Original wood engraving from 1875
Condition: slightly stained at the edges of the sheet, otherwise good - see scan!
Like the text, wood engravings were printed using the letterpress process. They were used in books and magazines from the 19th century. century as illustrations, for this reason they often have text on the back or are integrated into the text.
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Documentation:
Warwick Castle is a medieval castle that developed from a castle built by William the Conqueror in 1068. Warwick is the county town of Warwickshire in England, situated on a bend in the River Avon. The wooden castle was built in the 12th century. Century rebuilt from stone. During the war, the side of the castle facing the city was refortified and now represents one of the best-known examples of 14th-century military architecture. century. The castle was used until the beginning of the 17th century. Century used as a fortress. It was then given by James I to Sir Fulke Greville in 1604, who converted it into a country house. It remained in the hands of the Greville family, who became Earls of Warwick in 1759, until it was purchased by the Tussauds Group in 1978. Warwick Castle is located in the town of Warwick on a sandstone outcrop on a bend in the River Avon. The river that flows below the castle on the east side has eroded the rock on which the castle stands and formed a cliff. The river and the rock form a natural fortification. When construction began in 1068, four houses owned by the Abbot of Coventry were demolished to make room. The location of the castle made it a strategic point to secure the Midlands against rebellion. in the 12th King Henry I was suspicious of Roger de Beaumont, 2nd century Earl of Warwick. To counteract the earl's influence, Henry I endowed Geoffrey de Clinton with a position of power comparable to that of the earl. The lands he was given also included Kenilworth Castle - a castle of comparable size, cost and importance built by Clinton and located some 5 miles to the north. Warwick Castle is about 1 km from Warwick Train Station and less than 2 miles from Junction 15 of the M40 motorway, and is also a short drive from Birmingham International Airport. An Anglo-Saxon burh (fortified place) with fortifications was built on the site in 914 at the initiative of Ethelfleda, daughter of Alfred the Great. The burh she founded was one of ten who defended Mercia from the marauding Danes. Its position enabled it to command the Fosse Way as well as the river valley and ford across the River Avon. Although the moth southwest of the present castle is now called "Ethelfledas Hill". is actually part of the later Norman fortifications, and not of Anglo-Saxon origin. After the Norman conquest of England, William the Conqueror had a castle moth built at Warwick in 1068 to control the Midlands as he advanced further north. The construction of a castle on an existing settlement could require the demolition of older buildings on the proposed site. In the case of Warwick, the least documented of the eleven city castles in the 1086 census, four houses were demolished to make way for the castle to be built. William appointed Henry de Beaumont, the son of a powerful Norman family, as captain of the castle. In 1088 Henry de Beaumont was made the first Earl of Warwick. He founded the Church of All Saints in the castle grounds by 1119, which the Bishop of Worcester removed in 1127-1128, believing that the castle was an unsuitable site for a church. In 1153 the wife of Roger de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Warwick was tricked into believing her husband had been killed and subsequently surrendered control of the castle to the invading army of Henry of Anjou, later King Henry II. According to the Gesta Regis Stephani, a historical document from the 12th In the 19th century, Roger de Beaumont died after hearing that his wife had passed the castle. Henry later returned the castle to the Earls of Warwick for having been supporters of his mother, Empress Matilda, during the Anarchy of 1135-1154. Since 1088 the castle has traditionally belonged to the Earl of Warwick and served as a symbol of his power. The castle was conquered in 1153 by Henry of Anjou, later Henry II. It was used to hold prisoners, including in the 14th Century also some from the battle of Poitiers as well as in the 15. century King Edward IV of England. The Caesar Tower was built between 1330 and 1360. During the reign of King Henry II. (1154-1189) the castle motte was replaced by a stone castle. This new phase of construction took the form of a castle complex, in which all buildings were erected with their backs leaning against the outer ring wall. During the Barons' Rebellion of 1173–1174, the Earl of Warwick remained with King Henry II. loyal to, and the castle was used to store supplies. The castle and lands attached to the county passed through the Beaumont family until 1242. When Thomas de Beaumont, 6th Earl of Warwick, died, the castle and lands passed to his sister, Lady Margery, Countess of Warwick in her own right. Soon after, her husband died too, and while she looked for a suitable new husband, the castle remained the property of King Henry III. When she married John de Plessis in December 1242, the castle was returned to her. During the second barons' rebellion in 1264–67, William Mauduit, 8th Earl of Warwick, a supporter of King Henry III. The castle was destroyed in 1264 in a surprise attack by the forces of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, taken from Kenilworth Castle. The castle walls on the northeast side of the castle were razed