NIUE 1937 KGVI CORONATION SET ON HIS MAJESTY'S SERVICE FIRST DAY COVER REGISTERED COVER No. 91 FDC |
Niue (/ˈnjuːeɪ/,[12] /niːˈjuːeɪ/; Niuean: Niuē)is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,400 kilometres(1,500 mi) northeast of New Zealand.Niue's land area is about 261 square kilometres (101 sq mi)[5] andits population, predominantly Polynesian,was about 1,600 in 2016. Niue is located in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands.It is 604 kilometres northeast of Tonga. The island is commonly referred to as"The Rock", which comes from the traditional name "Rock of Polynesia".[13] Niue is one of the world'slargest coralislands. The terrain ofthe island has two noticeable levels. The higher level is made up of a limestone cliff running along the coast, with aplateau in the centre of the island reaching approximately 60 metres (200 feet)above sea level. The lower level is a coastal terrace approximately 0.5 km(0.3 miles) wide and about 25–27 metres (80–90 feet) high, which slopes downand meets the sea in small cliffs. A coral reef surroundsthe island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central westerncoast, close to the capital, Alofi.
Niue is a self-governing statein free association with New Zealand,and New Zealand conducts most diplomatic relations on its behalf. As part ofthe Realm of New Zealand, Niueans are citizens ofNew Zealand and CharlesIII is Niue's head of state inhis capacity as King of New Zealand. Between 90% and 95% ofNiuean people live in New Zealand,[14] alongwith about 70% of the speakers of the Niuean language.[15] Niue is a bilingual country,with 30% of the population speaking both Niuean and English.The percentage of monolingual English-speaking people is only 11%, while 46%are monolingual Niuean speakers.
Niue is not a member of the United Nations (UN),but UN organisations have accepted its status as a freely associated state asequivalent to independence for the purposes of international law.[16] As such, Niue is a member ofsome UN specialised agencies (such as UNESCO[17] andthe WHO),[18] and is invited, alongside theother non-UN member state, the Cook Islands,to attend United Nations conferences open to "all states".[19] Niue has been a member of the Pacific Community since1980.
Niue is subdivided into 14 villages (municipalities).Each village has a council that elects its chairperson. The villages are at thesame time electoral districts; each village sends an assemblyperson to the Niue Assembly (parliament).[20] A small and democratic nation, Niueans hold legislative elections everythree years.
Polynesians from Samoa settled Niue around 900 AD. Furthersettlers arrived from Tonga inthe 16th century.[21]
Until the beginning of the 18th century,Niue appears to have had no national government or national leader; chiefs and heads of families exercisedauthority over segments of the population. A succession of patu-iki (kings) ruled,beginning with Puni-mata. Tui-toga, who reigned from 1875 to 1887, was thefirst Christian king.[22]
The first Europeans to sight Niue sailedunder Captain JamesCook in 1774. Cook made three attempts to land, but theinhabitants refused to grant permission to do so. He named the island"Savage Island" because, as legend has it, the natives who"greeted" him were painted in what appeared to be blood. Thesubstance on their teeth was hulahula, a native red fe'i banana.[23] For the next couple ofcenturies, Niue was known as Savage Island until its original name,"Niue", which translates as "behold the coconut",[24] regaineduse.
Whaling vessels were some of the mostregular visitors to the island in the nineteenth century. The first on recordwas the Fanny in February 1824. The last known whaler to visitwas the Albatross in November 1899.[25]
The next notable European visitorsrepresented the London Missionary Society; they arrived onthe Messenger of Peace. After many years of trying to land aEuropean missionary, they abducted a Niuean named Nukai Peniamina andtrained him as a pastor atthe Malua TheologicalCollege in Samoa.[26] Peniamina returned in 1846 onthe John Williams as a missionary withthe help of Toimata Fakafitifonua. He was finally allowed to land in Uluvehi Mutalau after a number of attempts inother villages had failed. The chiefs of Mutalau village allowed him to landand assigned over 60 warriors to protect him day and night at the fort inFupiu.
In July 1849 Captain John Erskine visited the islandin HMS Havannah.[27]
Christianity was first taught to theMutalau people before it spread to all the villages. Originally other majorvillages opposed the introduction of Christianity and had sought to killPeniamina. The people from the village of Hakupu, although the last village toreceive Christianity, came and asked for a "word of God"; hence,their village was renamed "Ha Kupu Atua" meaning "any word ofGod", or "Hakupu" for short.
In 1889 the chiefs and rulers of Niue, in aletter to Queen Victoria, asked her "to stretch outtowards us your mighty hand, that Niue may hide herself in it and be safe".[28] Afterexpressing anxiety lest some other nation should take possession of the island,the letter continued: "We leave it with you to do as seems best to you. Ifyou send the flag of Britain that is well; or if you send a Commissioner toreside among us, that will be well".[28] TheBritish did not initially take up the offer. In 1900 a petition by the CookIslanders asking for annexation included Niue "if possible".[28] Ina document dated 19 October 1900, the "King" and Chiefs of Niueconsented to "Queen Victoria taking possession of this island". Adespatch to the Secretary of State for the Colonies fromthe Governor of New Zealand referred to theviews expressed by the Chiefs in favour of "annexation" and to thisdocument as "the deed of cession". A British Protectorate wasdeclared, but it remained short-lived. Niue was brought within the boundariesof New Zealand on 11 June 1901 by the same Order and Proclamation as the CookIslands. The Order limited the islands to which it related by reference to anarea in the Pacific described by co-ordinates, and Niue, at 19.02 S., 169.55 W,lies within that area.[28]
The New Zealand Parliament restoredself-government in Niue with the 1974 constitution, following a referendum in 1974 in which Niueans hadthree options: independence, self-government or continuation as a New Zealandterritory. The majority selected self-government, and Niue's writtenconstitution[29] was promulgated as supremelaw. Robert Rex,ethnically part European, part native, was elected by the Niue Assembly asthe first premier, a position he held until his death 18years later. Rex became the first Niuean to receive a knighthood – in 1984.
In January 2004 Cyclone Heta hitNiue, killing two people and causing extensive damage to the entire island,including wiping out most of the south of the capital, Alofi.
On March 7, 2020, the International Dark Sky Association announcedthat Niue had become the first Dark Sky Preserve Nation.[30] On 29 September 2022,President JoeBiden announced that the United States wouldrecognize Niue as a sovereign nation.[31]
The Niue Constitution Act of 1974 vestsexecutive authority in His Majesty the King in Right of New Zealand andin the Governor-General of New Zealand.[32] The Constitution specifiesthat everyday practice involves the exercise of sovereignty by Cabinet,composed of the Premier (currently Dalton Tagelagi since11 June 2020) and of three other ministers. The Premier and ministers aremembers of the Niue Assembly, the nation's parliament.
The Assembly consists of 20 members, 14 ofthem elected by the electors of each village constituency,and six by all registered voters in all constituencies.[33] Electors must be New Zealandcitizens, resident for at least three months, and candidates must be electorsand resident for 12 months. Everyone born in Niue must register on theelectoral roll.[34]
Niue has no political parties; all Assemblymembers are independents.The only Niuean political party to have everexisted, the Niue People's Party (1987–2003), won once (in 2002) before disbanding thefollowing year.[35]
The Legislative Assembly elects a Speakeras its first official in the first sitting of the Assembly following anelection. The speaker calls for nominations for premier; the candidate with themost votes from the 20 members is elected. The premier selects three othermembers to form a Cabinet, the executive arm of government.[36] General elections take place every threeyears, most recently on 30 May 2020.
The judiciary, independent of the executiveand the legislature, includes a High Court and a Court of Appeal, with appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council inLondon.[37]
Niue has operated as a self-governing statein free association with New Zealand since 3September 1974, when the people endorsed the Constitution in a plebiscite.[38][39] Niue is fully responsible forits internal affairs. Niue's position concerning its external relations is lessclear-cut. Section 6 of the Niue Constitution Act provides that:"Nothing in this Act or in the Constitution shall affect theresponsibilities of Her Majesty the Queen in right of New Zealand for theexternal affairs and defence of Niue." Section 8 elaborates but stillleaves the position unclear:
Effect shallbe given to the provisions of sections 6 and 7 [concerning external affairs anddefence and economic and administrative assistance respectively] of this Act,and to any other aspect of the relationship between New Zealand and Niue whichmay from time to time call for positive co-operation between New Zealand andNiue after consultation between the Prime Minister of New Zealand and the Premier of Niue,and in accordance with the policies of their respective Governments; and, if itappears desirable that any provision be made in the law of Niue to carry outthese policies, that provision may be made in the manner prescribed in theConstitution, but not otherwise."
