AFRICA 1985 FULL 2 SETS MARGIN 8 STAMPS ISSUE 100% Original Old Postage
YOU ARE BIDDING ON:Rwanda 1985 - MNH - 8 Stamps - Olympics - Full 2 Margin Pairs Set
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PRODUCT INFO
The history of postage and postage stamps of Rwanda describes the development of postal services in Rwanda, a landlocked nation located in the Great Lakes region of east-central Africa, bordering Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania, with its capital in Kigali .
Rwanda is a member of the Universal Postal Union (UPU; since 1963), and its current national postal operator is the National Post Office (Iposita)[1].
Content
1 Mail development
2 Issues of postage stamps
2.1 German East Africa
2.2 Rwanda-Urundi
2.3 Independence
3 See also
4 Notes
5 Links
Postal development
The first post office opened on September 18, 1922 in Kigali[2]. Then the postal service of Rwanda was merged with the postal service of the Belgian Congo and the main office was in Leopoldville, the administrative center of the Belgian Congo[2].
In accordance with the Brussels Protocol of March 31, 1962, the Belgian government decided to liquidate the Rwanda-Urundi Post and create an autonomous postal service, the Rwandan Post [2].
Issues of postage stamps
German East Africa
The first postage stamps used in what is now known as Rwanda were those of German East Africa, which was a colonial power in the area until 1916, when Belgian troops took over the territory during World War I.
In 1916, the postage stamps of the Belgian Congo were overprinted with fr. "Ruanda" ("Rwanda")[3].
Rwanda-Urundi
Main article: Postal history and postage stamps of Rwanda-Urundi
In 1916-1962, before independence, the postage stamps of Rwanda-Urundi were in circulation[3].
Independence
Francotype of Rwanda, Butare, 1972
The first postage stamps of independent Rwanda were issued on July 1, 1962 [4][5][6].
In 1963, the postage stamps of Rwanda-Urundi were overprinted with the new name of the state: fr. "République Rwandaise" ("Rwandan Republic")[4][3].
In 1964, the first postal block of Rwanda was issued[4].
The postage stamps of Rwanda are characterized by the inscriptions: fr. "République Rwandaise" ("Republic of Rwanda"), "Postes" ("Post")[3].
In 1980, the Rwandan Post issued a series of 8 postage stamps dedicated to the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow[4].
see also
Postal history and postage stamps of German East Africa
Postage stamps and postal history of Rwanda-Urundi
Postage stamps and postal history of Burundi
Notes
Rwanda (English). The UPU: Member countries: Africa. Universal Postal Union. — UPU: Member States: Rwanda. Retrieved 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021.
National Post Office History. Iposita. National Post Office. Retrieved 19 October 2021. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021.
Rwanda // Philatelic geography (foreign countries): Handbook / L. L. Lepeshinsky. - M .: Communication, 1967. - S. 297. - 480 p.
Rwanda // Large Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 246. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2.
Stanley Gibbons Stamp Catalogue: North East Africa. London: Stanley Gibbons, 2013, p. 262. ISBN 9780852598764
https://web.archive.org/web/20180303052747/http://www.stampworldhistory.com/country-profiles-2/africa/rwanda/ Retrieved 12 August 2018.
Extending
across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe,
Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of
environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares
land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and
Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia,
Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares
maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of
Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a
recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18]
Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants,
the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted
Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the
synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture
for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a
number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the
Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in
the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the
surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the
Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of
Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded
through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian
Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from
Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22]
Special administrative regions of the
People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and
"Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as
"Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and
"Chinese Taipei" in short.
he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский
Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this
sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz
Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx
sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)),
abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state
in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of
multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were
highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres
were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet
Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and
possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It
was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,
as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation
in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual
Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact.
The Soviet Union
had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks,
led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government
which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a
civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the
Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics.
Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph
Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the
Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally
planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and
collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet
Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare
system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid
vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of
industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard
of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting
with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but
was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and
failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the
Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential
counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in
the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of
suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths.
As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system
was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this
consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its
existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for
industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to
the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died
in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and
Kazakhstan.[9][10]
After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany,
Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other
European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World
War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty
with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two
countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact
collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and
bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for
the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the
upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and
Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states
of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist
and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West,
led by the United States.
The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the
Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the
Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died
and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced
Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the
Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race,
with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight.
Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was
succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a
brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions
resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last
Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the
economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and
perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the
Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the
constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set
in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite
states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist
governments.
With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist
movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a
dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991
referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of
participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a
renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after
Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing
down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party
hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining
twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states.
The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet
Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state
of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international
ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of
the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military,
ideological and economic significance.
Revolutions
of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism
in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution
of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events
in Latvia
Post-Cold War topics
Baltic Assembly Collective
Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova
Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union
NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group
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