1799, Naples (Parthenopean Republic). Scarce Copper 4 Tornesi Coin. Fine!

Mint Place: Naples  
Denomination: 4 Tornesi
Mint Year: 1799 (Year 7)
Reference: KM-226 ($75 in Fine!).
Condition: Minor deposits, otherwise as well-circulated F-aVF!
Diameter: Copper
Weight: 10.96gm
Diameter: 29mm

Obverse: Phrygian cap of liberty on top of fasces.
Legend: REPUBLICA NAPOLITANA Reverse:

Reverse: Value in words (TORNE SI QUAT TRO = "4 Tornesi") within wreath.
Legend: ANNO SETTIMO DELLA LIBERTY ("Year 7 of the Liberty (referring to the French Revolution)!")

 

The Parthenopean Republic (Italian: Repubblica Partenopea) was a French First Republic-supported republic in the territory of the Kingdom of Naples, formed during the French Revolutionary Wars after King Ferdinand IV fled before advancing French troops. The republic existed from 21 January 1799 to 13 June 1799, when Ferdinand's kingdom was re-established.

On the outbreak of the French Revolution King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Queen Maria Carolina did not at first actively oppose reform; but   after the fall of the French monarchy they became violently opposed to   it, and in 1793 joined the first coalition against France, instituting severe persecutions against all who were remotely suspected of French sympathies. Republicanism, however, gained ground, especially among the aristocracy.

In 1796 peace with France was concluded, but in 1798, during Napoleon's absence in Egypt and after Nelson's victory at the Battle of the Nile, Maria Carolina induced Ferdinand to go to war with France once more. Nelson himself arrived to Naples in September 1798, where he was enthusiastically received. The   Neapolitan army had 70,000 men hastily summoned under the command of the Austrian general Karl von Mack: on November 29 it entered Rome, which had been evacuated by the French, to restore the Papal authority. But after a sudden French counterattack his troops were   forced to retreat, and eventually routed. A contemporary satirist said   of the king's conquest of Rome: He came, he saw, he fled.

The king hurried back to Naples. Although the lazzaroni (the lowest class of the people) were devoted to the Bourbon dynasty and ready to defend it, he embarked on Nelson's Vanguard and fled with his court to Palermo in a panic. The prince Francesco Pignatelli Strongoli took over the city and the fleet was burned.

The wildest confusion prevailed, and the lazzaroni massacred   numbers of persons suspected of republican sympathies, while the   nobility and the educated classes, finding themselves abandoned by their   king, began to contemplate a republic under French auspices to avoid anarchy. On January 12, 1799, Pignatelli signed in Sparanise the surrender to the French general Championnet. Pignatelli also fled to Palermo in January 16, 1799.

When the news of the treaty with the French reached Naples and the provinces, the lazzaroni rebelled. Those, though ill-armed and ill-disciplined, resisted the enemy with desperate courage. In the meantime the Jacobin and Republican parties of Naples surged, and civil war broke out. On 20 January 1799 the Republicans conquered the fortress of Castel Sant'Elmo, and therefore the French could enter the city. The casualties were 8,000 Neapolitans and 1,000 French.

On 21 January 1799 the Parthenopean Republic was proclaimed. An   unofficial alternate name, the Parthenopaean Republic, referred to an   ancient Greek colony Parthenope on the site of the future city of Naples. The Republic had no real   domestic constituency, and existed solely due to the power of the French   Army. The Republic's leaders were men of culture, high character and   birth, such as Gennaro Serra, The Prince of Cassano, but they were   doctrinaire and impractical, and they knew very little of the lower   classes of their own country. The new government soon found itself in   financial difficulties, owing to Championnet's demands for money (he was   later relieved for graft); it failed to organise an army (and thus   dependant on French protection), and met with little success in its   attempts to "democratise" the provinces.