Niue has a representative mission (High Commission)in Wellington,New Zealand.[40]
Initially, Niue's foreign relations anddefence were the responsibility of New Zealand.[41]: 207 However, Niue graduallybegan to develop its own foreign relations, independent of New Zealand.[41]: 208 It is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and of a number ofregional and international agencies. It is not a member of the United Nations,but is a state party to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,the Ottawa Treaty and the Treaty of Rarotonga. The country became amember state of UNESCO on26 October 1993.[42] It established diplomaticrelations with the People's Republic of China on 12 December2007.[43] Thejoint communique signed by Niue and China differs in its treatment of the Taiwan question from that agreed by NewZealand and China. New Zealand "acknowledged" China's position on Taiwan but has never expressly agreedwith it, but Niue "recognises that there is only one China in the world,the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal governmentrepresenting the whole of China and Taiwan is an inalienable part of theterritory of China."[43] Niueestablished diplomatic relations with India on 30 August 2012.[44] On 10 June 2014 the Governmentof Niue announced that Niue had established diplomatic relations with Turkey.The Honourable Minister of Infrastructure Dalton Tagelagi formalisedthe agreement at the Pacific Small Island States Foreign Ministers meeting inIstanbul, Turkey.[45]
People of Niue have fought as part of theNew Zealand military. During World War I (1914-1918),Niue sent about 200 soldiers as part of the New Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalion inthe New Zealand forces.[46]
Niue is not a republic, but for a number of years the ISOlist of country names (ISO3166-1) listed its full name as "the Republic of Niue". Inits newsletter of 14 July 2011, the ISO acknowledged that this was a mistakeand the words "the Republic of" were deleted from the ISO list ofcountry names.[47]
Niue has no regular indigenous militaryforces; defence is the responsibility of New Zealand.[48]
Niue is a 269 km2 (104 sq mi) raised coral atoll in the southernPacific Ocean, east of Tonga.[49] There are three outlying coral reefs within the Exclusive Economic Zone, with no land area:
1. Beveridge Reef,240 km (150 mi) southeast, submerged atoll drying during low tide, 9.5 km(5.9 mi) north-south, 7.5 km (4.7 mi) East-West, totalarea 56 km2 (22 sq mi), no land area,lagoon 11 metres (36 ft) deep.
2. AntiopeReef, 180 km (110 mi) northeast, a circular plateau approximately 400metres (1,300 ft) in diameter, with a least depth of 9.5 metres(31 ft).
3. Haran Reef(also known as Harans Reef), 294 km (183 mi) southeast.
Besides these, Albert Meyer Reef, (almost5 km (3.1 mi) long and wide, least depth 3 m (9.8 ft),326 km (203 mi) southwest) is not officially claimed by Niue, and theexistence of HaymetRocks (1,273 km (791 mi) east-southeast) is in doubt.
Niue is one of the world's largest coral islands. The terrain consists ofsteep limestone cliffsalong the coast with a central plateau rising to about 60 metres(200 ft) above sea level. A coral reef surroundsthe island, with the only major break in the reef being in the central westerncoast, close to the capital, Alofi. A number of limestone caves occur near the coast.
The island is roughly oval in shape (with a diameter of about 18 kilometres(11 mi)), with two large bays indenting the western coast, Alofi Bay inthe centre and Avatele Bayin the south. Between these is the promontory of Halagigie Point. A smallpeninsula, TePā Point (Blowhole Point), is close to the settlement of Avatelein the southwest. Most of the population resides close to the west coast,around the capital, and in the northwest.
Some of the soils are geochemically veryunusual. They are extremely weathered tropical soils, with high levels of ironand aluminium oxides (oxisol)and mercury, and they contain high levels of natural radioactivity. There is almost no uranium, but the radionucleides Th-230 and Pa-231 headthe decay chains.This is the same distribution of elements as found naturally on very deepseabeds, but the geochemical evidence suggests that the origin of these elementsis extreme weathering ofcoral and brief sea submergence 120,000 years ago.Endothermal upwelling, by which mild volcanic heat draws deep seawater upthrough the porous coral, almost certainly contributes.[50]
No adverse health effects from theradioactivity or the other trace elements have been demonstrated, andcalculations show that the level of radioactivity is probably much too low tobe detected in the population. These unusual soils are very rich in phosphate,but it is not accessible to plants, being in the very insoluble form of iron phosphate,or crandallite. It is thought that similar radioactive soils may exist on Lifou and Mare near New Caledonia,and Rennell in the Solomon Islands,but no other locations are known.
According to the World Health Organization,residents are evidently very susceptible to skin cancer. In 2002 Niue reportedskin cancer deaths at a rate of 2,482 per 100,000 people – far higher than anyother country.[51]
Niue is separated from New Zealand by the International Date Line. The time differenceis 23 hours during the Southern Hemisphere winter and 24 hours when New Zealanduses Daylight Saving Time.
The island has a tropical rainforest climate (Af)according to the Köppen climate classification with hightemperatures and rainfall throughout the year. Although there are no true wetor dry seasons, there is a noticeably wetter stretch from October to May.
Environment[edit]
A leader in green growth,Niue is also focusing on solar power provision, with help from the European Union.[53][54] However, Niue currently dealswith one of the highest rates of greenhouse gasproduction per capita in the world.[55] This must be consideredhowever in the context of the small population, and the installed generatingcapacity of between 833 kW to 1MW. Niue aims to become 80% renewable by2025.[56][57][58] The Niue Island OrganicFarmers Association is currently paving way to a Multilateral Environmental Agreement (MEA)committed to making Niue the world's first fully organic nationby 2020.[59][60][61]
In July 2009 a solar panel systemwas installed, injecting about 50 kW into the Niue national power grid.This is nominally 6% of the average 833 kW electricity production. Thesolar panels are at Niue High School (20 kW), Niue Power Corporation office,(1.7 kW)[62] and the Niue Foou Hospital (30 kW). TheEU-funded grid-connected photovoltaic systems are supplied underthe REP-5 programme and were installed recently by the Niue Power Corporationon the roofs of the high school and the power station office and onground-mounted support structures in front of the hospital. They will bemonitored and maintained by the NPC.[63] In2014 two additional solar power installations were added to the Niue nationalpower grid, one funded under PALM5 of Japan is located outside of theTuila power station – so far only this has battery storage, the other underEuropean Union funding is located opposite the Niue International Airport Terminal.
See also: Niue Nukutuluea
Niue is part of the Tongan tropical moist forests terrestrialecoregion.[64] Theisland is home to approximately 60 native or pre-European plants, andapproximately 160 naturalised flowering plant species.[65] Comparedto other Polynesian islands, Niue has sparse documentation for what plants weretraditionally found on the island (almost no records are found between thedocumentation by James Cook's crew in 1774, and Truman G. Yuncker'sbotanical survey of the island in 1940).[65]
The Huvalu Forest Conservation Area isa 5,400 ha site on the eastern side of the island. It was established in1992 and protects the largest area of primary forest inNiue.[66] It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because itsupports populations of crimson-crowned fruit doves, blue-crowned lorikeets, Polynesian trillers and Polynesian starlings.[67]
Niue's gross domestic product (GDP) wasNZ$17 million in 2003,[68] or US$10 million at purchasing power parity.[69] ItsGDP had increased to US$24.9 million by 2016.[70] Niue uses the New Zealand dollar.
The Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP) isthe national development plan, setting national priorities for development. Cyclone Heta setthe island back about two years from its planned timeline to implement theNISP, since national efforts concentrated on recovery efforts. In 2008, Niuehad yet to fully recover. After Heta, the government made a major commitment torehabilitate and develop the private sector.[71] In 2004 the New Zealandgovernment allocated $1 million for the private sector,[72] and spent it on helpingbusinesses devastated by the cyclone, and on construction of the FonuakulaIndustrial Park. This industrial park isnow completed and some businesses are already operating from there. TheFonuakula Industrial Park is managed by the Niue Chamber of Commerce, anot-for-profit organisation providing advisory services to businesses.
Joint ventures
The government and the Reef Group from NewZealand started two joint ventures in 2003 and 2004 to develop fisheries and a120-hectare noni juiceoperation.[73] Noni fruit comes from Morindacitrifolia, a small tree with edible fruit. Niue Fish Processors Ltd (NFP)is a joint venture company processing fresh fish, mainly tuna (yellowfin, bigeye and albacore), for export to overseas markets. NFP operates out of astate-of-the-art fish plant in Amanau Alofi South, completed and opened inOctober 2004.[74]
Trade
Niue is negotiating free trade agreements with other Pacificcountries, PICTA Tradein Services (PICTA TIS), Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union,and PACERPlus withAustralia and New Zealand. The Office of the Chief Trade Adviser (OCTA)has been set up to assist Niue and other Pacific countries in the negotiationof the PACERPlus.
