy, mature bulls in herds rarely fall prey.
Grizzly bears are known to feed on carcass and may steal wolves' kills. While grizzlies can also pose a threat to calves and sometimes old, injured, or sick adult bison, direct killing of non-calves is rare even when targeting lone and injured young individuals;[84][85][86] attacking healthy bison is risky for bears, who can be killed instead.[87][88]
Dangers to humans
Bison are among the most dangerous animals encountered by visitors to the various North American national parks and will attack humans if provoked. They appear slow because of their lethargic movements but can easily outrun humans; bison have been observed running as fast as 65 to 70 km/h (40 to 45 mph).[89][90][91][92] Bison may approach people for curiosity. Close encounters, including to touch the animals, can be dangerous, and gunshots do not startle them.[93]
Tourists approach dangerously close to a wild herd of American bison to take a photograph in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Between 1980 and 1999, more than three times as many people in Yellowstone National Park were injured by bison than by bears. During this period, bison charged and injured 79 people, with injuries ranging from goring puncture wounds and broken bones to bruises and abrasions. Bears injured 24 people during the same time. Three people died from the injuries inflicted—one person by bison in 1983, and two people by bears in 1984 and 1986.[94]
Genetics
Map from 1889 by William Temple Hornaday, illustrating his book, The Extermination of the American Bison
A major problem that bison face today is a lack of genetic diversity due to the population bottleneck the species experienced during its near-extinction event. Another genetic issue is the entry of genes from domestic cattle into the bison population, through hybridization.[95]
Officially, the "American buffalo" is classified by the United States government as a type of cattle, and the government allows private herds to be managed as such. This is a reflection of the characteristics that bison share with cattle. Though the American bison is a separate species and usually regarded as being in a separate genus from domestic cattle (Bos taurus), they have a lot of genetic compatibility with cattle. American bison can interbreed with cattle, although only the female offspring are fertile in the first generation. These female hybrids can be bred back to either bison or domestic bulls, resulting in either 1/4 or 3/4 bison young. Female offspring from this cross are also fertile, but males are not reliably fertile unless they are either 7⁄8 bison or 7⁄8 domestic.[96] Moreover, when they do interbreed, crossbreed animals in the first generation tend to look very much like purebred bison, so appearance is completely unreliable as a means of determining what is a purebred bison and what is a crossbred cow. Many ranchers have deliberately crossbred their cattle with bison, and some natural hybridization could be expected in areas where cattle and bison occur in the same range. Since cattle and bison eat similar food and tolerate similar conditions, they have often been in the same range together in the past, and opportunity for crossbreeding may sometimes have been common.
In recent decades, tests were developed to determine the source of mitochondrial DNA in cattle and bison, and most private "buffalo" herds were actually crossbred with cattle, and even most state and federal buffalo herds had some cattle DNA. With the advent of nuclear microsatellite DNA testing, the number of herds known to contain cattle genes has increased. As of 2011, though about 500,000 bison existed on private ranches and in public herds, perhaps only 15,000 to 25,000 of these bison were pure and not actually bison-cattle hybrids. DNA from domestic cattle (Bos taurus) has been found in almost all examined bison herds.[97]
Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd, which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park, the Wind Cave bison herd, and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and subsidiary herds started from it, in Canada.
A landmark study of bison genetics performed by James Derr of Texas A&M University corroborated this.[98] The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas, and it noted that bison seem to be adapting successfully, despite their apparent genetic bottleneck. One possible explanation for this might be the small amount of domestic cattle genes that are now in most bison populations, though this is not the only possible explanation for bison success.
A wood bison around Coal River in Canada
In the study, cattle genes were also found in small amounts throughout most national, state, and private herds. "The hybridization experiments conducted by some of the owners of the five foundation herds of the late 1800s, have left a legacy of a small amount of cattle genetics in many of our existing bison herds," said Derr. "All of the state owned bison herds tested (except for possibly one) contain animals with domestic cattle mtDNA."[98]
It appears that the one state herd that had no cattle genes was the Henry Mountains bison herd; the Henry Mountain herd was started initially with transplanted animals from Yellowstone Park. However, the extension of this herd into the Book Cliffs of central Utah involved mixing the founders with additional bison from another source, so it is not known if the Book Cliffs extension of the herd is also free of cattle hybridization.
A separate study by Wilson and Strobeck, published in Genome, was done to define the relationships between different herds of bison in the United States and Canada, and to determine whether the bison at Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada and the Yellowstone Park bison herd were possibly separate subspecies. The Wood Buffalo Park bison were determined to actually be crossbreeds between plains and wood bison, but their predominant genetic makeup was that of the expected "wood buffalo".[11] However, the Yellowstone Park bison herd was pure plains bison, and not any of the other previously suggested subspecies. Another finding was that the bison in the Antelope Island herd in Utah appeared to be more distantly related to other plains bison in general than any other plains bison group that was tested, though this might be due to genetic drift caused by the small size of only 12 individuals in the founder population. A side finding of this was that the Antelope Island bison herd appears to be most closely related to the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd, though the Antelope Island bison are actually plains bison.
