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Craniometry (Latin cranium 'skull' and Greek μέτρον métron, German 'measure', German skull measurement) is a sub-area of ​​morphometry and thus of quantitative anatomy. Together with the cranioscopy, the description of the characteristics, or of craniology[1] it forms a part of phrenology ("skull theory").[2] Based on morphometric skull features, both in humans and in animals, e.g. B. Make species and gender assignments. These questions are important in anthropology, ethnology and forensics, among others. The measurement of skulls plays a role today, especially in archeology and paleoanthropology, in order to assign skull finds. Craniometry is a direct measurement method in which the dimensions of the living or dead body part are recorded mechanically. It is not to be confused with its counterpart in radiology, cephalometry, in which the measurements are taken indirectly from the X-ray image, which is a projection of the bony structures. For this purpose, the data from the sonography must also be calculated. In 1764 Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton published a first outstanding contribution to craniometry: Mémoire sur les différences de la situation du grand trou occipital dans l'homme et dans les animaux 'On the different position of the large occipital foramen in humans and animals'. Six years later, the publication of lectures by the artist and anatomist Peter Camper followed with a list of craniometric methods. This work was fundamental for the following development. Above all, Camper's name has become immortalized in the anthropological literature through the angle of view he found. The expanding comparisons of human and animal skulls caused the first subdivisions of craniometric research when, in the 19th century, Century the number of scientific craniometric studies increased rapidly. Paul Pierre Broca from France and Thomas Henry Huxley from England, who also conducted comparative racial research in humans, drew far-reaching comparisons between animals and humans. Anders Adolf Retzius from Stockholm developed a system to record and classify the skull in several dimensions. Increasingly, racist ideologies made use of craniometric theories. Camper's work had already brought non-European humans close to non-human apes, a view that lasted until the mid 20th Century was even represented by scientists. In the early 19th In the 19th century, Franz Josef Gall tried to gain insights into the character traits of people by examining the shape of their skulls. It should also be possible to draw conclusions about intellectual abilities. For example, one should be able to identify a murderer or thief by having specific skull and face proportions. The anatomist and physiologist Theodor von Bischoff concluded from the results of craniometry that women were intellectually inadequate to pursue an academic profession. Craniometric methods have found use in medicine, anthropology, and the fine arts.[5] Anthropologists took upon themselves a great historical debt when, in the spirit of the prevailing biologism, they wanted to provide a scientific foundation for the racial fanaticism of National Socialism. The population was to be divided into races on the basis of skull proportions and thus to be used for government programs such as Lebensborn or the killing of "unworthy life" as part of Action T4. Despite all efforts, craniometry did not succeed in proving alleged racial characteristics such as large noses and ears in Jewish people in a scientifically reliable manner. For a thorough description of this grim chapter in the history of science, see Stephen Jay Gould (The Mismeasure of Man, 1981). Most of the historical measurement points are related to the bony skull. The glabella (the most protruding point of the frontal bone in the midline) is the anterior endpoint, opisthocranion the posterior endpoint of the largest longitudinal diameter of the skull. Eurion is the lateral end point of the largest skull width on both sides. Orbitale is the lowest point of the eye socket. Nasion is the middle of the seam between the nasal bone and the frontal bone. Pogonion is the most anterior point of the mandible in the midline, gnathion is the widest projection, menton is the lowest point. The gonion is the middle of the transition between the body and the ascending branch of the lower jaw on both sides. Bregma is the intersection of dart and collar seams. Lambda is the intersection of arrow and lambda seam. Zygion is the extreme point of the zygomatic arch on both sides. Porion is the auditory canal, more precisely: the highest point of the bony auditory canal opening. Mastoid is the lowest point of the mastoid prominence. Basion is the middle of the anterior border of the foramen magnum in the base of the skull. Inion is the outermost protrusion of the occipital bone. Vertex is the highest point of the skull aligned parallel to the German Horizontal. Other points are defined by the soft tissues of the head: tragion lies between the tragus and the auricle. Otobasion inferius is the deepest, Otobasion superior is the highest attachment point of the auricle. Endocanthion is the inner and exocanthion is the outer corner of the eye. Trichion is the midline front hairline. Since the demise of craniometry in the 20th Century, most designations are no longer in use. Some points are still used in plastic surgery. The German horizontal still serves as an adjustment aid for X-rays and computed tomography of the head. The relationships between peoples, on the other hand, are now primarily researched using genetic methods, for example by analyzing polymorphisms.
Source: Wikipedia