Mining
In August 2005, an Australian miningcompany, Yamarna Goldfields, suggested that Niue might have the world's largestdeposit of uranium. By early September these hopes were seen as overoptimistic,[75] and in late October thecompany cancelled its plans, announcing that exploratory drilling hadidentified nothing of commercial value.[76] The Australian Securities and Investments Commission filedcharges in January 2007 against two directors of the company, now called MiningProjects Group Ltd, alleging that their conduct had been deceptive and thatthey engaged in insider trading.[77] This case was settled out ofcourt in July 2008, both sides withdrawing their claims.[78]
Remittances fromexpatriates were a major source of foreign exchange in the 1970s and early1980s. Continuous migration to New Zealand has shifted mostmembers of nuclear and extended families there,removing the need to send remittances back home. In the late 1990s, PFTACconducted studies on the balance of payments,[79] which confirmed that Niueansare receiving few remittances but are sending more money overseas.
Foreign aid
Foreign aid is a significant source ofincome, accounting for approximately a third of Niue's annual governmentrevenue.[80] Most aid comes from New Zealand,[69] whichhas a legal obligation to provide economic and administrative assistance.[81] Other sources of revenue forthe government are taxation and trading activities, such as philatelic servicesand the lease of phone lines.[82]
Offshore banking
The government briefly considered offshorebanking. Under pressure from the US Treasury,Niue agreed to end its support for schemes designed to minimise tax incountries like New Zealand. Niue provides automated Companies Registration,administered by the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development.The Niue Legislative Assembly passed the Niue Consumption Tax Act in the firstweek of February 2009, and the 12.5% tax on goods and services was expected totake effect on 1 April 2009. Income tax has been lowered, and import tax may bereset to zero except for "sin" items like tobacco, alcohol and soft drinks.Tax on secondary income has been lowered from 35% to 10%, with the stated goalof fostering increased labour productivity.[83]
Internet
In 1997, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA),under contract with the US Department of Commerce, assigned the Internet UsersSociety-Niue (IUS-N), a private nonprofit, as manager of the .nu top-level domain onthe Internet. IUS-N's charitable purpose was – and continues to be – to userevenue from the registration of .nu domain names to fund low-cost or freeInternet services for the people of Niue. In a letter to ICANN in 2007, IUS-N's independentauditors reported IUS-N had invested US$3 million for Internet services in Niuebetween 1999 and 2005 from .nu domain name registration revenue during thatperiod. In 1999, IUS-N and the Government of Niue signed an agreement wherebythe Government recognised that IUS-N managed the .nu ccTLD under IANA'sauthority and IUS-N committed to provide free Internet services to governmentdepartments as well as to Niue's private citizens. A newly elected governmentlater disputed that agreement and attempted to assert a claim on the domainname, including a requirement for IUS-N to make direct payments of compensationto the government.[84] In 2005, aGovernment-appointed Commission of Inquiry into the dispute released itsreport, which found no merit in the government's claims; the governmentsubsequently dismissed the claims in 2007.[85] Starting in 2003, IUS-N beganinstalling Wi-Fi connectionsthroughout the capital village of Alofi and in several nearby villages andschools, and has been expanding Wi-Fi coverage into the outer villages sincethen, making Niue the first Wi-Fi nation.[86] To assure security forgovernment departments, IUS-N provides the government with a secure DSLconnection to IUS-N's satellite Internet link, at no cost.
On Dec 16, 2020, the Government of Niuecommenced an action to "redelegate" its national webspace, .nu, fromthe Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), thesupranational non-profit that coordinates top-level domains to ensure thestable operation of the internet, in order to assign control of the .nu domainto the Government of Niue.[87]
Agriculture is very important to thelifestyle of Niueans and the economy, and around 204 square kilometres of theland area are available for agriculture.[88] Subsistence agriculture is very much partof Niue's culture, where nearly all the households have plantations of taro.[89] Tarois a staplefood, and the pink taro now dominant in the taro markets in NewZealand and Australia is a product of Niue. This is one of the naturallyoccurring taro varieties on Niue, and has a strong resistance to pests. TheNiue taro isknown in Samoa as "talo Niue" and in international markets as pinktaro. Niue exports taro to New Zealand. Tapioca or cassava, yams and kumara alsogrow very well,[69] asdo different varieties of bananas. Coconut meat, passionfruit and limes dominatedexports in the 1970s, but in 2008 vanilla, noni and taro were the main export crops.
Most families grow their own food crops forsubsistence and sell their surplus at the Niue Makete in Alofi, or export toNew Zealand.[90] Coconut crab,or uga, is also part of the food chain;it lives in the forest and coastal areas.[91]
In 2003, the government made a commitmentto develop and expand vanilla productionwith the support of NZAID.Vanilla has grown wild on Niue for a long time. The industry was devastated by Cyclone Heta inearly 2004, but has since recovered.[92]
The last agricultural census was in 1989.[93]
Tourism is one of the three priority economic sectors (the other two arefisheries and agriculture) for economic development. In 2006, estimated visitorexpenditure reached US$1.6 million (equivalent to about $2M in 2022)making tourism a major industry for Niue. Niue will continue to receive directsupport from the government and overseas donor agencies. The only airport is Niue International Airport. Air New Zealand isthe sole airline, flying twice a week from Auckland.[94] In the early 1990s NiueInternational Airport was served by a local airline, Niue Airlines,but it closed in 1992.
There is a tourism development strategy toincrease the number of rooms available to tourists at a sustainable level. Niueis trying to attract foreign investors to invest in the tourism industry byoffering import and company tax concessions as incentives. New Zealandbusinessman EarlHagaman, founder of Scenic Hotel Group, was awarded a contract in2014 to manage the Matavai Resort in Niue after he made a $101,000 political donationto the New Zealand National Party, which at that timeled a minority government in New Zealand. The resort is subsidized by NewZealand, which wants to bolster tourism there. In 2015 New Zealand announced$7.5m in additional funding for expansion of the resort. The selection of theMatavai contractor was made by the Niue Tourism Property Trust, whose trusteesare appointed by New Zealand Foreign Affairs minister Murray McCully.Prime Minister JohnKey said he did not handle campaign donations, and that Niuepremier TokeTalagi has long pursued tourism as a growth strategy. McCullydenied any link between the donation, the foreign aid and the contractorselection.[95]
Niue became the world's first dark sky country inMarch 2020. The entire island maintains standards oflight development and keeps light pollution limited. Visitors will be able toenjoy guided Astro-tours led by trained Niuean community members. Viewing siteswhich are used for whale-watching and accessing the sea, as well as the roadsthat cross the island, make ideal viewing locations.[96]
The sailing season begins in May. Alofi Bayhas many mooring buoys and yacht crews can lodge at Niue Backpackers.[97] The anchorage in Niue is oneof the least protected in the South Pacific. Other challenges of the anchorageare a primarily coral bottom and many deep spots.[98] Mooring buoys are attached toseine floats that support the mooring lines away from seabed obstructions.[99]
On 27 October 2016, Niue officiallydeclared that all its national debt was paid off.[100] Thegovernment plans to spend money saved from servicing loans on increasingpensions and offering incentives to lure expatriates back home. However, Niueis not entirely independent. New Zealand pays $14 million in aid each year andNiue still depends on New Zealand economically. Premier Toke Talagi said Niuemanaged to pay off US$4 million of debt and had "no interest" inborrowing again, particularly from huge powers such as China.[100]
The first computers were Apple machinesbrought in by the University of the South Pacific ExtensionCentre around the early 1980s. The Treasury Department computerised its generalledger in 1986 using NEC personalcomputers that were IBMPC XT compatible.[citationneeded] The Census of Households andPopulation in 1986 was the first to be processed using a personal computer withthe assistance of David Marshall, FAO Adviser on AgriculturalStatistics, advising UNFPA DemographerDr Lawrence Lewis and Niue Government Statistician Bill Vakaafi Motufoou to switch fromusing manual tabulation cards. In 1987 Statistics Niue got its new personalcomputer NEC PC AT use for processing the 1986 census data; personnel were senton training in Japan and New Zealand to use the new computer. The firstComputer Policy was developed and adopted in 1988.[101]
In 2003, Niue became the first country inthe world to provide state-funded wireless internet toall inhabitants.[102][103]
In August 2008 it has been reported thatall school students have what is known as the OLPC XO-1,a specialised laptop by the One Laptop per Child project designed forchildren in the developing world.[104][105] Niue was also a location oftests for the OpenBTS project,which aims to deliver low-cost GSM base stations builtwith open source software.[106] In July 2011, Telecom Niuelaunched pre-paid mobile services (Voice/EDGE – 2.5G) as Rokcell Mobile basedon the commercial GSM product of vendor Lemko. Three BTS sites will cover thenation. International roaming is not currently available. The fibre optic cablering is now completed around the island (FTTC), Internet/ADSL services wererolled out towards the end of 2011.[citationneeded]
In January 2015 Telecom Niue completed thelaying of the fibre optic cable around Niue connecting all the 14 villages,making land line phones and ADSL internet connection available to households.