Range history of bison in North America
Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the "great bison belt". Holocene bison (Bison occidentalis) is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison. Holocene bison Wood bison Plains bison
Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the "great bison belt". Holocene bison (Bison occidentalis) is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison.
Holocene bison
Wood bison
Plains bison
Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889. This map based on William Temple Hornaday's late-19th century research. Original range Range as of 1870 Range as of 1889
Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889. This map based on William Temple Hornaday's late-19th century research.
Original range
Range as of 1870
Range as of 1889
Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003. Wood bison Plains bison
Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003.
Wood bison
Plains bison
In order to bolster the genetic diversity of the American bison, the National Park Service alongside the Department of the Interior announced on May 7, 2020, the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative. This initiative focuses on maintaining the genetic diversity of the metapopulation rather than individual herds. Small populations of bison are at considerably larger risk due to their decreased gene pool and are susceptible to catastrophic events more so than larger herds. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative aims to translocate up to three bison every five to ten years between the Department of the Interior's herds. Specific smaller herds will require a more intense management plan. Translocated bison will also be screened for any health defects such as infection of brucellosis bacteria as to not put the larger herd at risk.[99]
Population bottlenecking
Because of the mass slaughtering of bison during the 1870s, the plains bison population went through a population bottleneck from an estimated 60 million individuals–an estimation based on an observation made by Colonel R.I. Dodge along the Arkansas River in Kansas in 1871–to a founding population of around 100 individuals, split into six herds, five of which were managed by private ranchers and one managed by the New York Zoological Park (now the Bronx Zoo). Additionally, a wild herd consisting of 25 individuals in Yellowstone National Park survived the bottleneck.[100]
Each of the privately ranched herds had an initial effective population size (Ne) of an estimated 5 to 7 individuals, for a total combined effective population size of between 30 and 50 individuals, from which all of the modern plains bison descend. While these herds have remained mostly isolated, some more than others, there has been some interbreeding between the herds over the past 150 years.[100]
The conservation efforts and copious amounts of data taken on American bison populations allow for American bison to serve as a useful study case of population bottlenecking and its effects. This is especially true of the Texas State Bison Herd, which underwent very extreme genetic bottlenecking, with a founding population of only 5 individuals.[100]
Texas State Bison Herd
The Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH), also known as the Goodnight herd, was established by Charles Goodnight in the mid-1880s with five wild-caught calves. In 1887, the herd consisted of 13 individuals; in 1910, the population consisted of 125 individuals; and in the 1920s, the population ranged from 200 to 250 individuals. In 1929, Goodnight died and the herd switched hands multiple times, leaving the population of the herd unknown from 1930 until the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, with a population of 36 individuals, solely descended from the original five calves.[100] By 2002, the population of the TSBH consisted of 40 individuals and had concerningly low birth rates and high rates of calf mortality. This led to extra attention being given to this herd by conservationists who then performed significant amounts of genetic testing.
It is also crucial to mention that Goodnight was an advocate for the hybridization of bison with cattle, in the hopes creating a stronger and healthier breed. When the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, genetic testing revealed that 6 out of 36 individuals still carried cattle mitochondrial DNA.[10]
Researchers found that the average number of alleles per locus and the heterozygosity levels (a measure of genetic diversity, where high heterozygosity is representative of high genetic diversity) for the TSBH were significantly lower than that of the Yellowstone National Park bison population and the Theodore Roosevelt National Park bison population.[10] Additionally, of the 54 nuclear microsatellites that were examined, the TSBH had 8 monomorphic loci (i.e., each loci had only one allele), whereas in both the Yellowstone and Theodore Roosevelt herds there was only one monomorphic locus, indicating a much lower level of genetic diversity in the TSBH.[10] The Yellowstone herd had an average number of alleles per locus of 4.75, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park herd had an average of 4.15 alleles per locus, but the TSBH only had an average of 2.54 alleles per locus, statistically significantly lower than the others.[10] The heterozygosity level of the Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and TSBH populations were 0.63, 0.57, and 0.38 respectively, with the TSBH again having a statistically significantly lower value.[10] This low genetic diversity found in TSBH is likely due to the critically low starting population, several additional bottlenecks throughout the herd's history–leading to inbreeding depression–,[10] and a continuously low population allowing for genetic drift to have a large effect. Before any addition of new individuals, the rate of loss of genetic diversity was estimated to be between 30 and 40% over the proceeding 50 years.[10]
The inbreeding depression resulting from the multiple extreme population bottlenecks in the TSBH led to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0.367, equal to the level of inbreeding that results from two generations of full-siblings mating.[100]
The Texas State Bison Herd is also a useful example of the deleterious effects of extreme population bottlenecking, with an average natality rate of 0.376 offspring per female and a 1st-year mortality rate of 52.6% from 1997 to 2002, compared to an average natality rate of 0.560 offspring per female and a 1st-year mortality rate of 4.2% for the other bison herds.[10]
Additionally, if it were not for the intervention of conservationists, the Texas State Bison Herd would have most likely gone extinct, as the population bottleneck would have proven to be too severe. Multiple population models based on the genetics of the TSBH in the early 2000s predicted a 99% chance of extinction of the TSBH in less than 50 years, with an estimation in 2004 giving the TSBH a 99% chance of extinction in 41 years without the introduction of any outside individuals (Halbert et al. 2004). Importantly for conservation, another simulation predicted that the addition of multiple (3-9) outside male bison into the herd would increase genetic diversity enough to give the herd a 100% chance of surviving for another 100 years.[101]
Conservation efforts have led the current TSBH population to be at the carrying capacity of their habitat, at around 300 individuals.
