AFGHANISTAN 1961 FULL ISSUE MNH IMPERFORATE 12 STAMPS
100% Original Old Postage
YOU ARE BIDDING ON:Afghanistan 1961 imperf - MNH - 12 Stamps - 3 Quartblocks - Full Issue Condition: Check the Picture, please
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PRODUCT INFO Issues of Afganistan postage stamps
Early postage stamps - Emirate of Afghanistan
The development of postal communications in Afghanistan in the second half of the 19th century led to the introduction of nationwide postage marks. The first Afghan stamps were issued in 1871, during the Emirate of Afghanistan. These were postal signs of three denominations, round in shape, without teeth, on which the head of a tiger[1] was primitively depicted in a circle, symbolizing the then ruler of the country, Emir Shir-Ali (Sher means "tiger"). The denominations of the stamps were indicated in Arabic script around the tiger's head. The stamps were made in Kabul by hand, from four printing plates, differing in diameter and pattern details[5]. In 1872, the first series was supplemented with stamps of two more denominations[5][9].
In 1873-1875 stamps of this type were reprinted annually. A characteristic feature of the first issues was the indication of the year according to the Muslim calendar. A total of 18 basic types of stamps have been issued, and there are many varieties for them; for example, the 1873 stamps (Sc #11, 11A) are found in 60 types each[5][9].
The design of stamps[en] remained virtually unchanged until 1878, but their size was gradually reduced. So, the design of the stamps issued in 1876 (10 denominations) was somewhat changed, and its diameter was reduced [5].
In 1876-1878, original stamps of a single sample were in circulation on the territory of Afghanistan, which differed in color for each province[2][5]:
Kabul province (center - Kabul) - gray stamps. Turkestan (Mazar-i-Sharif) province (center - Mazar-i-Sharif) - black stamps. Kandahar province (center - Kandahar) - green stamps. Eastern (Nangrahar) province (center - Jalalabad) - purple stamps. Herat province (center - Herat) - yellow-brown stamps.
Each province issued 18 stamps[2]. They were used at one or another post office in Kabul, Jalalabad, Khulm (Tashkurgan) and other settlements throughout the Peshawar-Kabul-Khulm postal route[5][9]. One of the early Afghan tiger head stamps: pen cancellation
Single stamps in sheets from early Afghan issues were engraved individually, so they varied considerably in design. Many issues of the Shir-Ali reign are now readily available to collectors, however some of them can fetch hundreds of dollars.
The early postal development in Afghanistan was characterized by the absence of stamp cancellation. At the same time, the first stamps of this country (1871-1891) were torn or cut during use, so only some of them are found only in quick-release form. Stamps canceled by tearing off or cutting off a part are collectible. At the same time (1871-1880), stamps could also be extinguished with a finger dipped in paint, and from 1881 stamps were also extinguished by crossing out with a pen. Protectorate of Great Britain
In 1879, Shir-Ali's son Muhammad Yaqub Khan signed a treaty making Afghanistan a British protectorate. In 1879-1880, the Shir-Ali dynasty was defeated by the British, and it was replaced by Emir Abdur-Rahman. The following year, new stamps were put into circulation, but instead of a tiger's head, only inscriptions were placed on them, and the diameter of the drawing was increased (about 26 mm). Stamps of this type have been repeatedly reprinted; the last issue took place in 1891. At the same time, the issues of 1888-1891 were on sale only in Peshawar and, apparently, were intended for philatelists. Until 1891, the stamps indicated the "Kingdom of Kabul" as the name of the state.
The era of round stamps ended in 1891 with the release of rectangular postage miniatures bearing the inscription in Arabic "Kingdom of Afghanistan". Printed on tinted (slate-gray) paper, they were of three types, but, apart from Arabic inscriptions, they did not have any specific design.
It was only in 1892 that stamps appeared, the design of which included the gates of the mosque and crossed cannon barrels. These stamps were printed on colored paper, and at least ten of its main variants are known, not counting the many shades, but all varieties of colored paper corresponded to the same denomination.
Issues of 1894 and 1898 varied in the details of the design. On the stamps of 1907, the mosque was depicted, and on the postal miniatures published in 1909, the mosque was enclosed in an ornament in the form of an eight-pointed star.
Kingdom of Afghanistan
After the independence of the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1919, new Afghan stamps appeared on August 24, 1920. They depicted the royal star of King Amanullah Khan. At the same time, for the first time, both Latin and Arabic letters were used to designate denominations on stamps. The same stamps are the first Afghan commemorative miniatures - in honor of the first anniversary of the full independence of the state.
There are many fakes of this issue.
Beginning in 1924, at least one original stamp was issued annually in February, commemorating another anniversary of the independence of the Kingdom of Afghanistan, which was the name of this state since 1926 and after the final abolition of the emirate in 1929. This tradition, with rare exceptions (1929-1930), was maintained in the future, until the 1960s. Drawings of commemorative stamps published in 1931-1947 were prepared by the artist Abdullah Gafur Khan Brishna[5].