Niue was connected to the Manatua Fibre Cable in 2021.[107]
The following demographic statistics arefrom the CIA World Factbook.[108]
· Niuean 65.4%
· Part-Niuean14%
· Non-Niuean20.6% (includes 12% European and Asian and8% Pacific Islanders)
· EkalesiaNiue (Congregational Christian Church of Niue –a Protestant church founded by missionaries from the London Missionary Society)61.7%
· Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 8.7%
· Catholic 8.4%
· Jehovah's Witnesses 2.7%
· Seventh-day Adventist 1.4%
· Other 8.2%
· None 8.9%
· Niuean (official)46% (a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan)
· English (official)11%
· Niuean andothers 5%,
· Other 6%
Niue is the birthplace of New Zealandartist and writer JohnPule. Author of The Shark That Ate the Sun, he alsopaints tapacloth inspired designs on canvas.[110] In 2005, he co-wrote Hiapo:Past and Present in Niuean Barkcloth, a study of a traditional Niueanartform, with Australian writer and anthropologist Nicholas Thomas.[111] Matafetu Smith foundedthe first Niuean women's weaving group in Auckland.[112][113]
Taoga Niue isa new Government Department responsible for the preservation of culture,tradition and heritage. Recognising its importance, the Government has addedTaoga Niue as the sixth pillar of the Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP).[114]
Niue has two broadcast outlets, Television Niue and Radio Sunshine,managed and operated by the Broadcasting Corporation of Niue, and onenewspaper, the NiueStar.[115]
In 2004 Cyclone Heta destroyedthe Huanaki Cultural Centre & Museum. Thedamage resulted in the destruction of the buildings, but also the loss of over90% of the museum's collections.[116][117][118] In 2018 Fale Tau Tāoga Museum opened, a newnational museum for Niue.[119]
Due to the island location and the factthat the Niue produce a significant array of fruits and vegetables, naturallocal produce, especially coconut, features in many of the dishes of theislands as does fresh seafood.
Despite being a small country, a number ofsports are popular. Rugbyunion is the most popular sport, played by both men and women;Niue was the 2008 FORU Oceania Cup champions.[120] Netball is played only by women. There isa nine-hole golfcourse at Fonuakula and a single lawn bowling green.[121] Association Football is apopular sport, as evidenced by the Niue Soccer Tournament, though the Niue national football team has playedonly two matches. Rugby league isalso a popular sport. Niue Rugby League have only started making strides withinthe international arena since their first ever test match against Vanuatu,going down 22–20 in 2013. On 4 October 2014, the Niue rugby league team recordtheir first ever international test match win defeating the Philippines 36–22.In May 2015, Niue Rugby League recorded their second international test matchwin against the South African Rugby League side, 48–4. Niue now sit 31st in theRugby League World Rankings.
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In July 2009 a solar panel systemwas installed, injecting about 50 kW into the Niue national power grid.This is nominally 6% of the average 833 kW electricity production. Thesolar panels are at Niue High School (20 kW), Niue Power Corporation office,(1.7 kW)[62] and the Niue Foou Hospital (30 kW). TheEU-funded grid-connected photovoltaic systems are supplied underthe REP-5 programme and were installed recently by the Niue Power Corporationon the roofs of the high school and the power station office and onground-mounted support structures in front of the hospital. They will bemonitored and maintained by the NPC.[63] In2014 two additional solar power installations were added to the Niue nationalpower grid, one funded under PALM5 of Japan is located outside of theTuila power station – so far only this has battery storage, the other underEuropean Union funding is located opposite the Niue International Airport Terminal.
See also: Niue Nukutuluea
Niue is part of the Tongan tropical moist forests terrestrialecoregion.[64] Theisland is home to approximately 60 native or pre-European plants, andapproximately 160 naturalised flowering plant species.[65] Comparedto other Polynesian islands, Niue has sparse documentation for what plants weretraditionally found on the island (almost no records are found between thedocumentation by James Cook's crew in 1774, and Truman G. Yuncker'sbotanical survey of the island in 1940).[65]
The Huvalu Forest Conservation Area isa 5,400 ha site on the eastern side of the island. It was established in1992 and protects the largest area of primary forest inNiue.[66] It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because itsupports populations of crimson-crowned fruit doves, blue-crowned lorikeets, Polynesian trillers and Polynesian starlings.[67]
Niue's gross domestic product (GDP) wasNZ$17 million in 2003,[68] or US$10 million at purchasing power parity.[69] ItsGDP had increased to US$24.9 million by 2016.[70] Niue uses the New Zealand dollar.
The Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP) isthe national development plan, setting national priorities for development. Cyclone Heta setthe island back about two years from its planned timeline to implement theNISP, since national efforts concentrated on recovery efforts. In 2008, Niuehad yet to fully recover. After Heta, the government made a major commitment torehabilitate and develop the private sector.[71] In 2004 the New Zealandgovernment allocated $1 million for the private sector,[72] and spent it on helpingbusinesses devastated by the cyclone, and on construction of the FonuakulaIndustrial Park. This industrial park isnow completed and some businesses are already operating from there. TheFonuakula Industrial Park is managed by the Niue Chamber of Commerce, anot-for-profit organisation providing advisory services to businesses.
Joint ventures
The government and the Reef Group from NewZealand started two joint ventures in 2003 and 2004 to develop fisheries and a120-hectare noni juiceoperation.[73] Noni fruit comes from Morindacitrifolia, a small tree with edible fruit. Niue Fish Processors Ltd (NFP)is a joint venture company processing fresh fish, mainly tuna (yellowfin, bigeye and albacore), for export to overseas markets. NFP operates out of astate-of-the-art fish plant in Amanau Alofi South, completed and opened inOctober 2004.[74]
Trade
Niue is negotiating free trade agreements with other Pacificcountries, PICTA Tradein Services (PICTA TIS), Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union,and PACERPlus withAustralia and New Zealand. The Office of the Chief Trade Adviser (OCTA)has been set up to assist Niue and other Pacific countries in the negotiationof the PACERPlus.
Mining
In August 2005, an Australian miningcompany, Yamarna Goldfields, suggested that Niue might have the world's largestdeposit of uranium. By early September these hopes were seen as overoptimistic,[75] and in late October thecompany cancelled its plans, announcing that exploratory drilling hadidentified nothing of commercial value.[76] The Australian Securities and Investments Commission filedcharges in January 2007 against two directors of the company, now called MiningProjects Group Ltd, alleging that their conduct had been deceptive and thatthey engaged in insider trading.[77] This case was settled out ofcourt in July 2008, both sides withdrawing their claims.[78]
Remittances fromexpatriates were a major source of foreign exchange in the 1970s and early1980s. Continuous migration to New Zealand has shifted mostmembers of nuclear and extended families there,removing the need to send remittances back home. In the late 1990s, PFTACconducted studies on the balance of payments,[79] which confirmed that Niueansare receiving few remittances but are sending more money overseas.
Foreign aid
Foreign aid is a significant source ofincome, accounting for approximately a third of Niue's annual governmentrevenue.[80] Most aid comes from New Zealand,[69] whichhas a legal obligation to provide economic and administrative assistance.[81] Other sources of revenue forthe government are taxation and trading activities, such as philatelic servicesand the lease of phone lines.[82]
Offshore banking
The government briefly considered offshorebanking. Under pressure from the US Treasury,Niue agreed to end its support for schemes designed to minimise tax incountries like New Zealand. Niue provides automated Companies Registration,administered by the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development.The Niue Legislative Assembly passed the Niue Consumption Tax Act in the firstweek of February 2009, and the 12.5% tax on goods and services was expected totake effect on 1 April 2009. Income tax has been lowered, and import tax may bereset to zero except for "sin" items like tobacco, alcohol and soft drinks.Tax on secondary income has been lowered from 35% to 10%, with the stated goalof fostering increased labour productivity.[83]
Internet
In 1997, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA),under contract with the US Department of Commerce, assigned the Internet UsersSociety-Niue (IUS-N), a private nonprofit, as manager of the .nu top-level domain onthe Internet. IUS-N's charitable purpose was – and continues to be – to userevenue from the registration of .nu domain names to fund low-cost or freeInternet services for the people of Niue. In a letter to ICANN in 2007, IUS-N's independentauditors reported IUS-N had invested US$3 million for Internet services in Niuebetween 1999 and 2005 from .nu domain name registration revenue during thatperiod. In 1999, IUS-N and the Government of Niue signed an agreement wherebythe Government recognised that IUS-N managed the .nu ccTLD under IANA'sauthority and IUS-N committed to provide free Internet services to governmentdepartments as well as to Niue's private citizens. A newly elected governmentlater disputed that agreement and attempted to assert a claim on the domainname, including a requirement for IUS-N to make direct payments of compensationto the government.[84] In 2005, aGovernment-appointed Commission of Inquiry into the dispute released itsreport, which found no merit in the government's claims; the governmentsubsequently dismissed the claims in 2007.[85] Starting in 2003, IUS-N beganinstalling Wi-Fi connectionsthroughout the capital village of Alofi and in several nearby villages andschools, and has been expanding Wi-Fi coverage into the outer villages sincethen, making Niue the first Wi-Fi nation.[86] To assure security forgovernment departments, IUS-N provides the government with a secure DSLconnection to IUS-N's satellite Internet link, at no cost.