Yellowstone National Park Bison Herd
The Yellowstone National Park Bison herd started with only 25 individuals, and there was evidence of two population bottlenecking events from 1896 to 1912, with a population ranging between 25 and 50 individuals during this time. In 1902, 18 female and 3 male bison from outside herds–the Pablo-Allard herd and Goodnight (TSBH) herds respectively–were introduced to the Yellowstone herd. After the addition of those individuals, the effective population size is estimated to have been Ne=7.2 individuals. The Yellowstone herd was kept completely isolated from 1902 to around 1920, and these previously mentioned founders contributed between 60 and 70% of the genetics of the current bison population at Yellowstone.[100]
Similar to the Texas State Bison Herd, the introduction of new individuals into the population in 1902 likely was the savior of this herd, which now numbers around 5,900 individuals as of summer 2022.[102]
Hunting
Main article: Bison hunting
Year American
bison (est)
Pre-1800 60,000,000[103]
1830 40,000,000[103]
1840 35,650,000[104]
1870 5,500,000[103]
1880 395,000[104]
1889 541 (U.S.)[105]
1900 300 (U.S.)[103]
1944–47 5,000 (U.S.)[106]
15,000 (Canada)[104]
1951 23,340[107]
2000 360,000
Buffalo hunting, i.e. hunting of the American bison, was an activity fundamental to the Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains, providing more than 150 uses for all parts of the animal, including being a major food source, hides for clothing and shelter, bones and horns as tools as well as ceremonial and adornment uses.[108][109] Bison hunting was later adopted by American professional hunters, as well as by the U.S. government, in an effort to sabotage the central resource of some American Indian Nations during the later portions of the American Indian Wars, leading to the near-extinction of the species around 1890.[110] For many tribes the buffalo was an integral part of life—something guaranteed to them by the Creator. In fact, for some Plains indigenous peoples, bison are known as the first people.[111] The concept of species extinction was foreign to many tribes.[112]
Thus, when the U.S. government began to massacre the buffalo, it was particularly harrowing to the Indigenous people. As Crow chief Plenty Coups described it: "When the buffalo went away the hearts of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them up again. After this nothing happened. There was little singing anywhere."[113] Spiritual loss was rampant; bison were an integral part of traditional tribal societies, and they would frequently take part in ceremonies for each bison they killed to honor its sacrifice. In order to boost morale during this time, Sioux and other tribes took part in the Ghost Dance, which consisted of hundreds of people dancing until 100 persons were lying unconscious.[114]
Today, many conservation measures have been taken by Native Americans, with the Inter Tribal Bison Council being one of the most significant. It was formed in 1990, composed of 56 tribes in 19 states.[115] These tribes represent a collective herd of more than 15,000 bison and focus on reestablishing herds on tribal lands in order to promote culture, revitalize spiritual solidarity, and restore the ecosystem. Some Inter Tribal Bison Council members argue that the bison's economic value is one of the main factors driving its resurgence. Bison serve as a low cost substitute for cattle, and can withstand the winters in the Plains region far easier than cattle.[115]
Bison being chased off a cliff as painted by Alfred Jacob Miller
Bison being chased off a cliff as painted by Alfred Jacob Miller
Ulm Pishkun. Buffalo jump, SW of Great Falls, Montana. The Blackfoot drove bison over cliffs in the autumn to secure the winter supply. The Blackfoot used pishkuns as late as the 1850s.[116]
Ulm Pishkun. Buffalo jump, SW of Great Falls, Montana. The Blackfoot drove bison over cliffs in the autumn to secure the winter supply. The Blackfoot used pishkuns as late as the 1850s.[116]
Bison hunt under the wolf-skin mask, 1832–33
Bison hunt under the wolf-skin mask, 1832–33
A bison hunt depicted by George Catlin
A bison hunt depicted by George Catlin
As livestock
Canned bison meat for sale
Bison are increasingly raised for meat, hide, wool, and dairy products. The majority of American bison in the world are raised for human consumption or fur clothing. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef, but is lower in fat and cholesterol, yet higher in protein than beef,[117] which has led to the development of beefalo, a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle.[118] In 2005, about 35,000 bison were processed for meat in the U.S., with the National Bison Association and USDA providing a "Certified American Buffalo" program with birth-to-consumer tracking of bison via RFID ear tags. A market even exists for kosher bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S., and the meat is then distributed nationwide.
