100% Original Old Stamps
Norway 1960's - MNH - 46 Stamps Set - Ships, Plane, Architecture
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PRODUCT INFO
Collecting postage stamps of Norway over the years is not only an acquaintance with history, but also a profitable investment.
Early history of Norway Postages
The history of Norwegian postal service dates back to the middle of the 17th century. On October 13, 1642, King Christian IV of Denmark sent a letter to his stadtholder (viceroy) in Norway, Hannibal Sehested, which spoke of the need to develop communication between Christiania (now Oslo) and Copenhagen. The result of this was the creation on 17 January 1647 of a postal service in Norway, named Postvesenet and approved by Christian IV. At first it was a private enterprise run by Henrik Morian (Norwegian Henrik Morian). The landowners (skydskaffer) had the postal duty to deliver horses and carts. The delivery of mail was entrusted to strong, well-built peasants who were exempted from military service, but worked for free.
In 1719, the post of Norway passed from private hands to the Danish-Norwegian state, and from that moment the national postal service became a state monopoly. Local city post offices remained private. In 1758 the post office was reorganized; one of the innovations was the introduction of salaries to "postal peasants".
In 1814, the Swedish-Norwegian Union was concluded, but the independent postal administration of Norway was preserved. The capital of Norway, Christiania, became the postal center.
In 1827, in order to improve the postal service abroad and along the coast, two steamships were purchased by the Norwegian Post - "Constitutionen" and "Prinds Carl".
On October 9, 1874, Norway signed the Universal Postal Convention, then became a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and later acceded to the UPU agreements on postal orders[de] (1885) and on the newspaper operation (1891).
In 1888, a new postal law was passed that extended the state postal monopoly to the entire country. The postal service, whose operations were limited to sending correspondence, money and parcels not exceeding 12 kg, received vehicles from entrepreneurs on the basis of contracts; for maritime communications, she used widely branched shipping lines. In 1897, the Norwegian government opened a post office in Svalbard, which was beginning to attract tourists, in Adventfjord. The management of the post, which previously belonged to the maritime ministry, was concentrated in the Ministry of the Interior, to which postal institutions were directly subordinate.
According to data on the number and activities of postal institutions, in Norway in 1894 there were:
1,789 post offices, which averaged one post office per 177.9 km² and per 1,149 inhabitants of this country;
75,918,300 postal items, including:
29,761 thousand letters,
2954 thousand open letters,
40,810 thousand prints,
220 thousand postal orders and
885 thousand parcels.
There were an average of 38 postal items per Belgian inhabitant. The excess of mail expenses over income, in terms of rubles of the Russian Empire of that time, amounted to 39,619 rubles.
In 1933, Postvesenet was renamed Postverket[de][4].
Premarching period
Homemade postal envelope sent from Christiania (1851)
In 1845, numbered octagonal postmarks were introduced. First in Christiania (the first known date is January 7, 1845), and then in other cities in Norway. Before that, the abbreviated name of the city was written on the envelopes by hand.
Issues of postage stamps
First stamps
The first stamp of Norway, featuring the national emblem, was issued on January 1, 1855. It was lithographically printed on paper with a watermark of two types (a heraldic lion with an ax and a postal horn) with a circulation of over 2 million copies. The name of the state was not specified. The author of the miniature was Nils A. H. Sarbell (Nils Andreas Harbou Zarbell). It was in circulation until April 1, 1908. There are some of its varieties and remakes.
Subsequent issues
In 1856, new postage stamps were issued - a series of two miniatures with a portrait of King Oscar I, which was supplemented by two more stamps the following year. These issues were the first to feature the name of the country, "Norge", which has since been featured on all stamps in Norway.
In 1872, stamps were issued for the first time, which depicted a crowned postal horn and indicated the denomination. This design is also used on modern stamps of Norway. The centenary of these miniatures was marked in 1972 by the issuance of two postage stamps depicting commemorative stamps and a commemorative block, the first block of Norway. On January 1, 1877, stamps with the image of a post horn were issued with a face value in a new monetary unit - the era.