On Dec 16, 2020, the Government of Niuecommenced an action to "redelegate" its national webspace, .nu, fromthe Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), thesupranational non-profit that coordinates top-level domains to ensure thestable operation of the internet, in order to assign control of the .nu domainto the Government of Niue.[87]
Agriculture is very important to thelifestyle of Niueans and the economy, and around 204 square kilometres of theland area are available for agriculture.[88] Subsistence agriculture is very much partof Niue's culture, where nearly all the households have plantations of taro.[89] Tarois a staplefood, and the pink taro now dominant in the taro markets in NewZealand and Australia is a product of Niue. This is one of the naturallyoccurring taro varieties on Niue, and has a strong resistance to pests. TheNiue taro isknown in Samoa as "talo Niue" and in international markets as pinktaro. Niue exports taro to New Zealand. Tapioca or cassava, yams and kumara alsogrow very well,[69] asdo different varieties of bananas. Coconut meat, passionfruit and limes dominatedexports in the 1970s, but in 2008 vanilla, noni and taro were the main export crops.
Most families grow their own food crops forsubsistence and sell their surplus at the Niue Makete in Alofi, or export toNew Zealand.[90] Coconut crab,or uga, is also part of the food chain;it lives in the forest and coastal areas.[91]
In 2003, the government made a commitmentto develop and expand vanilla productionwith the support of NZAID.Vanilla has grown wild on Niue for a long time. The industry was devastated by Cyclone Heta inearly 2004, but has since recovered.[92]
The last agricultural census was in 1989.[93]
Tourism is one of the three priority economic sectors (the other two arefisheries and agriculture) for economic development. In 2006, estimated visitorexpenditure reached US$1.6 million (equivalent to about $2M in 2022)making tourism a major industry for Niue. Niue will continue to receive directsupport from the government and overseas donor agencies. The only airport is Niue International Airport. Air New Zealand isthe sole airline, flying twice a week from Auckland.[94] In the early 1990s NiueInternational Airport was served by a local airline, Niue Airlines,but it closed in 1992.
There is a tourism development strategy toincrease the number of rooms available to tourists at a sustainable level. Niueis trying to attract foreign investors to invest in the tourism industry byoffering import and company tax concessions as incentives. New Zealandbusinessman EarlHagaman, founder of Scenic Hotel Group, was awarded a contract in2014 to manage the Matavai Resort in Niue after he made a $101,000 political donationto the New Zealand National Party, which at that timeled a minority government in New Zealand. The resort is subsidized by NewZealand, which wants to bolster tourism there. In 2015 New Zealand announced$7.5m in additional funding for expansion of the resort. The selection of theMatavai contractor was made by the Niue Tourism Property Trust, whose trusteesare appointed by New Zealand Foreign Affairs minister Murray McCully.Prime Minister JohnKey said he did not handle campaign donations, and that Niuepremier TokeTalagi has long pursued tourism as a growth strategy. McCullydenied any link between the donation, the foreign aid and the contractorselection.[95]
Niue became the world's first dark sky country inMarch 2020. The entire island maintains standards oflight development and keeps light pollution limited. Visitors will be able toenjoy guided Astro-tours led by trained Niuean community members. Viewing siteswhich are used for whale-watching and accessing the sea, as well as the roadsthat cross the island, make ideal viewing locations.[96]
The sailing season begins in May. Alofi Bayhas many mooring buoys and yacht crews can lodge at Niue Backpackers.[97] The anchorage in Niue is oneof the least protected in the South Pacific. Other challenges of the anchorageare a primarily coral bottom and many deep spots.[98] Mooring buoys are attached toseine floats that support the mooring lines away from seabed obstructions.[99]
On 27 October 2016, Niue officiallydeclared that all its national debt was paid off.[100] Thegovernment plans to spend money saved from servicing loans on increasingpensions and offering incentives to lure expatriates back home. However, Niueis not entirely independent. New Zealand pays $14 million in aid each year andNiue still depends on New Zealand economically. Premier Toke Talagi said Niuemanaged to pay off US$4 million of debt and had "no interest" inborrowing again, particularly from huge powers such as China.[100]
The first computers were Apple machinesbrought in by the University of the South Pacific ExtensionCentre around the early 1980s. The Treasury Department computerised its generalledger in 1986 using NEC personalcomputers that were IBMPC XT compatible.[citationneeded] The Census of Households andPopulation in 1986 was the first to be processed using a personal computer withthe assistance of David Marshall, FAO Adviser on AgriculturalStatistics, advising UNFPA DemographerDr Lawrence Lewis and Niue Government Statistician Bill Vakaafi Motufoou to switch fromusing manual tabulation cards. In 1987 Statistics Niue got its new personalcomputer NEC PC AT use for processing the 1986 census data; personnel were senton training in Japan and New Zealand to use the new computer. The firstComputer Policy was developed and adopted in 1988.[101]
In 2003, Niue became the first country inthe world to provide state-funded wireless internet toall inhabitants.[102][103]
In August 2008 it has been reported thatall school students have what is known as the OLPC XO-1,a specialised laptop by the One Laptop per Child project designed forchildren in the developing world.[104][105] Niue was also a location oftests for the OpenBTS project,which aims to deliver low-cost GSM base stations builtwith open source software.[106] In July 2011, Telecom Niuelaunched pre-paid mobile services (Voice/EDGE – 2.5G) as Rokcell Mobile basedon the commercial GSM product of vendor Lemko. Three BTS sites will cover thenation. International roaming is not currently available. The fibre optic cablering is now completed around the island (FTTC), Internet/ADSL services wererolled out towards the end of 2011.[citationneeded]
In January 2015 Telecom Niue completed thelaying of the fibre optic cable around Niue connecting all the 14 villages,making land line phones and ADSL internet connection available to households.
Niue was connected to the Manatua Fibre Cable in 2021.[107]
The following demographic statistics arefrom the CIA World Factbook.[108]
· Niuean 65.4%
· Part-Niuean14%
· Non-Niuean20.6% (includes 12% European and Asian and8% Pacific Islanders)
· EkalesiaNiue (Congregational Christian Church of Niue –a Protestant church founded by missionaries from the London Missionary Society)61.7%
· Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 8.7%
· Catholic 8.4%
· Jehovah's Witnesses 2.7%
· Seventh-day Adventist 1.4%
· Other 8.2%
· None 8.9%
· Niuean (official)46% (a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan)
· English (official)11%
· Niuean andothers 5%,
· Other 6%
Niue is the birthplace of New Zealandartist and writer JohnPule. Author of The Shark That Ate the Sun, he alsopaints tapacloth inspired designs on canvas.[110] In 2005, he co-wrote Hiapo:Past and Present in Niuean Barkcloth, a study of a traditional Niueanartform, with Australian writer and anthropologist Nicholas Thomas.[111] Matafetu Smith foundedthe first Niuean women's weaving group in Auckland.[112][113]
Taoga Niue isa new Government Department responsible for the preservation of culture,tradition and heritage. Recognising its importance, the Government has addedTaoga Niue as the sixth pillar of the Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP).[114]
Niue has two broadcast outlets, Television Niue and Radio Sunshine,managed and operated by the Broadcasting Corporation of Niue, and onenewspaper, the NiueStar.[115]
In 2004 Cyclone Heta destroyedthe Huanaki Cultural Centre & Museum. Thedamage resulted in the destruction of the buildings, but also the loss of over90% of the museum's collections.[116][117][118] In 2018 Fale Tau Tāoga Museum opened, a newnational museum for Niue.[119]
Due to the island location and the factthat the Niue produce a significant array of fruits and vegetables, naturallocal produce, especially coconut, features in many of the dishes of theislands as does fresh seafood.