Bison are found in publicly and privately held herds. Custer State Park in South Dakota is home to 1,500 bison, one of the largest publicly held herds in the world, but some question the genetic purity of the animals. Wildlife officials believe that free roaming herds with minimal cattle introgression on public lands in North America can be found only in: the Yellowstone Park bison herd;[95] the Henry Mountains bison herd at the Book Cliffs and Henry Mountains in Utah; at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota; Fort Peck Indian Reservation in Montana; Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary in the Northwest Territories; Elk Island National Park and Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta; Grasslands National Park and Prince Albert National Park in Saskatchewan. Another population, the Antelope Island bison herd on Antelope Island in Utah, consisting of 550 to 700 bison, is also one of the largest and oldest public herds in the United States, but the bison in that herd are considered to be only semifree roaming, since they are confined to the Antelope Island. In addition, recent genetic studies indicate that, like most bison herds, the Antelope Island bison herd has a small number of genes from domestic cattle. In 2002, the United States government donated some bison calves from South Dakota and Colorado to the Mexican government. Their descendants live in the Mexican nature reserves El Uno Ranch at Janos and Santa Elena Canyon, Chihuahua, and Boquillas del Carmen, Coahuila, located near the southern banks of the Rio Grande, and around the grassland state line with Texas and New Mexico.
Recent genetic studies of privately owned herds of bison show that many of them include animals with genes from domestic cattle.[95] For example, the herd on Santa Catalina Island, California, isolated since 1924 after being brought there for a movie shoot, were found to have cattle introgression.[119] As few as 12,000 to 15,000 pure bison are estimated to remain in the world. The numbers are uncertain because the tests used to date—mitochondrial DNA analysis—indicate only if the maternal line (back from mother to mother) ever included domesticated bovines, thus say nothing about possible male input in the process. Most hybrids were found to look exactly like purebred bison; therefore, appearance is not a good indicator of genetics.
The size of the Canadian domesticated herd (genetic questions aside) grew dramatically through the 1990s and 2000s. The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported the Canadian herd at 195,728 head, a 34.9% increase since 2001.[120] Of this total, over 95% were located in Western Canada, and less than 5% in Eastern Canada. Alberta was the province with the largest herd, accounting for 49.7% of the herd and 45.8% of the farms. The next-largest herds were in Saskatchewan (23.9%), Manitoba (10%), and British Columbia (6%). The main producing regions were in the northern parts of the Canadian prairies, specifically in the parkland belt, with the Peace River region (shared between Alberta and British Columbia) being the most important cluster, accounting for 14.4% of the national herd.[120] Canada also exports bison meat, totaling 2,075,253 kilograms (4,575,150 lb) in 2006.[121]
A proposal known as Buffalo Commons has been suggested by a handful of academics and policymakers to restore large parts of the drier portion of the Great Plains to native prairie grazed by bison. Proponents argue that current agricultural use of the shortgrass prairie is not sustainable, pointing to periodic disasters, including the Dust Bowl, and continuing significant human population loss over the last 60 years. However, this plan is opposed by some who live in the areas in question.[95]
Domestication
Despite being the closest relatives of domestic cattle native to North America, bison were never domesticated by Native Americans. Later attempts of domestication by Europeans prior to the 20th century met with limited success. Bison were described as having a "wild and ungovernable temper";[122] they can jump close to 1.8 m (6 ft) vertically,[123] and run 55–70 km/h (35–45 mph)[91][90] when agitated. This agility and speed, combined with their great size and weight, makes bison herds difficult to confine, as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems, including most razor wire. The most successful systems involve large, 6-metre (20 ft) fences made from welded steel I beams sunk at least 1.8 m (6 ft) into concrete.[citation needed] These fencing systems, while expensive, require very little maintenance. Furthermore, making the fence sections overlap so the grassy areas beyond are not visible prevents the bison from trying to get to new range.
As a symbol
Native Americans
Big Medicine (1933–1959) was a sacred white buffalo that lived on the CSKT Bison Range (display at the Montana Historical Society)
Among many Native American tribes, especially the Plains Indians, the bison is considered a sacred animal and religious symbol. According to University of Montana anthropology and Native American studies professor S. Neyooxet Greymorning, "The creation stories of where buffalo came from put them in a very spiritual place among many tribes. The buffalo crossed many different areas and functions, and it was utilized in many ways. It was used in ceremonies, as well as to make tipi covers that provided homes for people, utensils, shields, weapons and parts were used for sewing with the sinew."[124] The Sioux consider the birth of a white buffalo to be the return of White Buffalo Calf Woman, their primary cultural prophet and the bringer of their "Seven Sacred Rites". Among the Mandan and Hidatsa, the White Buffalo Cow Society was the most sacred of societies for women.