In 1889, surcharge stamps were put into circulation. They were used until 1927. Later, ordinary stamps with and without a framed letter "T" were used instead of them.
Stamps of Norway of the early period...
The history of Norwegian postal service dates back to the middle of the 17th century. On October 13, 1642, King Christian IV of Denmark sent a letter to his stadtholder (viceroy) in Norway, Hannibal Sehested, which spoke of the need to develop communication between Christiania (now Oslo) and Copenhagen. The result of this was the creation on 17 January 1647 of a postal service in Norway, named Postvesenet and approved by Christian IV. At first it was a private enterprise run by Henrik Morian (Norwegian Henrik Morian). The landowners (skydskaffer) had the postal duty to deliver horses and carts. The delivery of mail was entrusted to strong, well-built peasants who were exempted from military service, but worked for free.
In 1719, the post of Norway passed from private hands to the Danish-Norwegian state, and from that moment the national postal service became a state monopoly. Local city post offices remained private. In 1758 the post office was reorganized; one of the innovations was the introduction of salaries to "postal peasants".
In 1814, the Swedish-Norwegian Union was concluded, but the independent postal administration of Norway was preserved. The capital of Norway, Christiania, became the postal center.
In 1827, in order to improve the postal service abroad and along the coast, two steamships were purchased by the Norwegian Post - "Constitutionen" and "Prinds Carl".
On October 9, 1874, Norway signed the Universal Postal Convention, then became a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and later acceded to the UPU agreements on postal orders[de] (1885) and on the newspaper operation (1891).
In 1888, a new postal law was passed that extended the state postal monopoly to the entire country. The postal service, whose operations were limited to sending correspondence, money and parcels not exceeding 12 kg, received vehicles from entrepreneurs on the basis of contracts; for maritime communications, she used widely branched shipping lines. In 1897, the Norwegian government opened a post office in Svalbard, which was beginning to attract tourists, in Adventfjord. The management of the post, which previously belonged to the maritime ministry, was concentrated in the Ministry of the Interior, to which postal institutions were directly subordinate.
According to data on the number and activities of postal institutions, in Norway in 1894 there were:
1,789 post offices, which averaged one post office per 177.9 km² and per 1,149 inhabitants of this country;
75,918,300 postal items, including:
29,761 thousand letters,
2954 thousand open letters,
40,810 thousand prints,
220 thousand postal orders and
885 thousand parcels.
There were an average of 38 postal items per Belgian inhabitant. The excess of mail expenses over income, in terms of rubles of the Russian Empire of that time, amounted to 39,619 rubles.
In 1933, Postvesenet was renamed Postverket[de][4].
Premarching period
Homemade postal envelope sent from Christiania (1851)
In 1845, numbered octagonal postmarks were introduced. First in Christiania (the first known date is January 7, 1845), and then in other cities in Norway. Before that, the abbreviated name of the city was written on the envelopes by hand.
Issues of postage stamps
First stamps
The first stamp of Norway, featuring the national emblem, was issued on January 1, 1855. It was lithographically printed on paper with a watermark of two types (a heraldic lion with an ax and a postal horn) with a circulation of over 2 million copies. The name of the state was not specified. The author of the miniature was Nils A. H. Sarbell (Nils Andreas Harbou Zarbell). It was in circulation until April 1, 1908. There are some of its varieties and remakes.
Subsequent issues
In 1856, new postage stamps were issued - a series of two miniatures with a portrait of King Oscar I, which was supplemented by two more stamps the following year. These issues were the first to feature the name of the country, "Norge", which has since been featured on all stamps in Norway.
In 1872, stamps were issued for the first time, which depicted a crowned postal horn and indicated the denomination. This design is also used on modern stamps of Norway. The centenary of these miniatures was marked in 1972 by the issuance of two postage stamps depicting commemorative stamps and a commemorative block, the first block of Norway. On January 1, 1877, stamps with the image of a post horn were issued with a face value in a new monetary unit - the era.