Meanwhile the court at Palermo sent Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo, a wealthy and influential prelate, to Calabria to organize a counter-revolution. He succeeded beyond expectation, and with his "Christian army of the Holy Faith" (Esercito Cristiano della Santa Fede),   consisting of brigands, convicts, peasants and some soldiers, marched   through the kingdom plundering, burning and wantoly killing supporters   of the Republic. An English squadron approached Naples and occupied the   island of Procida, but after a few engagements with the Republican fleet commanded by Francesco Caracciolo, an ex-officer in the Bourbon navy, it was recalled to Palermo, as the Franco–Spanish fleet was expected.

Ruffo, supported by the Russian and Turkish ships under command of Admiral Ushakov, now marched on the capital, whence the French, except for a small force under Méjean, withdrew. The scattered Republican detachments were defeated, only Naples and Pescara holding out.

On 13 June 1799 Ruffo and his troops reached Naples, and after a desperate battle at the Ponte della Maddalena, entered the city. For weeks the Calabresi and lazzaroni continued to pillage and massacre, and Ruffo was unable, even if   willing, to restrain them. But the Royalists were not masters of the   city, for the French in Castel Sant'Elmo and the Republicans in Castel Nuovo and Castel dell'Ovo still held out and bombarded the streets, while the Franco–Spanish   fleet might arrive at any moment. Consequently Ruffo was desperately   anxious to come to terms with the Republicans for the evacuation of the   castles, in spite of the queen's orders to make no terms with the   rebels. After some negotiation the parties concluded an armistice and   agreed on capitulation (onorevole capitolazione), whereby the   castles were to be evacuated, the hostages liberated and the garrisons   free to remain in Naples unmolested or to sail for Toulon.

While the vessels were being prepared for the voyage to Toulon all   the hostages in the castles were liberated save four; but on 24 June   1799 Nelson arrived with his fleet, and on hearing of the capitulation   he refused to recognise it except insofar as it concerned the French.

Ruffo indignantly declared that once the treaty was signed, not only   by himself but by the Russian and Turkish commandants and by the British   Captain Edward Foote,   it must be respected, and on Nelson's refusal he said that he would not   help him to capture the castles. On 26 June 1799 Nelson changed his   attitude and authorised Sir William Hamilton,   the British minister, to inform the cardinal that he (Nelson) would do   nothing to break the armistice; while Captains Bell and Troubridge wrote   that they had Nelson's authority to state that the latter would not   oppose the embarcation of the Republicans. Although these expressions   were equivocal, the Republicans were satisfied and embarked on the   vessels prepared for them. But on June 28 Nelson received despatches   from the court (in reply to his own), in consequence of which he had the   vessels brought under the guns of his ships, and many of the   Republicans were arrested. Caracciolo, who had been caught whilst   attempting to escape from Naples, was tried by a court-martial of   Royalist officers under Nelson's auspices on board the admiral's   flagship, condemned to death and hanged at the yard arm.

On 10 July 1799, King Ferdinand entered the bay of Naples on a Neapolitan frigate, the Sirena. At four o'clock that afternoon, he went aboard the British Foudroyant, which was to be his headquarters for the next four weeks.

Of some 8,000 political prisoners, 99 were executed, including Prince   Gennaro Serra, who was publicly beheaded, and others, such as the   intellectual Mario Pagano who had written the republican constitution; the scientist Domenico Cirillo; Gabriele Manthoné, the minister of war under the republic; Massa, the defender of Castel dell'Ovo; Ettore Carafa, the defender of Pescara, who had been captured by treachery; and Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel, court-poet turned revolutionary and editor of il Monitore Napoletano, the newspaper of the republican government. More than 500 other people were imprisoned (222 for life), 288 were deported and 67 exiled. The subsequent censorship and oppression of all political movement was far more debilitating for Naples.

After these events were reported in Britain, Charles James Fox denounced Nelson in the House of Commons for the admiral's part in "the atrocities at the Bay of Naples".