to make them unusable for the king. Mauduit and his wife were taken to Kenilworth Castle and held there until a ransom was paid. On the death of William Mauduit in 1268, the title and castle passed to his nephew, William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick, about. After William's death, Warwick Castle was passed down through seven generations within the Beauchamp family, who made most of the additions to the castle over the next 180 years. In 1312 Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall, by Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick, captured and housed at Warwick Castle until his execution on 9th Held captive June 1312. A group of magnates led by Warwick and by Thomas, 2. Earl of Lancaster, accused Gaveston of stealing the royal treasury. Under Thomas de Beauchamp, the 11th Earl, the castle fortifications were strengthened in 1330–1360 on the north-east side with the addition of a gatehouse, a barbican (a form of fortified gate) and two towers, called Caesar's Tower and Guy's Tower, on either side of the rebuilt wall significantly strengthened. The Wassertor Tower (Watergate Tower) also dates from this period. The Bear Tower and the Caesar Tower and the Guy Tower are habitable and may have been inspired by French models (e.g. Chateau de Bricquebec). Both towers are machicolated and Caesar's tower has a unique double crenellated crown. The two towers also feature on each floor stone vault. The Caesar Tower contained a dark basement dungeon; according to local legend, dating back to at least 1644, it is also called the Poitiers Tower, either because prisoners from the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 may have been imprisoned there, or because the ransoms paid after the battle helped its construction to pay. The gatehouse features murder holes, two drawbridges, gates and portcullis, with the gates being of wood and metal. The towers of the gatehouse have machicolations. The façade overlooking the river was designed as a symbol of the power and wealth of the Counts of Beauchamp and would have had "little defence"; this corresponded to a trend in the 14th century. Century, after which castles were more an expression of strength than served military purposes. The line of the Counts of Beauchamp ended in 1449 when Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick, died. Richard Neville became the next Earl of Warwick when he inherited the title from his wife. In the summer of 1469, during the Wars of the Roses, Neville had King Edward IV. imprison at Warwick Castle. Neville (the so-called "Kingmaker") attempted to rule in the King's name, but continued protests from the King's supporters forced the Earl to release the King. Neville was eventually killed in battle against Edward at the Battle of Barnet in 1471. Warwick Castle then passed from Neville to his son-in-law, Edward's brother George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, about. George was executed in 1478 and his lands passed to his son, Edward, who was only two years old, with the lands initially remaining in the custody of the Crown. Due to his claim to the throne, Edward was held captive in the Tower under subsequent kings until he was arrested for treason by Henry VII. was executed in 1499; Edward was the last Earl of Warwick of the first title creation. In the early 1480s, King Richard III. the construction of two turrets, the Bear Tower and the Clarence Tower, which remained unfinished until his death in 1485; with their own wells and furnaces, the towers were independent fortifications from the rest of the castle complex, possibly to protect against garrison mutinies. With the advent of gunpowder, the position of gunner was created in 1486. When the librarian John Leland visited the castle sometime between 1535 and 1543, he noted that: "...this Dungeon now in ruins is located in the west-northwest part of the castle. There is also a west-northwest tower, and through this runs an iron back gate. All the important accommodations of the castle with the Pallas and the chapel are on the south side of the castle, and here the king incurs great expense in building the foundations in the rock to support this side of the castle, for large chunks were broken out of the rock, who supported the castle.” Under the care of the Crown, Warwick Castle has undergone repairs and renovations using around 500 fuders of stone. The castle and the lands associated with the earldom were in the custody of the Crown from the year 1478 until 1547 when they were vested in John Dudley along with the second creation of the Earl of Warwick title. When he asked for ownership of the castle, Dudley said of the state of the castle: "... the castle itself is not sufficient to house a noble baron and his entourage, for the whole of one side of the castle, including the tower with the dungeon are clearly derelict and devastated.” Warwick Castle had fallen into disrepair due to its age and lack of maintenance, and despite his remarks Dudley made no repairs to the castle. Queen Elizabeth I visited the castle in 1566 during her tour of the country and also stayed for four nights in 1572. A frame house was built in the castle for their residence, and Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, ceded the castle to the Queen for her visits. When Ambrose Dudley died in 1590, the title of Earl of Warwick became extinct for the second time. A survey in 1590 found that the castle was still in poor condition and also noted that the lead had been stolen from the roofs of some castle buildings, including the chapel. In 1601 Sir Fulke Greville remarked that "that