In 1889, surcharge stamps were put into circulation. They were used until 1927. Later, ordinary stamps with and without a framed letter "T" were used instead of them.
Stamps of Norway of the early period...
1856: definitive mark
from the second edition
with a portrait of the king
Oscar I (Sc #14) 1872: definitive stamp
"Posthorn" (Sc #16) 1889: surcharge stamp
(Sc#J5)
Flag of Norway.svg Independence
1905: Norwegian postage stamp with a portrait of King Haakon VII (Sc #66)
1914: Norwegian commemorative stamp for the 100th anniversary of the meeting of the Storting (Sc #98)
In 1905, Norway dissolved the dynastic union with Sweden and deposed the Swedish king Oscar II. The Danish prince Charles, who took the name of Haakon VII, came to the throne. Postal miniatures with his portrait entered circulation on August 10, 1907. Since then, definitive stamps (usually higher denominations) have depicted a portrait of the king. In 1926, a new definitive stamp design was introduced - the heraldic lion with the ax of King Olaf II.
Norway's first commemorative stamps were issued in 1914. It was a three stamp series dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the meeting of the Storting, which proclaimed Norway a free, independent and indivisible country.
Since 1967, all stamps in Norway have been issued on phosphorescent paper.
First day cancellation was introduced in 1938.
In 1951, on the occasion of the philatelic exhibition "De No Fi" in Oslo, a souvenir block was issued depicting four definitive stamps of Norway. The block was sold only with an imprint of a special stamp of the exhibition. Similar blocks were produced later. All of them were not in the postal circulation.
Since December 1978, brands of printing machines sold in automatic machines have been used.
In 1996, by decision of the Norwegian parliament, the post office ceased to be a state institution, although the state still remained its sole owner. Since July 1, 2002, Norway Post has become a limited liability company.
Unusual releases
From June 1 to August 10, 1964, lottery tickets were sold in Norwegian post offices in favor of the Norwegian Refugee Fund. The lower part of this ticket could have been used as a postage stamp in 50 ør to frank domestic letters weighing up to 20 grams.
On postage stamps of Norway, as a rule, the name of the country is indicated according to the city spelling, that is, according to the book form of the Norwegian language (bokmål), - "Norge". But sometimes stamps were issued on which the village spelling was used, corresponding to the colloquial form of the language (Nynorsk), - "Noreg". This happened for the first time in 1951, when a series of three stamps with the word "Noreg" was released, which were timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the poet and philologist Arne Garborg (Yt #332-334). This form of the name of the state is also found on some issues of Norway. So, in 1963, two stamps were issued in honor of the 150th anniversary of the birth of the poet Ivar Osen and with the same spelling of the name of the country (Yt # 458-459).
German occupation
In April 1940 Norway was occupied by Germany. The stamps depicting the king and queen were withdrawn from circulation. A puppet government headed by Vidkun Quisling was set up and issued its own postage stamps. They were in circulation until May 14, 1945.
The Norwegian government, which left the country, issued a series of stamps for use on ships in the Norwegian Navy and on the island of Svalbard. From 1 February 1945 they were used by the Norwegian post office in Stockholm. After the liberation of northern Norway by the Soviet troops, these stamps entered circulation here, and officially began to be used throughout Norway from June 22, 1945. At the same time, the series was supplemented with denominations in the 5th and 7th era.
Six stamps of this issue overprinted "London 17.5.43" (4000 series) were delivered to Norway and sold to finance the resistance movement. From May 1945 to September 1946 they were used to frank mail.
The publication of stamps in liberated Norway began on July 12, 1945. A series of three stamps was issued to commemorate the centenary of the death of the greatest Norwegian publicist writer Henrik Arnold Wergeland (1808-1845).