North America
The American bison is often used in North America in official seals, flags, and logos. In 2016, the American bison became the national mammal of the United States.[125] The bison is a popular symbol in the Great Plains states: Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming have adopted the animal as their official state mammal, and many sports teams have chosen the bison as their mascot. In Canada, the bison is the official animal of the province of Manitoba and appears on the Manitoba flag. It is also used in the official coat of arms of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
Several American coins feature the bison, most famously on the reverse side of the "buffalo nickel" from 1913 to 1938. In 2005, the United States Mint coined a nickel with a new depiction of the bison as part of its "Westward Journey" series. The Kansas and North Dakota state quarters, part of the "50 State Quarter" series, each feature bison. The Kansas state quarter has only the bison and does not feature any writing, while the North Dakota state quarter has two bison. The Montana state quarter prominently features a bison skull over a landscape. The Yellowstone National Park quarter also features a bison standing next to a geyser.
Other institutions which have adopted the bison as a symbol or mascot include:
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bethany College (West Virginia)
Bucknell University and its athletic program, the Bucknell Bison
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo Bills
Buffalo Bisons
Buffalo Gap High School
Buffalo Grove High School
Buffalo Sabres
University of Colorado and its athletic program, the Colorado Buffaloes
Gallaudet University
Harding University and its athletic program, the Harding Bisons
Howard University and its athletic program, the Howard Bison
Seal of the State of Indiana
Lipscomb University and its athletic program, the Lipscomb Bisons
Coat of arms of Manitoba
Flag of Manitoba
University of Manitoba and its athletic program, the Manitoba Bisons
Marshall University and its athletic program, the Marshall Thundering Herd
Milligan University
Independence Party of Minnesota
Ralph Nader (mascot for his 2008 campaign for president)[126]
Nichols College
North Dakota State University and its athletic program, the North Dakota State Bison
Oklahoma Baptist University and its athletic program, the Oklahoma Baptist Bison
Point Park University
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Rumble the Bison (the official mascot of the Oklahoma City Thunder)
Smoky Hill High School
Southwestern Law School
Tooele High School (Utah)
Utah Tech University and its athletic program, the Utah Tech Trailblazers
CFB Wainwright
West Texas A&M University and its athletic program, the West Texas A&M Buffaloes
Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo
Wyoming uses a bison in its state flag
Wyoming uses a bison in its state flag
Skin effigy of a Buffalo used in the Lakota Sun Dance
Skin effigy of a Buffalo used in the Lakota Sun Dance
Manitoba uses a bison in its provincial flag, as seen inside the Manitoban coat of arms
Manitoba uses a bison in its provincial flag, as seen inside the Manitoban coat of arms
The 1935 Buffalo nickel—this style of coin featuring an American bison was produced from 1913 to 1938
The 1935 Buffalo nickel—this style of coin featuring an American bison was produced from 1913 to 1938
Series 1901 $10 legal tender depicting an American bison
Series 1901 $10 legal tender depicting an American bison
First postage stamp with image of bison was issued US in 1898—4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo"
First postage stamp with image of bison was issued US in 1898—4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo"
See also
American Bison Society
Buffalo Commons — proposed multistate nature preserve of Great Plains habitat for American bison
Buffalo Hunters' War
Conservation of American bison
Great Plains Ecoregion
List of animals with humps
Plains hide painting
References
Aune, K.; Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Bison bison". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T2815A123789863. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en. Retrieved February 17, 2022. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is "Near Threatened".
Project Gutenburg E Book – The Extermination of the American Bison
"American Buffalo (Bison bison) species page". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
William T. Hornaday, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park (February 10, 2006) [1889]. The Extermination of the American Bison. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on February 24, 2013.
Aune, K., Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. 2017. Bison bison (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T2815A123789863. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en. Downloaded on March 6, 2019.
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Further reading
Branch, E. Douglas. (1997) The Hunting of the Buffalo (1929, new ed. University of Nebraska Press,), classic history
Dary David A. The Buffalo Book. (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1974)
Flores Dan Louie (1991). "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850". Journal of American History. 78 (2): 465–85. doi:10.2307/2079530. JSTOR 2079530.
Gard, Wayne. The Great Buffalo Hunt (University of Nebraska Press, 1954)
Isenberg, Andrew C. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 (Cambridge University press, 2000)
Lott, Dale F (2002). American Bison: A Natural History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24062-9.
McHugh, Tom. The Time of the Buffalo (University of Nebraska Press, 1972).