Despite being a small country, a number ofsports are popular. Rugbyunion is the most popular sport, played by both men and women;Niue was the 2008 FORU Oceania Cup champions.[120] Netball is played only by women. There isa nine-hole golfcourse at Fonuakula and a single lawn bowling green.[121] Association Football is apopular sport, as evidenced by the Niue Soccer Tournament, though the Niue national football team has playedonly two matches. Rugby league isalso a popular sport. Niue Rugby League have only started making strides withinthe international arena since their first ever test match against Vanuatu,going down 22–20 in 2013. On 4 October 2014, the Niue rugby league team recordtheir first ever international test match win defeating the Philippines 36–22.In May 2015, Niue Rugby League recorded their second international test matchwin against the South African Rugby League side, 48–4. Niue now sit 31st in theRugby League World Rankings.
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In July 2009 a solar panel systemwas installed, injecting about 50 kW into the Niue national power grid.This is nominally 6% of the average 833 kW electricity production. Thesolar panels are at Niue High School (20 kW), Niue Power Corporation office,(1.7 kW)[62] and the Niue Foou Hospital (30 kW). TheEU-funded grid-connected photovoltaic systems are supplied underthe REP-5 programme and were installed recently by the Niue Power Corporationon the roofs of the high school and the power station office and onground-mounted support structures in front of the hospital. They will bemonitored and maintained by the NPC.[63] In2014 two additional solar power installations were added to the Niue nationalpower grid, one funded under PALM5 of Japan is located outside of theTuila power station – so far only this has battery storage, the other underEuropean Union funding is located opposite the Niue International Airport Terminal.
See also: Niue Nukutuluea
Niue is part of the Tongan tropical moist forests terrestrialecoregion.[64] Theisland is home to approximately 60 native or pre-European plants, andapproximately 160 naturalised flowering plant species.[65] Comparedto other Polynesian islands, Niue has sparse documentation for what plants weretraditionally found on the island (almost no records are found between thedocumentation by James Cook's crew in 1774, and Truman G. Yuncker'sbotanical survey of the island in 1940).[65]
The Huvalu Forest Conservation Area isa 5,400 ha site on the eastern side of the island. It was established in1992 and protects the largest area of primary forest inNiue.[66] It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because itsupports populations of crimson-crowned fruit doves, blue-crowned lorikeets, Polynesian trillers and Polynesian starlings.[67]
Niue's gross domestic product (GDP) wasNZ$17 million in 2003,[68] or US$10 million at purchasing power parity.[69] ItsGDP had increased to US$24.9 million by 2016.[70] Niue uses the New Zealand dollar.
The Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP) isthe national development plan, setting national priorities for development. Cyclone Heta setthe island back about two years from its planned timeline to implement theNISP, since national efforts concentrated on recovery efforts. In 2008, Niuehad yet to fully recover. After Heta, the government made a major commitment torehabilitate and develop the private sector.[71] In 2004 the New Zealandgovernment allocated $1 million for the private sector,[72] and spent it on helpingbusinesses devastated by the cyclone, and on construction of the FonuakulaIndustrial Park. This industrial park isnow completed and some businesses are already operating from there. TheFonuakula Industrial Park is managed by the Niue Chamber of Commerce, anot-for-profit organisation providing advisory services to businesses.
Joint ventures
The government and the Reef Group from NewZealand started two joint ventures in 2003 and 2004 to develop fisheries and a120-hectare noni juiceoperation.[73] Noni fruit comes from Morindacitrifolia, a small tree with edible fruit. Niue Fish Processors Ltd (NFP)is a joint venture company processing fresh fish, mainly tuna (yellowfin, bigeye and albacore), for export to overseas markets. NFP operates out of astate-of-the-art fish plant in Amanau Alofi South, completed and opened inOctober 2004.[74]
Trade
Niue is negotiating free trade agreements with other Pacificcountries, PICTA Tradein Services (PICTA TIS), Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union,and PACERPlus withAustralia and New Zealand. The Office of the Chief Trade Adviser (OCTA)has been set up to assist Niue and other Pacific countries in the negotiationof the PACERPlus.
Mining
In August 2005, an Australian miningcompany, Yamarna Goldfields, suggested that Niue might have the world's largestdeposit of uranium. By early September these hopes were seen as overoptimistic,[75] and in late October thecompany cancelled its plans, announcing that exploratory drilling hadidentified nothing of commercial value.[76] The Australian Securities and Investments Commission filedcharges in January 2007 against two directors of the company, now called MiningProjects Group Ltd, alleging that their conduct had been deceptive and thatthey engaged in insider trading.[77] This case was settled out ofcourt in July 2008, both sides withdrawing their claims.[78]
Remittances fromexpatriates were a major source of foreign exchange in the 1970s and early1980s. Continuous migration to New Zealand has shifted mostmembers of nuclear and extended families there,removing the need to send remittances back home. In the late 1990s, PFTACconducted studies on the balance of payments,[79] which confirmed that Niueansare receiving few remittances but are sending more money overseas.
Foreign aid
Foreign aid is a significant source ofincome, accounting for approximately a third of Niue's annual governmentrevenue.[80] Most aid comes from New Zealand,[69] whichhas a legal obligation to provide economic and administrative assistance.[81] Other sources of revenue forthe government are taxation and trading activities, such as philatelic servicesand the lease of phone lines.[82]
Offshore banking
The government briefly considered offshorebanking. Under pressure from the US Treasury,Niue agreed to end its support for schemes designed to minimise tax incountries like New Zealand. Niue provides automated Companies Registration,administered by the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development.The Niue Legislative Assembly passed the Niue Consumption Tax Act in the firstweek of February 2009, and the 12.5% tax on goods and services was expected totake effect on 1 April 2009. Income tax has been lowered, and import tax may bereset to zero except for "sin" items like tobacco, alcohol and soft drinks.Tax on secondary income has been lowered from 35% to 10%, with the stated goalof fostering increased labour productivity.[83]
Internet
In 1997, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA),under contract with the US Department of Commerce, assigned the Internet UsersSociety-Niue (IUS-N), a private nonprofit, as manager of the .nu top-level domain onthe Internet. IUS-N's charitable purpose was – and continues to be – to userevenue from the registration of .nu domain names to fund low-cost or freeInternet services for the people of Niue. In a letter to ICANN in 2007, IUS-N's independentauditors reported IUS-N had invested US$3 million for Internet services in Niuebetween 1999 and 2005 from .nu domain name registration revenue during thatperiod. In 1999, IUS-N and the Government of Niue signed an agreement wherebythe Government recognised that IUS-N managed the .nu ccTLD under IANA'sauthority and IUS-N committed to provide free Internet services to governmentdepartments as well as to Niue's private citizens. A newly elected governmentlater disputed that agreement and attempted to assert a claim on the domainname, including a requirement for IUS-N to make direct payments of compensationto the government.[84] In 2005, aGovernment-appointed Commission of Inquiry into the dispute released itsreport, which found no merit in the government's claims; the governmentsubsequently dismissed the claims in 2007.[85] Starting in 2003, IUS-N beganinstalling Wi-Fi connectionsthroughout the capital village of Alofi and in several nearby villages andschools, and has been expanding Wi-Fi coverage into the outer villages sincethen, making Niue the first Wi-Fi nation.[86] To assure security forgovernment departments, IUS-N provides the government with a secure DSLconnection to IUS-N's satellite Internet link, at no cost.
On Dec 16, 2020, the Government of Niuecommenced an action to "redelegate" its national webspace, .nu, fromthe Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), thesupranational non-profit that coordinates top-level domains to ensure thestable operation of the internet, in order to assign control of the .nu domainto the Government of Niue.[87]
Agriculture is very important to thelifestyle of Niueans and the economy, and around 204 square kilometres of theland area are available for agriculture.[88] Subsistence agriculture is very much partof Niue's culture, where nearly all the households have plantations of taro.[89] Tarois a staplefood, and the pink taro now dominant in the taro markets in NewZealand and Australia is a product of Niue. This is one of the naturallyoccurring taro varieties on Niue, and has a strong resistance to pests. TheNiue taro isknown in Samoa as "talo Niue" and in international markets as pinktaro. Niue exports taro to New Zealand. Tapioca or cassava, yams and kumara alsogrow very well,[69] asdo different varieties of bananas. Coconut meat, passionfruit and limes dominatedexports in the 1970s, but in 2008 vanilla, noni and taro were the main export crops.
