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Baron Conrad von Hotzendorf

Historical picture document from Illustrirte Zeitung from 1916 (no reprint - no copy)

Image format (without border) 5 x 7.5 cm - printed on the reverse.

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Documentation:
Franz Xaver Josef Conrad von Hötzendorf, from 1910 Baron Conrad von Hötzendorf, from 1918 Count Conrad von Hötzendorf, from 1919 Franz Conrad[1][2] (* 11. November 1852 in Penzing near Vienna; † 25 August 1925 in Mergentheim, Württemberg) was Chief of the General Staff for the entire armed force of Austria-Hungary when the First World War broke out in 1914, and from 1916 Field Marshal. Conrad, who had previously unsuccessfully proposed preventive wars by the monarchy against Italy and Serbia, played an important role in the July Crisis that led to the outbreak of World War I. Conrad came from an Austrian family of officers and civil servants. His great-grandfather was raised to the hereditary nobility in 1815. The name of Hötzendorf goes back to grandmotherly ancestors from Bavaria. His father Franz Xaver Conrad von Hötzendorf (1793-1878), also spelled Hetzendorf, was a lieutenant in the Chevauleger regiment "Freiherr von Vincent" No. 4 and took part in the Battle of the Nations near Leipzig. In the revolution of 1848 he fought the Viennese revolutionaries. He was badly wounded in the process, which resulted in a bitterness against the 1848 revolutionaries and their ideas, which later also influenced his son Franz. This was not born until 1852 from a woman who was 32 years his junior, a daughter of the painter Josef Kügler, when his father had already retired with the rank of colonel of the hussars. As a schoolboy, Franz developed a keen interest in natural sciences. Natural laws were more important to him than religious beliefs.[5] Conrad later developed into a vehement advocate of social Darwinism.[6] From autumn 1863 Conrad attended the Hainburg Cadet School, from autumn 1867 the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt, where he was retired at the end of August 1871 as a lieutenant in Feldjäger Battalion 11. In the fall of 1874, Conrad passed the entrance exam for the war school and completed his general staff training in the fall of 1876. On the 1st On 1 May 1877 he became a first lieutenant and served as a staff officer with the 6. Cavalry Brigade in Kosice. At 16. August 1878 he was assigned to the General Staff of the 4. Assigned to the Infantry Troops Division and took part in the formation of the 3. Corps in the occupation campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in September 1879 in the invasion of Sanjak Novi Pazar.[7] on the 1st On 1 May 1879 he was promoted to captain in the General Staff Corps. During the winter months of 1882, Conrad was involved in fighting the Montenegrin uprising in involved in Krivošije in southern Dalmatia.[8] Conrad had been given the task of informing the individual division commanders of the mobilization plans, as well as to climb up with the middle column in the Orjen, the center of the insurgents. These orders were issued on August 8th. February 1882 sent from Herzeg Novi by Conrad to the troops involved.[9] on the 10th On April 1, 1886, Conrad married his fiancée Vilma (1860–1905), daughter of August von Le Beau, director of engineering, in Lemberg, although he had difficulty raising the marriage deposit required for officers. He had four sons with Vilma, Konrad (call name Kurt 1887-1918), Erwin (1888-1965), Herbert (1891-1914, killed at Rawa-Ruska) and Egon (1896-1965) - all of them later became officers.[ 10] On the 29th. October 1883 he became Chief of Staff of the 11. Infanterietruppendivision in Lemberg and established its reputation as a great innovator, for example by enforcing maneuvers in the field instead of exercises only on the parade ground. In 1887 he returned to Vienna with his family, initially to the office for operational and special general staff work.[11] on the 1st On November 1, 1887 he was promoted to major and took over an office for operational general staff work in Vienna until September of the following year. From the 10th From September 1888 to the autumn of 1892, Conrad was a major tactics teacher at the Imperial and Royal War School in Vienna, where he was killed on 1 September 1888. Promoted to lieutenant colonel in May 1890. Conrad was a popular teacher and many of his students at the time were senior officers, often devoted to him, a quarter of a century later in World War I. In October 1892 he was commissioned as a battalion commander of the 93. move infantry regiment to Olmütz[12] and was sent on 1. Promoted to Colonel May 1893. He was then a member of the commission for assessing staff officer aspirants.