Meagher, Margaret Mary. The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1973)
Rister Carl Coke (1929). "The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 33: 34–49.
Roe, Frank Gilbert. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State (University of Toronto Press, 1951).
Shaw, James H. "How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?" Rangelands, Vol. 17, No. 5 (Oct. 1995), pp. 148–150
Smits, David D. "The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883 Archived July 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine," Western Historical Quarterly 25 (1994): 313–38 and 26 (1995) 203–8.
Zontek Ken (1995). "Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison". Great Plains Quarterly. 15: 133–49.
External links
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"Bison bison". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
Buffalo Field Campaign
Watch the NFB documentary The Great Buffalo Saga
Traditional use of Tatanka (buffalo)
Bison skeletal structure and bones
vte
Extant Artiodactyla species
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaInfraclass: EutheriaSuperorder: Laurasiatheria
Suborder Ruminantia
Antilocapridae
Antilocapra
Pronghorn (A. americana)
Giraffidae
Okapia
Okapi (O. johnstoni)
Giraffa
Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis)Southern giraffe (G. giraffa)Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata)Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi)
Moschidae
Moschus
Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis)Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii)Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster)Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus)Black musk deer (M. fuscus)Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster)Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)
Tragulidae
Hyemoschus
Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus)
Moschiola
Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica)Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre)Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna)
Tragulus
Java mouse-deer (T. javanicus)Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil)Greater mouse-deer (T. napu)Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans)Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor)Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni)
Cervidae
Large family listed below
Bovidae
Large family listed below
Family Cervidae
Cervinae
Muntiacus
Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes)Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons)Fea's muntjac (M. feae)Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis)Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus)Southern red muntjac (M. muntjak)Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis)Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi)Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum)Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis)Northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis)Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis)
Elaphodus
Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)
Dama
European fallow deer (D. dama)Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)
Axis
Chital (A. axis)Calamian deer (A. calamianensis)Bawean deer (A. kuhlii)Hog deer (A. porcinus)
Rucervus
Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)Eld's deer (R. eldii)
Elaphurus
Père David's deer (E. davidianus)
Rusa
Visayan spotted deer (R. alfredi)Philippine sambar (R. mariannus)Rusa deer (R. timorensis)Sambar (R. unicolor)
Cervus
Thorold's deer (C. albirostris)Red deer (C. elaphus)Elk (C. canadensis)Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu)Sika deer (C. nippon)
Capreolinae
Alces
Moose (A. alces)
Hydropotes
Water deer (H. inermis)
Capreolus
European roe deer (C. capreolus)Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus)
Rangifer
Reindeer (R. tarandus)
Hippocamelus
Taruca (H. antisensis)South Andean deer (H. bisulcus)
Mazama
Red brocket (M. americana)Small red brocket (M. bororo)Merida brocket (M. bricenii)Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi)Gray brocket (M. gouazoubira)Pygmy brocket (M. nana)Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga)Little red brocket (M. rufina)Central American red brocket (M. temama)
Ozotoceros
Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus)
Blastocerus
Marsh deer (B. dichotomus)
Pudu
Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)Southern pudu (P. pudu)
Odocoileus
Mule deer (O. hemionus)Yucatan brown brocket (O. pandora)White-tailed deer (O. virginianus)
Family Bovidae
Hippotraginae
Hippotragus
Roan antelope (H. equinus)Sable antelope (H. niger)
Oryx
East African oryx (O. beisa)Scimitar oryx (O. dammah)Gemsbok (O. gazella)Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx)
Addax
Addax (A. nasomaculatus)
Reduncinae
Kobus
Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus)Kob (K. kob)Lechwe (K. leche)Nile lechwe (K. megaceros)Puku (K. vardonii)
Redunca
Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum)Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula)Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca)
Aepycerotinae
Aepyceros
Impala (A. melampus)
Peleinae
Pelea
Grey rhebok (P. capreolus)
Alcelaphinae
Beatragus
Hirola (B. hunteri)
Damaliscus
Common tsessebe (D. lunatus)Bontebok (D. pygargus)
Alcelaphus
Hartebeest (A. buselaphus)
Connochaetes
Black wildebeest (C. gnou)Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus)
Pantholopinae
Pantholops
Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)
Caprinae
Large subfamily listed below
Bovinae
Large subfamily listed below
Antilopinae
Large subfamily listed below
Family Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)