Other types of postage stamps
Airmail
1927: Norway's first airmail stamp (Sc #C1)
Norway's first airmail stamp was issued in 1927. It depicted a plane over the Akershus fortress in Oslo. In total, three issues of Norwegian airmail stamps were issued (1927-1934, 1937 and 1941). In the future, regular stamps were used to pay for airmail correspondence. Aerograms were introduced in 1948.
Service
Until 1925, postage stamps were perforated with the abbreviated name of the institution and were used as official stamps. This practice ended in 1933. Service stamps featuring the national emblem of Norway were first issued in 1926 and are still in use today. The name of the state is not indicated on them - only the inscription "Offentlig Sak" ("Public business"), in full or in abbreviated form, and the denomination, except for the first issue, which had the inscription "Tjeneste-frimerke" ("Service stamp"). Service marksaccepted for internal correspondence only.
Refundable
In 1872, so-called return stamps were issued, which were pasted on the postage mark of an envelope to return undeliverable mail to the sender. At first they were not extinguished, but crossed out with a pen. The stamp was placed on the envelope. Since 1881, return stamps have been canceled as normal. The latest known stamp is dated August 16, 1886.
Service stamps
1933: Service stamp of Norway (Sc #O14)
1872: return stamps of Norway (Mi #I-II)
Local mail
Main article: Local post offices in Norway
Arendal local postage stamp
Local city post offices that issued their own stamps existed in a number of cities in Norway (Bergen, Arendal and others) from 1865 to 1891.
Private releases
Svalbard
Main article: Svalbard local post offices
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were two local private post offices in Svalbard that issued their own postage stamps. From 1896 to 1913, various stamps were also issued with the inscriptions: "Spitsbergen", "Spitzbergen" or "Spidsbergen" ("Spitsbergen"), which are various charitable vignettes for the payment of voluntary contributions[6].
Bouvet Island
1934: Bouvet Island stamp
In February 1934, an Antarctic expedition arrived on Bouvet Island on the ship Milfort. On this occasion, Norwegian stamps of five denominations were hand overprinted with a black stamp of the name of the island - "Bouvet oya" in the following quantity: 5 öre - 400 pieces (of which 268 were used for postal purposes); 7 ore - 100 (69 used); 10 ore - 1000 (305 used); 20 ore - 800 (261 used); and 30 ore - 400 (243 used). Permission for this release was given by the Norwegian Consul in Cape Town (SA). The stamps were used to send postal correspondence by members of the expedition and the ship's crew. Upon the expedition's return to Cape Town, the letters were canceled with a postmark "CAPE TOWN PAQUEBOT" and sent in the usual way. However, Norway refused to recognize the overprinted stamps as official. Thus, although these stamps were used to pay for international postage, they have a semi-official status.
Stamp artists
One of the famous artists of Norwegian stamps is Sverre Morken (Sverre Morken; b. 1945), who created 10% of all Norwegian stamps produced since 1855.
see also
History of Norway
Local post offices in Norway
Local post offices in Svalbard
Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications
Norwegian Minister of Maritime and Postal Affairs[en]
Minister of Postal Affairs of Norway[en]
Norway's first stamp[no]
Post horn (Norwegian stamp)
List of people on the postage stamps of Norway[en]
List of postage stamps of Norway[no]
Posten Norge
Category:Images:Norwegian stamps
Notes
Postens historie (Norwegian) (inaccessible link). Om Posten. Posten Norge AS. Date of treatment: December 5, 2010. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011.
Mail // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Fairclough S. Posthorns of plenty Archived March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine // Stamp Magazine. - 2004. - Vol. 70. No. 11. - P. 78-79. (English) (Accessed: March 9, 2010)
Løhre A. Postens logi (Del 1). Fra Kongens merke til internasjonal kosnsernprofil // Budstikka. — 2008. — Arg. 13. — Nr 4. (Nor.) (Accessed: December 6, 2010)
Vladinets N. I. Norway // Philately of the USSR. - 1981. - No. 11. - S. 30-31.
