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Documentation:
Jean Paul, also Jean Paul Friedrich Richter, actually Johann Paul Friedrich Richter (* 21. March 1763 in Wunsiedel; † 14. November 1825 in Bayreuth) was a German writer. In terms of literary history, his work lies between the classic and romantic eras. The name change he chose was due to Jean Paul's great admiration for Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Johann Paul Friedrich Richter, who later called himself Jean Paul, was born in Wunsiedel as the son of the teacher and organist Johann Christian Christoph Richter and his wife, the clothmaker's daughter Sophia Rosina, née Kuhn. In 1765 his father became a pastor in Joditz in the Hofer Land (since 1978 a district of the Köditz community), and in 1776 he received a better position in Schwarzenbach an der Saale. The atmosphere of the Protestant country rectory shaped Jean Paul's childhood. He was introduced to the ideas of the Enlightenment less by his conservative father than by a revered teacher and the pastor of the neighboring town of Rehau, Erhard Friedrich Vogel. Away from the political and literary centers of his time, Jean Paul was self-taught and by the age of fifteen had extensive knowledge of books, which he compiled in booklets of excerpts. In 1779, Jean Paul moved to the high school in Hof, where he met Johann Bernhard Hermann, who became a close friend and the role model for many of his fictional characters, such as the body giver in Siebenkäs. A few months later, his father died, plunging the family into severe material hardship. In May 1781, Jean Paul enrolled at the University of Leipzig, but pursued his theology studies with very little enthusiasm. Instead, he began to see himself as a writer: after his first literary experiments, he wrote primarily satires in the style of Jonathan Swift and Christian Ludwig Liscow, which were printed in collected form in 1783 as Greenlandic Trials. After this first publication, however, there were no further successes. In 1784 Jean Paul had to flee from his creditors and returned to Hof to his mother's house as a “failed existence”. How he felt there can be read in his later novel Siebenkäs. In addition to the oppressive poverty of these years, Jean Paul was also burdened by the death of a friend in 1786 and the suicide of his brother Heinrich in 1789. Only when Jean Paul found a living as a private teacher for the Oerthel family in Töpen in 1787 did things improve his plight gradually. The series of his literary successes began in 1793 with the novel The Invisible Lodge. Jean Paul had sent the manuscript to the writer Karl Philipp Moritz, and Moritz was enthusiastic: “Oh no, that's about Goethe, that's something completely new!” he is said to have said, and through his mediation the book quickly found a place Publisher in Berlin. In The Invisible Lodge, Jean Paul, who had previously written his works under the pseudonym JPF Hasus, used the name Jean Paul for the first time out of his admiration for Jean-Jacques Rousseau. But The Invisible Lodge remained a fragment, because Jean Paul dedicated himself to a new novel, Hesperus or 45 Dogpost Days, which was published in 1795. The book, which became the greatest literary success since Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther, made Jean Paul instantly famous. Johann Gottfried von Herder, Christoph Martin Wieland and Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim were enthusiastic about Hesperus - but Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller did not like the novel. At the invitation of his admirer Charlotte von Kalb, Jean Paul visited Weimar in 1796. He was received with respect in the literary center of his time, but the relationship to classics such as Goethe and Schiller remained rather cool and distant. Two years later Jean Paul moved to Weimar; In the meantime he had an impressive number of literary works to his name: Siebenkäs (1796/97), The Life of Quintus Fixlein (1796), The Jubelsenior (1797), The Kampaner Tal (1797). Especially in Weimar, the erotic complications that accompanied Jean Paul throughout his life increased: he became engaged to the Hildburghausen lady-in-waiting Karoline von Feuchtersleben (* 1774, † 1842), which caused some difficulties because of the difference in status - and when these were finally sorted out, Jean Paul disengaged himself again. He also had to continually devise new strategies to avoid marriage with Charlotte von Kalb. But even the marriage-shy Jean Paul ultimately “could not escape his fate”: in the spring of 1800, on a trip to Berlin, he met Karoline Mayer, whom he married a year later. The Berlin trip represented the high point of his literary fame: the Prussian Queen Luise, who had met him at her sister Charlotte's “Little Court of the Muses” in Hildburghausen, was an enthusiastic reader of his works. This brought Jean Paul to move to Berlin in October 1800, where he became friends with, among others, the brothers August Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel as well as Johann Ludwig Tieck, Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher and Johann Gottlieb Fichte. But from the peak of success things gradually went downhill: Jean Paul's next novels Titan (1800–1803) and Flegeljahre (1804/1805) no longer generated the same enthusiasm among readers, although they are now considered his most important works. In 1804 he moved to Bayreuth with his wife and two children after living in Meiningen and then in Coburg from 1801 to 1803. From then on he led a withdrawn life in Bayreuth, interrupted only by a few trips, for example to Bamberg, where he visited ETA Hoffmann, and to Heidelberg, where in 1817, after a hearty punch party, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at Hegel's suggestion. His political statements (for example in Cotta's Morgenblatt) were particularly well received by patriotic students. Jean Paul became a leading figure in German fraternities. During visits to Heidelberg (1817) and Stuttgart (1819) he was even declared the “favorite poet of the Germans”. From 1793 until his death, his closest friends and confidants in Bayreuth included the wealthy Jewish merchant Emanuel Samuel, who became an advisor in Allen family and financial matters and a regular correspondent, as well as the manufacturer and private scholar Georg Christian Otto, with whom Jean Paul has been since who was known to him during his school days and who supported him as a proofreader and well-meaning literary critic. Jean Paul's works from these years, such as Levana or Education (1807) or Dr. Katzenberger's bathing trip (1809) no longer received nearly the attention that Hesperus had received. In 1813, Jean Paul began his last major novel, The Comet, but the death of his son Max in 1821 was a stroke of fate that the author could not get over: The Comet was abandoned and remained a fragment. The last years of his life were marked by illness: in 1823 Jean Paul developed cataracts and gradually went blind. In 1825 he developed dropsy of the chest, from which he died on the 14th. November died. He is buried in the city cemetery in Bayreuth, where he was buried in the grave of his deceased only son. His first tombstone, a pyramid made of black marble, is now in Germanic National Museum in Nuremberg; it was replaced in 1860 by a granite boulder from the Fichtelgebirge. In 1820 the Bavarian Academy of Sciences appointed him as an external member.
Source: Wikipedia
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