little stone building which was there was in a great state of decay... so that in a very short time there will be nothing left of it but the name of Warwick". Warwick Castle was granted to Sir Fulke Greville by King James I in 1604. in the 17th In the 19th century, the outdoor facilities were converted into a park. The castle fortifications were strengthened in the 1640s to prepare the castle for combat in the English Civil War. Robert Greville, 2. Baron Brooke, was a Parliamentarian, and Royalist Armed Forces besieged the castle. Warwick Castle withstood the siege and was later used to imprison prisoners taken by the Parliamentarians. The conversion of the castle coincided with a period of decline in the use of castles in the 15th century. and 16. Century; many were either abandoned or converted into comfortable residences for the nobility. In the early 17th In the 19th century Robert Smythson was commissioned to draw up a plan of the castle before any changes were made. In 1604 the ruined castle was given to Sir Fulke Greville by King James I, who converted it into a country house. While the castle was being repaired, it became marginally involved in the Gunpowder Conspiracy of 1605. The conspirators involved awaited news of the outcome of their conspiracy in Dunchurch, Warwickshire. Upon hearing that the plot had failed, they stole cavalry horses from the Warwick Castle stables to escape. When the title of Earl of Warwick was created for the third time in 1618, Warwick Castle was still owned by the Greville family. Fulke Greville gave away more than £20,000 (equivalent to £3m) pounds in 2013) for the renovation of the castle; after William Dugdale, a 17th-century antiquary In the 19th century, this made it "a place not only of great strength but of extraordinary enjoyment, with the very finest gardens, walks and shrubbery unique to this part of England". On the 1st On September 16, 1628, Fulke Greville was murdered in Holborn by his servant: Ralph Haywood - a "gentleman" - stabbed the baron from behind after learning that he had not been included in Greville's will. Greville died of his wounds a few days later. Under Robert Greville, 2. Baron Brooke strengthened Warwick Castle's fortifications between January and May 1642 in preparation for attack during the First English Civil War. The garden walls were raised, bulwarks—barricades of beams and earth for artillery erected—and gunpowder and wheels for two cannon were acquired. Robert Greville was a Member of Parliament and on 7th On August 16, 1642, a royalist force besieged the castle. Greville was not at the castle at the time and the garrison was under the command of Sir Edward Peyto. Spencer Compton, 2. Earl of Northampton, commanded as Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire the Royalist Force. William Dugdale acted as negotiator and asked the castle commander to hand over the castle, but this was refused by this. The besiegers then opened fire on the castle, but this had little effect. According to Richard Bulstrode: '...our efforts at capture accomplished little, for we had but two small guns brought from Compton House and belonging to the Earl of Northampton, and these were carried to the top of the church tower to fire them at the firing castle, which they could not cause damage to, but only incite fear within the castle; these, in turn, fired back into the street, killing several of our men.” The siege ended on the 23rd. August 1642 when the garrison was attacked by the forces of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, who forced the Royalists to withdraw to Worcester. After the Battle of Edgehill in 1642 - the first field battle of the English Civil War - prisoners were imprisoned in Caesar's Tower and Guy's Tower. Prisoners were again held at the castle during the Second English Civil War, including those taken at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. A garrison including artillery and stores was maintained at the castle between 1643 and 1660, numbering 302 soldiers at its greatest strength. In 1660 the English Council of State ordered the castle commandant opposite to disband the garrison and give the castle to Francis Greville, 4th hand over to Baron Brooke. The state rooms were by this time outdated and in poor condition. Extensive modernization of the interior was carried out by Roger and William Hurlbutt, master carpenters from Warwick, in 1669-1678. To ensure that they were in keeping with the latest tastes, William was sent to Dorset to make careful notes on the interiors of Kingston Lacy Castle, recently completed for Sir Ralph Bankes to designs by Sir Roger Pratt. At 4. By November 1695 the castle was in good enough condition to accommodate a visit from King William III. The east side of Warwick Castle painted by Canaletto in 1752 Francis Greville, 8th Baron Brooke, undertook a renewed program of improvements to Warwick Castle and its grounds. the 8th Baron Brooke was also im Awarded the title of Earl of Warwick in 1759 as the fourth title creation. With the reinstatement of the title, the castle was again in the hands of the Earls of Warwick. Daniel Garrett's work in Warwick is documented for 1748; Howard Colvin credits him with the Gothic decor of the chapel. Lancelot "Capability" Brown had been there since 1749. Brown, who by this time was still Head of Gardens at Stowe and had yet to establish his reputation as the chief representative of English landscape gardens, was hired by Lord Brooke to provide Warwick Castle with a 'natural' connection to the river. Brown simplified the long, narrow course of the river by turning it in turns through the patch