The inscriptions on the stamps at first continued to be reproduced only in Arabic script, but on subsequent stamps until 1927 - only in the Pashto language[1][5]. On October 29, 1927, a series of definitive stamps of three denominations [5] additionally received inscriptions in Latin: first in English (“Afghan Postage” - “Afghan postage”), and then, in 1928, in French (“Postes Afghanes "- "Afghan Post"; "Postes. Afghanistan" - "Post. Afghanistan") [2]. This was due to the fact that the country joined the UPU in 1928 and the need to use stamps on international mail; earlier, stamps of British India were used for the same purpose [5]. The practice of placing French inscriptions on the stamps, with some variations (as, for example, on the 1939 issue), continued until 1989.
At this stage, stamps almost everywhere in the country were canceled with postmarks. It is known that in 1939-1941 pen cancellation could be done only in small post offices due to the lack of their own stamps[5].
The postal miniatures of Afghanistan in the 1930s and 1940s looked very monotonous outwardly, for the most part they were printed in a typographical way, and had many voids in the design. Against this background, noteworthy were the stamps of the standard series of 1932, with the image of architectural monuments, and 1951, finely engraved by the English firm Waterlow and Sons[en] and mainly having portraits of King Mohammed Zahir Shah. The 1951 series was the first Afghan series printed abroad[5].
1927 15 pul stamp with inscriptions in Pashto and English (Sc #227)
1927 15 pul stamp with inscriptions in Pashto and English (Sc #227) 1939 15 pul stamp (Sc #320)
1939 15 pul stamp (Sc #320) 1954 letter franked with a 1.25 Afghani 1951 stamp (Sc #383)
1954 letter franked with a 1.25 Afghani 1951 stamp (Sc #383)
Since 1948, commemorative stamps have been regularly issued, which were dedicated to the 75th and 100th anniversary of the UPU, the 85th anniversary of the Afghan post, the UN anniversaries, the Olympic Games. The first postal block was made in 1960.
In the 1950s, a considerable number of imperforated Afghan stamps appeared. Since the Afghan Post Office sold such stamps for well over the nominal postage,[9] this practice was seen as a deliberate way for the Afghan government to make money at the expense of stamp collectors.
According to L. L. Lepeshinsky[2], in the period from 1871 to 1963, 691 postage stamps and 37 blocks were issued.
The postal issues of the 1960s were already of little note from a philatelic point of view. This was due, in particular, to the fact that in 1961-1964 the stamps of Afghanistan were printed by one American philatelic agency. As a result, more than 400 stamps and 50 blocks, both with and without teeth, were thrown into the philatelic market, and their denominations did not correspond to the value of the postage of that time. In 1964, the contract with this agency was terminated.
NOT SO IMPORTANT OTHER PRODUCT INFORMATION
Extending
across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe,
Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of
environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares
land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and
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maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of
Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a
recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18]
Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants,
the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted
Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the
synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture
for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a
number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the
Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in
the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the
surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the
Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of
Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded
through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian
Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from
Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22]
Following the
Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist
state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied
victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower
and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw
some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th
century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the
launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet
Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military
in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union
in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia,
Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states
regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR
reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the
continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet
Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
The
Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth
largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive
mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the
world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas
globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear
weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass
destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and
has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of
the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization
for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade
Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty
Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian
Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan.
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"Chinese Taipei" in short.
he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский
Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this
sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz
Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx
sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)),
abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state
in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of
multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were
highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres
were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet
Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and
possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It
was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,
as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.
The Soviet Union
had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks,
led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government
which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a
civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the
Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics.
Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph
Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the
Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally
planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and
collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet
Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare
system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid
vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of
industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard
of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting
with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but
was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and
failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the
Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential
counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in
the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of
suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths.
As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system
was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this
consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its
existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for
industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to
the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died
in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and
Kazakhstan.[9][10]
After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany,
Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other
European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World
War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty
with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two
countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact
collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and
bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for
the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the
upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and
Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states
of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist
and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West,
led by the United States.
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the
Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the
Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died
and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced
Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the
Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race,
with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight.
Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was
succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a
brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions
resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last
Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the
economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and
perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the
Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the
constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set
in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite
states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist
governments.
With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist
movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a
dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991
referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of
participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a
renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after
Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing
down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party
hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining
twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states.
The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet
Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state
of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international
ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of
the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military,
ideological and economic significance.
Soviet Union topics History Index
of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October
Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy
Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War
Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions
of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution
Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human
rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State
ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist
Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress
General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet
(1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture
Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product
Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist
Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin
All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia
Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1
Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR
Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925)
Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991)
South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics
in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized
by the majority of the international community such as the United
States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union
officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to
its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz
Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan
Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2
Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan
North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain
1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz
1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari
1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean
1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe
Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan
Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess
Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh
North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet
occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary
Romania Yalta Conference
Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian
People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic
People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria
Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles
Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army
Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991)
Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East
German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956
Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan
demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student
demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests
Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests
Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo
Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian
Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration
and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states
Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions
of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism
in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution
of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events
in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective
Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova
Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union
NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types Alternative
facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception
Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake
news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble
Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation
Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining
Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere
Yellow journalism Books Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa
Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet
Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA Disinformation operations 1995
CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy
theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap
Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat
al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park
protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium
forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker
Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the
2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from
Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain Countering disinformation Active
Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign
Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org
PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda.
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PROFESSIONAL SELLER
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