Norway (Kingdom of Norway) // Philatelic geography. European foreign countries / N. I. Vladinets. - M .: Radio and communication, 1981. - 160 p. (Accessed: October 5, 2010)
According to information from the Michel catalogue.
Sinegubov V. Not a rarity, but a tradition // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 11. - S. 22. (Date of access: August 28, 2015) Archived on August 28, 2015.
Scott catalog data.
Levikov O., Torgashin V. Vintage territories of the world (Angola, Bateken, Benin, Botswana, Bouvet, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gabon, Gambia) // Philately. - 2008. - No. 9. - S. 25-32.
Norway: Specialized Stamps: Bouvet Oya Stamps. Jay Smith & Associates:. Date of treatment: December 7, 2009. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012.
Sverre Morken (Norwegian). Kunstnere i Nittedal. Cultureliv. Nittedalsporten.no; Håkon Røvang. Date of treatment: December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012.
Literature
Norway // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. — 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Norway (Kingdom of Norway) // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Handbook / L. L. Lepeshinsky. - M .: Communication, 1967. - S. 77. - 480 p.
from the second edition
with a portrait of the king
Oscar I (Sc #14) 1872: definitive stamp
"Posthorn" (Sc #16) 1889: surcharge stamp
(Sc#J5)
Flag of Norway.svg Independence
1905: Norwegian postage stamp with a portrait of King Haakon VII (Sc #66)
1914: Norwegian commemorative stamp for the 100th anniversary of the meeting of the Storting (Sc #98)
In 1905, Norway dissolved the dynastic union with Sweden and deposed the Swedish king Oscar II. The Danish prince Charles, who took the name of Haakon VII, came to the throne. Postal miniatures with his portrait entered circulation on August 10, 1907. Since then, definitive stamps (usually higher denominations) have depicted a portrait of the king. In 1926, a new definitive stamp design was introduced - the heraldic lion with the ax of King Olaf II.
Norway's first commemorative stamps were issued in 1914. It was a three stamp series dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the meeting of the Storting, which proclaimed Norway a free, independent and indivisible country.
Since 1967, all stamps in Norway have been issued on phosphorescent paper.
First day cancellation was introduced in 1938.
In 1951, on the occasion of the philatelic exhibition "De No Fi" in Oslo, a souvenir block was issued depicting four definitive stamps of Norway. The block was sold only with an imprint of a special stamp of the exhibition. Similar blocks were produced later. All of them were not in the postal circulation.
Since December 1978, brands of printing machines sold in automatic machines have been used.
In 1996, by decision of the Norwegian parliament, the post office ceased to be a state institution, although the state still remained its sole owner. Since July 1, 2002, Norway Post has become a limited liability company.
Unusual releases
From June 1 to August 10, 1964, lottery tickets were sold in Norwegian post offices in favor of the Norwegian Refugee Fund. The lower part of this ticket could have been used as a postage stamp in 50 ør to frank domestic letters weighing up to 20 grams.
On postage stamps of Norway, as a rule, the name of the country is indicated according to the city spelling, that is, according to the book form of the Norwegian language (bokmål), - "Norge". But sometimes stamps were issued on which the village spelling was used, corresponding to the colloquial form of the language (Nynorsk), - "Noreg". This happened for the first time in 1951, when a series of three stamps with the word "Noreg" was released, which were timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the poet and philologist Arne Garborg (Yt #332-334). This form of the name of the state is also found on some issues of Norway. So, in 1963, two stamps were issued in honor of the 150th anniversary of the birth of the poet Ivar Osen and with the same spelling of the name of the country (Yt # 458-459).
German occupation
In April 1940 Norway was occupied by Germany. The stamps depicting the king and queen were withdrawn from circulation. A puppet government headed by Vidkun Quisling was set up and issued its own postage stamps. They were in circulation until May 14, 1945.