Ammotragus
Barbary sheep (A. lervia)
Arabitragus
Arabian tahr (A. jayakari)
Budorcas
Takin (B. taxicolor)
Capra
Wild goat (C. aegagrus)West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia)East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis)Markhor (C. falconeri)Domestic goat (C. hircus)Alpine ibex (C. ibex)Nubian ibex (C. nubiana)Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica)Siberian ibex (C. sibirica)Walia ibex (C. walie)
Capricornis
Japanese serow (C. crispus)Red serow (C. rubidus)Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis)Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei)
Hemitragus
Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)
Naemorhedus
Red goral (N. baileyi)Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus)Himalayan goral (N. goral)Chinese goral (N. griseus)
Oreamnos
Mountain goat (O. americanus)
Ovibos
Muskox (O. moschatus)
Nilgiritragus
Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius)
Ovis
Argali (O. ammon)Domestic sheep (O. aries)Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis)Dall sheep (O. dalli)Mouflon (O. gmelini)Snow sheep (O. nivicola)Urial (O. vignei)
Pseudois
Bharal (P. nayaur)
Rupicapra
Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica)Chamois (R. rupicapra)
Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)
Boselaphini
Tetracerus
Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis)
Boselaphus
Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)
Bovini
Bubalus
Wild water buffalo (B. arnee)Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis)Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis)Tamaraw (B. mindorensis)Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi)
Bos
American bison (B. bison)European bison (B. bonasus)Bali cattle (B. domesticus)Gayal (B. frontalis)Gaur (B. gaurus)Domestic yak (B. grunniens)Zebu (B. indicus)Banteng (B. javanicus)Wild yak (B. mutus)Cattle (B. taurus)
Pseudoryx
Saola (P. nghetinhensis)
Syncerus
African buffalo (S. caffer)
Tragelaphini
Tragelaphus
(including kudus)
Nyala (T. angasii)Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni)Bongo (T. eurycerus)Lesser kudu (T. imberbis)Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus)Sitatunga (T. spekeii)Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros)Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)
Taurotragus
Giant eland (T. derbianus)Common eland (T. oryx)
Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)
Antilopini
Ammodorcas
Dibatag (A. clarkei)
Antidorcas
Springbok (A. marsupialis)
Antilope
Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)
Eudorcas
Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata)Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons)Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii)Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura)
Gazella
Chinkara (G. bennettii)Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri)Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas)Erlanger's gazelle (G. erlangeri)Mountain gazelle (G. gazella)Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros)Speke's gazelle (G. spekei)Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa)
Litocranius
Gerenuk (L. walleri)
Nanger
Dama gazelle (N. dama)Grant's gazelle (N. granti)Bright's gazelle (N. notatus)Peter's gazelle (N. petersii)Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii)
Procapra
Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa)Goa (P. picticaudata)Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)
Saigini
Pantholops
Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)
Saiga
Saiga antelope (S. tatarica)
Neotragini
Dorcatragus
Beira (D. megalotis)
Madoqua
Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri)Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii)Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii)Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana)
Neotragus
Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi)Suni (N. moschatus)Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus)
Oreotragus
Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)
Ourebia
Oribi (O. ourebi)
Raphicerus
Steenbok (R. campestris)Cape grysbok (R. melanotis)Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei)
Cephalophini
Cephalophus
Aders's duiker (C. adersi)Brooke's duiker (C. brookei)Peters' duiker (C. callipygus)White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum)Bay duiker (C. dorsalis)Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi)Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki)White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster)Red forest duiker (C. natalensis)Black duiker (C. niger)Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons)Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi)Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis)Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus)Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor)Abbott's duiker (C. spadix)Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi)Zebra duiker (C. zebra)
Philantomba
Blue duiker (P. monticola)Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii)Walter's duiker (P. walteri)
Sylvicapra
Common duiker (S. grimmia)
Suborder Suina
Suidae
Babyrousa
Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa)North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis)Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis)
Hylochoerus
Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)
Phacochoerus
Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus)Common warthog (P. africanus)
Porcula
Pygmy hog (P. salvania)
Potamochoerus
Bushpig (P. larvatus)Red river hog (P. porcus)
Sus
Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus)Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus)Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons)Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis)Domestic pig (S. domesticus)Flores warty pig (S. heureni)Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri)Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis)Wild boar (S. scrofa)Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis)Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus)
Tayassuidae
Tayassu
White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)
Catagonus
Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)
Dicotyles
Collared peccary (D. tajacu)
Suborder Tylopoda
Camelidae
Lama
Llama (L. glama)Guanaco (L. guanicoe)Alpaca (L. pacos)Vicuña (L. vicugna)
Camelus
Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus)Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius)Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus)
Suborder Whippomorpha
Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)
Choeropsis
Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)
Cetacea
see Cetacea
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National symbols of the United States
Symbols
FlagGreat SealBald eagleUncle SamColumbiaPhrygian capGeneral Grant (tree)American CreedPledge of AllegianceRoseOakBison
Landmarks
Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)Liberty BellMount RushmoreNational Mall West Potomac Park
Mottos
In God We TrustE pluribus unumNovus ordo seclorumAnnuit cœptis
Songs
"The Star-Spangled Banner""Dixie""America the Beautiful""Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean""The Stars and Stripes Forever""Hail to the Chief""Hail, Columbia""America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)""God Bless America""Lift Every Voice and Sing""The Army Goes Rolling Along""Anchors Aweigh""Marines' Hymn""Semper Fidelis""The Air Force Song""Semper Paratus""Semper Supra""National Emblem March""The Washington Post March""Battle Hymn of the Republic""Yankee Doodle""You're a Grand Old Flag""When Johnny Comes Marching Home""This Land Is Your Land""Battle Cry of Freedom"
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Game animals and shooting in North America
Game birds
Bobwhite quailChukarHungarian partridgePrairie chickenMourning doveRing-necked pheasantPtarmiganRuffed grouseSharp-tailed grouseSnipe (common snipe)Spruce grouseTurkeyWoodcock
Waterfowl hunters
Waterfowl
Black duckCanada gooseCanvasbackGadwallGreater scaupLesser scaupMallardNorthern pintailRedheadRoss's gooseSnow gooseWood duck
Big game
Bighorn sheepBlack bearRazorbackBrown bearBison (buffalo)CaribouCougar (mountain lion)ElkMooseWhite-tailed deerWolfMountain goatMule deerPronghornMuskoxDall sheepPolar bearWhales
Other quarry
American alligatorBadgerBobcatCoyoteFox squirrelGray foxGray squirrelOpossumRabbitRaccoonRed foxSnowshoe hare
See also
Bear huntingBig-game huntingBison huntingDeer huntingFox huntingWaterfowl huntingWhalingFishingWolf huntingUpland hunting
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Meat
Poultry
CassowaryChickenDuckEmuGooseOstrichPigeonQuailRheaTurkey
Food meat
Platter of seafood
Livestock
AlpacaBeefBeefaloBisonBuffaloCamelCatGoatDogDonkeyElephantSnailsFrogGuinea pigHorseLamb and muttonLlamaPorkVealYakŻubroń
Game
AlligatorBatBearBoarCrocodileIguanaKangarooMonkeyPangolinRatHareRabbitSnakeTurtleVenisonDog Wolf
Fish
AnchovyBasaBassCarpCatfishCodCrappieEelFlounderGrouperHaddockHalibutHerringKingfishMackerelMahi MahiMarlinMilkfishOrange roughyPacific sauryPerchPikePollockSalmonSardineSharkSoleSwaiSwordfishTilapiaTroutTunaWalleye
Shellfish and
other seafood
AbaloneCalamariChitonClamCrabCrayfishDolphinLobsterMusselOctopusOysterScallopSealShrimp/prawnSea urchinWhale
Insects
AntsBlack soldier fly maggotsCicadaCrickets FlourGrasshoppers (locust)MealwormMezcal wormSilkwormMopane wormPalm grub
Cuts and
preparation
AgedBaconBarbecuedBiltongBraisedBurgerCharcuterieChopCornedCuredCutletDriedDumFillet/supremeFriedGroundHamJerkyKebabKidneyLiverLuncheon meatMarinatedMeatballMeatloafOffalPickledPoachedRoastedSalt-curedSalumiSausageSmokedSteakStewedTandoorTartare
List articles
Meat dishes
BeefChickenFishGoatLambPork HamSeafoodVealSteaksMeatballSmoked foodsSausage
Other
Countries by meat consumptionCountries by meat productionFood and drink prohibitionsMeat substitutes
Ethics and
psychology
Ethics of eating meatCarnismAnimal rightsPsychology of eating meat Meat paradox
Alternatives
VegetarianismSemi-vegetarianism PescetarianismPollotarianismPlant-based dietMeat alternativeVeganism
Related
subjects
ArachnophagyBushmeatButcherCannibalismCase-ready meatCultured meatEntomophagyFactory farmingFeed conversion ratioEnvironmental impactMarbledMeat cutterMeat scienceMeat tendernessNon-vegetarianPink slimePreservationRaw meatRed meatSlaughter SlaughterhouseWhite meat
icon Food portal Category: Meat
Taxon identifiers
Bison bison
Wikidata: Q82728Wikispecies: Bison bisonADW: Bison_bisonBioLib: 33791CoL: LWY6EoL: 328109EPPO: BISOBIFossilworks: 44511GBIF: 2441176iNaturalist: 42408IRMNG: 11059079ITIS: 180706IUCN: 2815MSW: 14200669NatureServe: 2.101908NBN: NHMSYS0020975270NCBI: 9901TSA: 2699
Bos bison
Wikidata: Q52175200CoL: MLPSFEIS: bobiGBIF: 2441178IRMNG: 10586647ISC: 91401ITIS: 203618
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NARA
Categories: IUCN Red List near threatened speciesBisonFauna of the Great PlainsMammals of CanadaMammals of the United StatesFauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)Fauna of the Rocky MountainsFauna of the Western United StatesGreat PlainsLivestockBeefNative American cuisinePre-Columbian Great Plains cuisineMammals described in 1758Taxa named by Carl LinnaeusNational symbols of the United StatesCuisine of the Western United StatesAmerican frontierSymbols of WyomingProvincial symbols of ManitobaConservation-reliant species