[13] From the 16th October 1895 to 8. April 1899 was on 9. On April 1, 1899, Conrad became commander of the 55. appointed infantry brigade in Trieste and on 1. Promoted to Major General in May of the same year. There he suppressed an uprising by Italian dockworkers by force of arms and became convinced that the Italian claims to Trentino and Trieste made a settlement of the differences inevitable.[14] Conrad as Field Marshal Lieutenant 1906 On 8. On September 19, 1903, Conrad took over the leadership of the 8. Infanterietruppendivision in Innsbruck and was on 1. Promoted to Field Marshal Lieutenant in November. In the army as an operative Thinker and also known for his modern, war-related training methods, he was born on 18. November 1906, at the suggestion of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne, was appointed Chief of Staff for the entire armed force by Emperor Franz Joseph I by handwritten letter of the highest authority;[15] he thereby became the successor to Feldzeugmeister Friedrich Freiherr von Beck- Rzikowsky. The heir to the throne, who was approaching power due to the age of the emperor, wanted to place his own confidants in key positions.[16] Conrad was now operationally responsible for any wartime deployment of the joint army, the Navy and the Landwehr of the two states of the monarchy (the kk Landwehr and the ku Honved). He was exclusively subordinate to the emperor and king as commander-in-chief and to the representative appointed by him for reasons of age, until 1914 Franz Ferdinand, then to the army commander Archduke Friedrich. In 1910 Conrad was raised to the rank of baron, but his dispute with Foreign Minister Graf Aehrenthal, who rejected the preventive wars propagated by Conrad, led to a conflict on 3 August 1910. December 1911 to his dismissal by the Kaiser. At an audience on 15 On November 19, 1911, the Emperor Conrad had made accusations: “These constant attacks, especially the accusations about Italy and the Balkans, which keep repeating themselves, are directed against me, I make politics, that’s my politics! My policy is a policy of peace. Everyone must conform to my policy.”[17] A scandal about his affair with the married Gina Reininghaus, who later became his second wife, also played a role.[18] On 12. On December 1, 1912 (Aehrenthal had died in the meantime), the heir to the throne was re-engaged during the Balkan Wars. In May 1913, Conrad tried in vain to solve the affair of Colonel d. G. Alfred Redl.[19] Although the heir to the throne had campaigned for his reappointment, their relationship deteriorated noticeably and almost led to Conrad's dismissal again in the summer of 1913.[20] Conrad was one of the main supporters of an immediate war against the Kingdom of Serbia in response to the assassination of the heir to the throne in Sarajevo in the summer of 1914. He wanted to begin the attack as soon as he heard the news of the assassination, but Berchtold and Emperor Franz Joseph considered an investigation and diplomatic preparation necessary. A "surprise strike" against Serbia, as Germany did after the "blank check" of 5./6. July expected, the monarchy lacked the political and military prerequisites. Conrad only wanted to achieve a state of war, which politicians had often prevented against his will, and to rule out any possibility of peace.[31] After the ultimatum to Serbia, Conrad urged the emperor and the foreign minister: Given the mood in the army, a return to a state of peace was not possible.[32] After the Emperor and King's decision to declare war, he positioned the Austro-Hungarian army's main focus against Serbia, but after Russia's entry into the war, he had to transfer large parts of the troops to Galicia, where the Russian attack was expected. The resulting delay and the underestimation of the Russian enemy in particular almost led to Austria-Hungary leaving the war early. However, with massive German support, Conrad succeeded in recapturing the parts of Galicia and Bukovina occupied by Russia, conquering Serbia and Montenegro as well as Romania and organizing a stable front against Italy. After the recapture of Lemberg, Conrad was killed on April 23. Promoted to Generaloberst in June 1915. Cooperation with the German Supreme Army Command (OHL) was soon clouded. Conrad complained that the head of the second OHL, Erich von Falkenhayn, only saw the "weaker brother" in the ally, whom he refused to acknowledge in order to "put all successes on his account". According to Conrad, Falkenhayn was striving "to pave the way for Germany's hoped-for hegemony over Austria."