of grass that ran right up to the bank, bounded at each end by dense clumps of native trees. A meandering path gave the impression of greater distance between the front gates and the castle entrance. Horace Walpole saw Brown's mature plans in 1751 and wrote in a letter: "The castle is charming. I liked the sight more than I can express; the River Avon cascaded at his feet in a waterfall. It is well planned by a certain Brown, who banked on a few ideas from Kent and Mr. Southcote.' In 1754 the poet Thomas Gray, who was a member of Walpole's gothic circle, commented disdainfully on the activities at the castle : added sash windows to the large apartment... and since he was told square sash windows aren't Gothic, he had some inlay work put into the windows to make them look like fretwork. Then he hollowed out the massive wall a little to create an alcove for his small form and children, draped in paper wallpaper and printed linen, and sculpted chimney pieces, in exactly the manner of Berkley Place or the Argyle Buildings.” Gray's mention of the Argyle Buildings in Westminster, London, linked them to an inappropriately modern Georgian town-planning project, as the buildings on Argyll Street allude to designs by James Gibbs from before 1736– 1740 was meant. Greville commissioned the Italian painter Antonio Canaletto to paint Warwick Castle in 1747 when the castle grounds and park were undergoing landscaping by Brown became. Five paintings and three drawings of the castle by Canaletto are known, making the castle his most frequently depicted building in Britain. Canaletto's Warwick Castle works have been called "unique in art history for being a series of views of an English country house by a great Continental master". In addition to the park, Greville also commissioned Brown to redesign the outer entrance hall and stairwell leading to the Great Hall. Brown also contributed Gothic designs for a wooden bridge over the Avon (1758). He was still working on Warwick Castle in 1760. Timothy Lightoler was responsible for the enlargement of the outer entrance hall and the addition of additional rooms adjoining it between 1763 and 1769, and in the same years William Lindley created a new dining room and other changes to the interior. In 1786-88 the local master builder, William Eboral, was commissioned to build a new orangery, the chief ornament of which was the Warwick Vase, recently acquired in Rome. In 1802 George Greville, 2nd Earl of Warwick, the new £115,000 (equivalent to eight million £2013) in debt. The Earl's estates, including Warwick Castle, were given to the Earl of Galloway and John Fitzpatrick, 2nd King in 1806. Earl of Upper Ossory, but the castle was returned to the Earls of Warwick in 1813. The Great Hall was re-roofed and restored to Gothic taste by Ambrose Poynter in 1830-1831. Anthony Salvin was responsible for the restoration of Watertor Tower in 1861–1863. The castle was largely damaged by a fire in 1871 that broke out east of the Great Hall. Although the Great Hall was completely destroyed, the rest of the facility remained intact. Salvin's restorations and repairs during 1872–1875 were supported by donations from the public totaling £9,651 (equivalent to £670,000 in 2013). people had had the castle since the end of the 17th century. Century visited, and this gained in the 19. century in importance. In 1858 Queen Victoria visited the 4th Earl under great local celebrations. However, by 1885 it appeared that visitors to the count more and became more of a nuisance, prompting the Count to close the castle off to visitors, causing consternation in the town. A local report noted: "One day last week, eight American visitors staying in one of the main hotels left in a hurry, having been denied entry to the castle." It reopened soon after, and from 1900 had a ticket office and employed a permanent tourist guide. In 1936, Arthur Mee enthused not only that "these walls have seen something of the splendor of every generation of our [English] history," with rooms "rich in treasure beyond all dreams of greed," but also that "their Spaces are open to anyone who wants to see them". The collection of armor on display at Warwick Castle ranks second only to that of the Tower of London. through the 20th Through the 19th century, successive Earls expanded its tourism potential until, in 1978, after 374 years in the Greville family, it was sold to a media and entertainment conglomerate, the Tussauds Group, who reopened it as a tourist attraction. Tussauds carried out extensive restoration work on the château and grounds. In 2001, Warwick Castle was included in the British Tourist Board's list of 10 most beautiful British historic buildings and monuments; the list also includes the Tower of London, Stonehenge and Edinburgh Castle. Warwick Castle was recognized as Britain's Best Castle by the Good Britain Guide in 2003. At that time it was visited by more than half a million visitors a year. The castle is an Official Historic Monument in recognition of its importance as an archaeological site or historic building of "National Importance" protected against unauthorized modification and is also a Level I listed building, together with its perimeter wall, stables, Orangery, Mill and Garden House. In May 2007 Tussauds Group was purchased by Merlin Entertainments who continue to operate the castle on lease after selling ownership of it to Nick Leslaus Prestbury group on 17th April 2007. sold in July 2007. On the 23rd On June 20, 2006, a £20,000 stained glass window was smashed by teenage vandals and a ceremonial sword stolen, soon to be destroyed could then be recovered.
(Source: Wikipedia)