The Norwegian government, which left the country, issued a series of stamps for use on ships in the Norwegian Navy and on the island of Svalbard. From 1 February 1945 they were used by the Norwegian post office in Stockholm. After the liberation of northern Norway by the Soviet troops, these stamps entered circulation here, and officially began to be used throughout Norway from June 22, 1945. At the same time, the series was supplemented with denominations in the 5th and 7th era.
Six stamps of this issue overprinted "London 17.5.43" (4000 series) were delivered to Norway and sold to finance the resistance movement. From May 1945 to September 1946 they were used to frank mail.
The publication of stamps in liberated Norway began on July 12, 1945. A series of three stamps was issued to commemorate the centenary of the death of the greatest Norwegian publicist writer Henrik Arnold Wergeland (1808-1845).
Other types of postage stamps
Airmail
1927: Norway's first airmail stamp (Sc #C1)
Norway's first airmail stamp was issued in 1927. It depicted a plane over the Akershus fortress in Oslo. In total, three issues of Norwegian airmail stamps were issued (1927-1934, 1937 and 1941). In the future, regular stamps were used to pay for airmail correspondence. Aerograms were introduced in 1948.
Service
Until 1925, postage stamps were perforated with the abbreviated name of the institution and were used as official stamps. This practice ended in 1933. Service stamps featuring the national emblem of Norway were first issued in 1926 and are still in use today. The name of the state is not indicated on them - only the inscription "Offentlig Sak" ("Public business"), in full or in abbreviated form, and the denomination, except for the first issue, which had the inscription "Tjeneste-frimerke" ("Service stamp"). Service marksaccepted for internal correspondence only.
Refundable
In 1872, so-called return stamps were issued, which were pasted on the postage mark of an envelope to return undeliverable mail to the sender. At first they were not extinguished, but crossed out with a pen. The stamp was placed on the envelope. Since 1881, return stamps have been canceled as normal. The latest known stamp is dated August 16, 1886.
Service stamps
1933: Service stamp of Norway (Sc #O14)
1872: return stamps of Norway (Mi #I-II)
Local mail
Main article: Local post offices in Norway
Arendal local postage stamp
Local city post offices that issued their own stamps existed in a number of cities in Norway (Bergen, Arendal and others) from 1865 to 1891.
Private releases
Svalbard
Main article: Svalbard local post offices
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were two local private post offices in Svalbard that issued their own postage stamps. From 1896 to 1913, various stamps were also issued with the inscriptions: "Spitsbergen", "Spitzbergen" or "Spidsbergen" ("Spitsbergen"), which are various charitable vignettes for the payment of voluntary contributions[6].
Bouvet Island
1934: Bouvet Island stamp
In February 1934, an Antarctic expedition arrived on Bouvet Island on the ship Milfort. On this occasion, Norwegian stamps of five denominations were hand overprinted with a black stamp of the name of the island - "Bouvet oya" in the following quantity: 5 öre - 400 pieces (of which 268 were used for postal purposes); 7 ore - 100 (69 used); 10 ore - 1000 (305 used); 20 ore - 800 (261 used); and 30 ore - 400 (243 used). Permission for this release was given by the Norwegian Consul in Cape Town (SA). The stamps were used to send postal correspondence by members of the expedition and the ship's crew. Upon the expedition's return to Cape Town, the letters were canceled with a postmark "CAPE TOWN PAQUEBOT" and sent in the usual way. However, Norway refused to recognize the overprinted stamps as official. Thus, although these stamps were used to pay for international postage, they have a semi-official status.