[33] Conrad counted himself on the side of Tirpitz, on the other side he saw Falkenhayn and Bethmann Hollweg.[34] Conrad always advocated the offensive, Falkenhayn paid homage to the strategy of exhaustion. Personal communication between the two commanders finally broke off completely in the spring of 1916.[35] Conrad was a staunch supporter of the monarchy's far-reaching war aims. Even before 1914 he was constantly emphasizing the need for a preventive war against the "treacherous ally" Italy.[36] From November 1915 Conrad besieged Foreign Minister Burián verbally, but also in endless memoranda conquering the Balkans to annex territories. Even before the end of the decisive campaign against Serbia and Montenegro at the beginning of November 1915, he said “that only the complete incorporation of Serbia and Montenegro into the monarchy (at least as an inseparable federal state) can prevent the danger that would arise with an independent Serbia and Montenegro, these too no matter how small, would be connected. They remained (independently) the focus of agitation for our opponents, primarily Russia and Italy, and would complicate the military situation of the monarchy in every war.”[37] However, Hungary in particular resisted an annexationist policy because of an imbalance within of the monarchy and deteriorated peace conditions after the war were feared.[38] When Conrad wanted to get the annexation of Montenegro and northern Albania through the emperor in February 1916, he replied: What, that too? This is too much! Conrad replied: Yes, but it is necessary. (An) independent Albania is impossible.[39] Hungarian Prime Minister István Tisza appeared to Conrad as a great adversary, a nightmare, although the two maintained a good basis for discussion; He saw the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Burián in his tow as the Horn of Tisza. The overwhelming political clout of Hungary and Tisza would be opposed over here (meaning Austria) to an idiot, namely Stürgkh. Conrad therefore tried to bring about the overthrow of Prime Minister Stürgkh at the beginning of 1916 and stood in for the Imperial and Royal Interior Minister Konrad zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst as successor and counterweight to Tisza's Hungary.[40] However, Conrad was unsuccessful with these intrigues. In the absence of major military successes, Conrad and the people from the kuk army high command did not have the political weight that would have enabled them, as in the case of the third GHQ in Germany, to dominate the civilian authorities. Army Commander-in-Chief was in place of the then 86-year-old Emperor until 2. December 1916 Archduke Friedrich. He gave Conrad, the Chief of the General Staff under his command, a largely free hand. After the death of Franz Joseph I. December 1916 the young Emperor Karl I personally took over the supreme command. Archduke Friedrich functioned until his dismissal on November 11. February 1917 as his deputy. Conrad was on the 23rd. November 1916 was appointed kuk field marshal, but his influence increased greatly away. He was killed by Charles I against his will on January 1st. Replaced as Chief of the General Staff by Arthur Arz von Straußenburg on March 1, 1917, but later took over command of the south-west front against Italy in Tyrol under pressure from the Kaiser in order to make the Italians believe that the next main attack by the kuk forces would take place on this front.[ 41] After the failed June offensive (from Asiago to the lower Piave) and the failed offensive on Monte Grappa, Conrad was captured on June 14. July, with effect from 15. July 1918 also relieved by Karl of his position as commander of the army group in Tyrol. In order not to let this decision appear too harsh, the emperor elevated him to the rank of count and appointed him honorary colonel of all imperial guards in Vienna.[42] The breakup of the monarchy a few months later, Conrad believed, was the result of the failure to hear his warnings and predictions.
Source: Wikipedia

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