Stamp artists
One of the famous artists of Norwegian stamps is Sverre Morken (Sverre Morken; b. 1945), who created 10% of all Norwegian stamps produced since 1855.
see also
History of Norway
Local post offices in Norway
Local post offices in Svalbard
Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications
Norwegian Minister of Maritime and Postal Affairs[en]
Minister of Postal Affairs of Norway[en]
Norway's first stamp[no]
Post horn (Norwegian stamp)
List of people on the postage stamps of Norway[en]
List of postage stamps of Norway[no]
Posten Norge
Category:Images:Norwegian stamps
Notes
Postens historie (Norwegian) (inaccessible link). Om Posten. Posten Norge AS. Date of treatment: December 5, 2010. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011.
Mail // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Fairclough S. Posthorns of plenty Archived March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine // Stamp Magazine. - 2004. - Vol. 70. No. 11. - P. 78-79. (English) (Accessed: March 9, 2010)
Løhre A. Postens logi (Del 1). Fra Kongens merke til internasjonal kosnsernprofil // Budstikka. — 2008. — Arg. 13. — Nr 4. (Nor.) (Accessed: December 6, 2010)
Vladinets N. I. Norway // Philately of the USSR. - 1981. - No. 11. - S. 30-31.
Norway (Kingdom of Norway) // Philatelic geography. European foreign countries / N. I. Vladinets. - M .: Radio and communication, 1981. - 160 p. (Accessed: October 5, 2010)
According to information from the Michel catalogue.
Sinegubov V. Not a rarity, but a tradition // Philately of the USSR. - 1975. - No. 11. - S. 22. (Date of access: August 28, 2015) Archived on August 28, 2015.
Scott catalog data.
Levikov O., Torgashin V. Vintage territories of the world (Angola, Bateken, Benin, Botswana, Bouvet, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Gabon, Gambia) // Philately. - 2008. - No. 9. - S. 25-32.
Norway: Specialized Stamps: Bouvet Oya Stamps. Jay Smith & Associates:. Date of treatment: December 7, 2009. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012.
Sverre Morken (Norwegian). Kunstnere i Nittedal. Cultureliv. Nittedalsporten.no; Håkon Røvang. Date of treatment: December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012.
Literature
Norway // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas, P. F. Mazur, I. N. Merkulov, I. A. Morosanov, Yu. K. Myakota, S A. Panasyan, Yu. M. Rudnikov, M. B. Slutsky, V. A. Yakobs; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - 320 p. — 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Norway (Kingdom of Norway) // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Handbook / L. L. Lepeshinsky. - M .: Communication, 1967. - S. 77. - 480 p.
------------------------------------------------------
OTHER INFO ABOUT THE PRODUCT
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern
Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc,
united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly
succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began
the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The
Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first
artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was
removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head
of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of
relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the
Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader,
Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through
his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika
(openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist
Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a
surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended
during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern
Europe overthrew their respective communist governments.
With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance.
Soviet Union topics
History
Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states
State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg
Geography
Subdivisions
Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list
Regions
Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain
Politics
General
Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism
Bodies
Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court
Offices
Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier
Security services
Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB
Political repression
Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry
Ideological repression
Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images
Economy
Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport
Science
Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list
Society
Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT
Culture
Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture
Opposition
Soviet dissidents and their groups list
Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics
Template Templates
Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism
Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject
[hide]
Administrative division of the Soviet Union
[hide] v t e
Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Principal
Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan
State Emblem of the Soviet Union
Short-lived
Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936)
Non-union republics
SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991)
1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later.
[hide] v t e
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
By name
Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
By year
established
1918–1924 Turkestan
1918–1941 Volga German
1919–1990 Bashkir
1920–1925 Kirghiz2
1920–1990 Tatar
1921–1990 Adjar
1921–1945 Crimean
1921–1991 Dagestan
1921–1924 Mountain
1921–1990 Nakhchivan
1922–1991 Yakut
1923–1990 Buryat1
1923–1940 Karelian
1924–1940 Moldavian
1924–1929 Tajik
1925–1992 Chuvash
1925–1936 Kazak2
1926–1936 Kirghiz
1931–1991 Abkhaz
1932–1992 Karakalpak
1934–1990 Mordovian
1934–1990 Udmurt
1935–1943 Kalmyk
1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush
1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar
1936–1990 Komi
1936–1990 Mari
1936–1990 North Ossetian
1944–1957 Kabardin
1956–1991 Karelian
1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush
1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar
1958–1990 Kalmyk
1961–1992 Tuva
1990–1991 Gorno-Altai
1991–1992 Crimean
1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958.
2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925.
[hide] v t e
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
[hide] v t e
Socialism by country
By country
American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan
History
Brazil United Kingdom United States
Regional variants
African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese
Communist
states
Africa
Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia
Americas
Cuba Grenada
Asia
Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen
Short-lived
Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China
Europe
Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Short-lived
Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919)
History of socialism
[hide] v t e
Eastern Bloc
Soviet Union Communism
Formation
Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference
Annexed as, or
into, SSRs
Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia
Satellite states
Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948)
Annexing SSRs
Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR
Organizations
Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Revolts and
opposition
Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January
Cold War events
Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis
Conditions
Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping
Decline
Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia
Post-Cold War topics
Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group
[hide] v t e
Disinformation
Types
Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism
Books
Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA
Disinformation
operations
1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain
Countering
disinformation
Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency
Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda.
With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance.
Soviet Union topics
History
Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states
State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg
Geography
Subdivisions
Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list
Regions
Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain
Politics
General
Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism
Bodies
Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court
Offices
Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier
Security services
Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB
Political repression
Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry
Ideological repression
Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images
Economy
Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport
Science
Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list
Society
Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT
Culture
Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture
Opposition
Soviet dissidents and their groups list
Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics
Template Templates
Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism
Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject
[hide]
Administrative division of the Soviet Union
[hide] v t e
Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991)
Principal
Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan
State Emblem of the Soviet Union
Short-lived
Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936)
Non-union republics
SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991)
1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later.
[hide] v t e
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
By name
Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
By year
established
1918–1924 Turkestan
1918–1941 Volga German
1919–1990 Bashkir
1920–1925 Kirghiz2
1920–1990 Tatar
1921–1990 Adjar
1921–1945 Crimean
1921–1991 Dagestan
1921–1924 Mountain
1921–1990 Nakhchivan
1922–1991 Yakut
1923–1990 Buryat1
1923–1940 Karelian
1924–1940 Moldavian
1924–1929 Tajik
1925–1992 Chuvash
1925–1936 Kazak2
1926–1936 Kirghiz
1931–1991 Abkhaz
1932–1992 Karakalpak
1934–1990 Mordovian
1934–1990 Udmurt
1935–1943 Kalmyk
1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush
1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar
1936–1990 Komi
1936–1990 Mari
1936–1990 North Ossetian
1944–1957 Kabardin
1956–1991 Karelian
1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush
1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar
1958–1990 Kalmyk
1961–1992 Tuva
1990–1991 Gorno-Altai
1991–1992 Crimean
1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958.
2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925.
[hide] v t e
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union
[hide] v t e
Socialism by country
By country
American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan
History
Brazil United Kingdom United States
Regional variants
African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese
Communist
states
Africa
Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia
Americas
Cuba Grenada
Asia
Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen
Short-lived
Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China
Europe
Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Short-lived
Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919)
History of socialism
[hide] v t e
Eastern Bloc
Soviet Union Communism
Formation
Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference
Annexed as, or
into, SSRs
Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia
Satellite states
Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948)
Annexing SSRs
Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR
Organizations
Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY)
Revolts and
opposition
Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January
Cold War events
Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis
Conditions
Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping
Decline
Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia
Post-Cold War topics
Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group
[hide] v t e
Disinformation
Types
Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism
Books
Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA
Disinformation
operations
1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain
Countering
disinformation
Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency
Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda.
STAMPLAKE.COM
PROFESSIONAL SELLER
Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure.
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Features and further details
Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in.
Our company StampLake.com is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (postage stamps, coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in with our auctions started from $0.01 for 1 LOT.
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