Most families grow their own food crops forsubsistence and sell their surplus at the Niue Makete in Alofi, or export toNew Zealand.[90] Coconut crab,or uga, is also part of the food chain;it lives in the forest and coastal areas.[91]
In 2003, the government made a commitmentto develop and expand vanilla productionwith the support of NZAID.Vanilla has grown wild on Niue for a long time. The industry was devastated by Cyclone Heta inearly 2004, but has since recovered.[92]
The last agricultural census was in 1989.[93]
Tourism is one of the three priority economic sectors (the other two arefisheries and agriculture) for economic development. In 2006, estimated visitorexpenditure reached US$1.6 million (equivalent to about $2M in 2022)making tourism a major industry for Niue. Niue will continue to receive directsupport from the government and overseas donor agencies. The only airport is Niue International Airport. Air New Zealand isthe sole airline, flying twice a week from Auckland.[94] In the early 1990s NiueInternational Airport was served by a local airline, Niue Airlines,but it closed in 1992.
There is a tourism development strategy toincrease the number of rooms available to tourists at a sustainable level. Niueis trying to attract foreign investors to invest in the tourism industry byoffering import and company tax concessions as incentives. New Zealandbusinessman EarlHagaman, founder of Scenic Hotel Group, was awarded a contract in2014 to manage the Matavai Resort in Niue after he made a $101,000 political donationto the New Zealand National Party, which at that timeled a minority government in New Zealand. The resort is subsidized by NewZealand, which wants to bolster tourism there. In 2015 New Zealand announced$7.5m in additional funding for expansion of the resort. The selection of theMatavai contractor was made by the Niue Tourism Property Trust, whose trusteesare appointed by New Zealand Foreign Affairs minister Murray McCully.Prime Minister JohnKey said he did not handle campaign donations, and that Niuepremier TokeTalagi has long pursued tourism as a growth strategy. McCullydenied any link between the donation, the foreign aid and the contractorselection.[95]
Niue became the world's first dark sky country inMarch 2020. The entire island maintains standards oflight development and keeps light pollution limited. Visitors will be able toenjoy guided Astro-tours led by trained Niuean community members. Viewing siteswhich are used for whale-watching and accessing the sea, as well as the roadsthat cross the island, make ideal viewing locations.[96]
The sailing season begins in May. Alofi Bayhas many mooring buoys and yacht crews can lodge at Niue Backpackers.[97] The anchorage in Niue is oneof the least protected in the South Pacific. Other challenges of the anchorageare a primarily coral bottom and many deep spots.[98] Mooring buoys are attached toseine floats that support the mooring lines away from seabed obstructions.[99]
On 27 October 2016, Niue officiallydeclared that all its national debt was paid off.[100] Thegovernment plans to spend money saved from servicing loans on increasingpensions and offering incentives to lure expatriates back home. However, Niueis not entirely independent. New Zealand pays $14 million in aid each year andNiue still depends on New Zealand economically. Premier Toke Talagi said Niuemanaged to pay off US$4 million of debt and had "no interest" inborrowing again, particularly from huge powers such as China.[100]
The first computers were Apple machinesbrought in by the University of the South Pacific ExtensionCentre around the early 1980s. The Treasury Department computerised its generalledger in 1986 using NEC personalcomputers that were IBMPC XT compatible.[citationneeded] The Census of Households andPopulation in 1986 was the first to be processed using a personal computer withthe assistance of David Marshall, FAO Adviser on AgriculturalStatistics, advising UNFPA DemographerDr Lawrence Lewis and Niue Government Statistician Bill Vakaafi Motufoou to switch fromusing manual tabulation cards. In 1987 Statistics Niue got its new personalcomputer NEC PC AT use for processing the 1986 census data; personnel were senton training in Japan and New Zealand to use the new computer. The firstComputer Policy was developed and adopted in 1988.[101]
In 2003, Niue became the first country inthe world to provide state-funded wireless internet toall inhabitants.[102][103]
In August 2008 it has been reported thatall school students have what is known as the OLPC XO-1,a specialised laptop by the One Laptop per Child project designed forchildren in the developing world.[104][105] Niue was also a location oftests for the OpenBTS project,which aims to deliver low-cost GSM base stations builtwith open source software.[106] In July 2011, Telecom Niuelaunched pre-paid mobile services (Voice/EDGE – 2.5G) as Rokcell Mobile basedon the commercial GSM product of vendor Lemko. Three BTS sites will cover thenation. International roaming is not currently available. The fibre optic cablering is now completed around the island (FTTC), Internet/ADSL services wererolled out towards the end of 2011.[citationneeded]
In January 2015 Telecom Niue completed thelaying of the fibre optic cable around Niue connecting all the 14 villages,making land line phones and ADSL internet connection available to households.
Niue was connected to the Manatua Fibre Cable in 2021.[107]
The following demographic statistics arefrom the CIA World Factbook.[108]
· Niuean 65.4%
· Part-Niuean14%
· Non-Niuean20.6% (includes 12% European and Asian and8% Pacific Islanders)
· EkalesiaNiue (Congregational Christian Church of Niue –a Protestant church founded by missionaries from the London Missionary Society)61.7%
· Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 8.7%
· Catholic 8.4%
· Jehovah's Witnesses 2.7%
· Seventh-day Adventist 1.4%
· Other 8.2%
· None 8.9%
· Niuean (official)46% (a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan)
· English (official)11%
· Niuean andothers 5%,
· Other 6%
Niue is the birthplace of New Zealandartist and writer JohnPule. Author of The Shark That Ate the Sun, he alsopaints tapacloth inspired designs on canvas.[110] In 2005, he co-wrote Hiapo:Past and Present in Niuean Barkcloth, a study of a traditional Niueanartform, with Australian writer and anthropologist Nicholas Thomas.[111] Matafetu Smith foundedthe first Niuean women's weaving group in Auckland.[112][113]
Taoga Niue isa new Government Department responsible for the preservation of culture,tradition and heritage. Recognising its importance, the Government has addedTaoga Niue as the sixth pillar of the Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP).[114]
Niue has two broadcast outlets, Television Niue and Radio Sunshine,managed and operated by the Broadcasting Corporation of Niue, and onenewspaper, the NiueStar.[115]
In 2004 Cyclone Heta destroyedthe Huanaki Cultural Centre & Museum. Thedamage resulted in the destruction of the buildings, but also the loss of over90% of the museum's collections.[116][117][118] In 2018 Fale Tau Tāoga Museum opened, a newnational museum for Niue.[119]
Due to the island location and the factthat the Niue produce a significant array of fruits and vegetables, naturallocal produce, especially coconut, features in many of the dishes of theislands as does fresh seafood.
Despite being a small country, a number ofsports are popular. Rugbyunion is the most popular sport, played by both men and women;Niue was the 2008 FORU Oceania Cup champions.[120] Netball is played only by women. There isa nine-hole golfcourse at Fonuakula and a single lawn bowling green.[121] Association Football is apopular sport, as evidenced by the Niue Soccer Tournament, though the Niue national football team has playedonly two matches. Rugby league isalso a popular sport. Niue Rugby League have only started making strides withinthe international arena since their first ever test match against Vanuatu,going down 22–20 in 2013. On 4 October 2014, the Niue rugby league team recordtheir first ever international test match win defeating the Philippines 36–22.In May 2015, Niue Rugby League recorded their second international test matchwin against the South African Rugby League side, 48–4. Niue now sit 31st in theRugby League World Rankings.
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In July 2009 a solar panel systemwas installed, injecting about 50 kW into the Niue national power grid.This is nominally 6% of the average 833 kW electricity production. Thesolar panels are at Niue High School (20 kW), Niue Power Corporation office,(1.7 kW)[62] and the Niue Foou Hospital (30 kW). TheEU-funded grid-connected photovoltaic systems are supplied underthe REP-5 programme and were installed recently by the Niue Power Corporationon the roofs of the high school and the power station office and onground-mounted support structures in front of the hospital. They will bemonitored and maintained by the NPC.[63] In2014 two additional solar power installations were added to the Niue nationalpower grid, one funded under PALM5 of Japan is located outside of theTuila power station – so far only this has battery storage, the other underEuropean Union funding is located opposite the Niue International Airport Terminal.
See also: Niue Nukutuluea
Niue is part of the Tongan tropical moist forests terrestrialecoregion.[64] Theisland is home to approximately 60 native or pre-European plants, andapproximately 160 naturalised flowering plant species.[65] Comparedto other Polynesian islands, Niue has sparse documentation for what plants weretraditionally found on the island (almost no records are found between thedocumentation by James Cook's crew in 1774, and Truman G. Yuncker'sbotanical survey of the island in 1940).[65]
The Huvalu Forest Conservation Area isa 5,400 ha site on the eastern side of the island. It was established in1992 and protects the largest area of primary forest inNiue.[66] It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because itsupports populations of crimson-crowned fruit doves, blue-crowned lorikeets, Polynesian trillers and Polynesian starlings.[67]
Niue's gross domestic product (GDP) wasNZ$17 million in 2003,[68] or US$10 million at purchasing power parity.[69] ItsGDP had increased to US$24.9 million by 2016.[70] Niue uses the New Zealand dollar.
The Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP) isthe national development plan, setting national priorities for development. Cyclone Heta setthe island back about two years from its planned timeline to implement theNISP, since national efforts concentrated on recovery efforts. In 2008, Niuehad yet to fully recover. After Heta, the government made a major commitment torehabilitate and develop the private sector.[71] In 2004 the New Zealandgovernment allocated $1 million for the private sector,[72] and spent it on helpingbusinesses devastated by the cyclone, and on construction of the FonuakulaIndustrial Park. This industrial park isnow completed and some businesses are already operating from there. TheFonuakula Industrial Park is managed by the Niue Chamber of Commerce, anot-for-profit organisation providing advisory services to businesses.
Joint ventures
The government and the Reef Group from NewZealand started two joint ventures in 2003 and 2004 to develop fisheries and a120-hectare noni juiceoperation.[73] Noni fruit comes from Morindacitrifolia, a small tree with edible fruit. Niue Fish Processors Ltd (NFP)is a joint venture company processing fresh fish, mainly tuna (yellowfin, bigeye and albacore), for export to overseas markets. NFP operates out of astate-of-the-art fish plant in Amanau Alofi South, completed and opened inOctober 2004.[74]
Trade
Niue is negotiating free trade agreements with other Pacificcountries, PICTA Tradein Services (PICTA TIS), Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union,and PACERPlus withAustralia and New Zealand. The Office of the Chief Trade Adviser (OCTA)has been set up to assist Niue and other Pacific countries in the negotiationof the PACERPlus.
Mining
In August 2005, an Australian miningcompany, Yamarna Goldfields, suggested that Niue might have the world's largestdeposit of uranium. By early September these hopes were seen as overoptimistic,[75] and in late October thecompany cancelled its plans, announcing that exploratory drilling hadidentified nothing of commercial value.[76] The Australian Securities and Investments Commission filedcharges in January 2007 against two directors of the company, now called MiningProjects Group Ltd, alleging that their conduct had been deceptive and thatthey engaged in insider trading.[77] This case was settled out ofcourt in July 2008, both sides withdrawing their claims.[78]
Remittances fromexpatriates were a major source of foreign exchange in the 1970s and early1980s. Continuous migration to New Zealand has shifted mostmembers of nuclear and extended families there,removing the need to send remittances back home. In the late 1990s, PFTACconducted studies on the balance of payments,[79] which confirmed that Niueansare receiving few remittances but are sending more money overseas.
Foreign aid
Foreign aid is a significant source ofincome, accounting for approximately a third of Niue's annual governmentrevenue.[80] Most aid comes from New Zealand,[69] whichhas a legal obligation to provide economic and administrative assistance.[81] Other sources of revenue forthe government are taxation and trading activities, such as philatelic servicesand the lease of phone lines.[82]
Offshore banking
The government briefly considered offshorebanking. Under pressure from the US Treasury,Niue agreed to end its support for schemes designed to minimise tax incountries like New Zealand. Niue provides automated Companies Registration,administered by the New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development.The Niue Legislative Assembly passed the Niue Consumption Tax Act in the firstweek of February 2009, and the 12.5% tax on goods and services was expected totake effect on 1 April 2009. Income tax has been lowered, and import tax may bereset to zero except for "sin" items like tobacco, alcohol and soft drinks.Tax on secondary income has been lowered from 35% to 10%, with the stated goalof fostering increased labour productivity.[83]
Internet
In 1997, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA),under contract with the US Department of Commerce, assigned the Internet UsersSociety-Niue (IUS-N), a private nonprofit, as manager of the .nu top-level domain onthe Internet. IUS-N's charitable purpose was – and continues to be – to userevenue from the registration of .nu domain names to fund low-cost or freeInternet services for the people of Niue. In a letter to ICANN in 2007, IUS-N's independentauditors reported IUS-N had invested US$3 million for Internet services in Niuebetween 1999 and 2005 from .nu domain name registration revenue during thatperiod. In 1999, IUS-N and the Government of Niue signed an agreement wherebythe Government recognised that IUS-N managed the .nu ccTLD under IANA'sauthority and IUS-N committed to provide free Internet services to governmentdepartments as well as to Niue's private citizens. A newly elected governmentlater disputed that agreement and attempted to assert a claim on the domainname, including a requirement for IUS-N to make direct payments of compensationto the government.[84] In 2005, aGovernment-appointed Commission of Inquiry into the dispute released itsreport, which found no merit in the government's claims; the governmentsubsequently dismissed the claims in 2007.[85] Starting in 2003, IUS-N beganinstalling Wi-Fi connectionsthroughout the capital village of Alofi and in several nearby villages andschools, and has been expanding Wi-Fi coverage into the outer villages sincethen, making Niue the first Wi-Fi nation.[86] To assure security forgovernment departments, IUS-N provides the government with a secure DSLconnection to IUS-N's satellite Internet link, at no cost.
On Dec 16, 2020, the Government of Niuecommenced an action to "redelegate" its national webspace, .nu, fromthe Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), thesupranational non-profit that coordinates top-level domains to ensure thestable operation of the internet, in order to assign control of the .nu domainto the Government of Niue.[87]
Agriculture is very important to thelifestyle of Niueans and the economy, and around 204 square kilometres of theland area are available for agriculture.[88] Subsistence agriculture is very much partof Niue's culture, where nearly all the households have plantations of taro.[89] Tarois a staplefood, and the pink taro now dominant in the taro markets in NewZealand and Australia is a product of Niue. This is one of the naturallyoccurring taro varieties on Niue, and has a strong resistance to pests. TheNiue taro isknown in Samoa as "talo Niue" and in international markets as pinktaro. Niue exports taro to New Zealand. Tapioca or cassava, yams and kumara alsogrow very well,[69] asdo different varieties of bananas. Coconut meat, passionfruit and limes dominatedexports in the 1970s, but in 2008 vanilla, noni and taro were the main export crops.
Most families grow their own food crops forsubsistence and sell their surplus at the Niue Makete in Alofi, or export toNew Zealand.[90] Coconut crab,or uga, is also part of the food chain;it lives in the forest and coastal areas.[91]
In 2003, the government made a commitmentto develop and expand vanilla productionwith the support of NZAID.Vanilla has grown wild on Niue for a long time. The industry was devastated by Cyclone Heta inearly 2004, but has since recovered.[92]
The last agricultural census was in 1989.[93]
Tourism is one of the three priority economic sectors (the other two arefisheries and agriculture) for economic development. In 2006, estimated visitorexpenditure reached US$1.6 million (equivalent to about $2M in 2022)making tourism a major industry for Niue. Niue will continue to receive directsupport from the government and overseas donor agencies. The only airport is Niue International Airport. Air New Zealand isthe sole airline, flying twice a week from Auckland.[94] In the early 1990s NiueInternational Airport was served by a local airline, Niue Airlines,but it closed in 1992.
There is a tourism development strategy toincrease the number of rooms available to tourists at a sustainable level. Niueis trying to attract foreign investors to invest in the tourism industry byoffering import and company tax concessions as incentives. New Zealandbusinessman EarlHagaman, founder of Scenic Hotel Group, was awarded a contract in2014 to manage the Matavai Resort in Niue after he made a $101,000 political donationto the New Zealand National Party, which at that timeled a minority government in New Zealand. The resort is subsidized by NewZealand, which wants to bolster tourism there. In 2015 New Zealand announced$7.5m in additional funding for expansion of the resort. The selection of theMatavai contractor was made by the Niue Tourism Property Trust, whose trusteesare appointed by New Zealand Foreign Affairs minister Murray McCully.Prime Minister JohnKey said he did not handle campaign donations, and that Niuepremier TokeTalagi has long pursued tourism as a growth strategy. McCullydenied any link between the donation, the foreign aid and the contractorselection.[95]
Niue became the world's first dark sky country inMarch 2020. The entire island maintains standards oflight development and keeps light pollution limited. Visitors will be able toenjoy guided Astro-tours led by trained Niuean community members. Viewing siteswhich are used for whale-watching and accessing the sea, as well as the roadsthat cross the island, make ideal viewing locations.[96]
The sailing season begins in May. Alofi Bayhas many mooring buoys and yacht crews can lodge at Niue Backpackers.[97] The anchorage in Niue is oneof the least protected in the South Pacific. Other challenges of the anchorageare a primarily coral bottom and many deep spots.[98] Mooring buoys are attached toseine floats that support the mooring lines away from seabed obstructions.[99]
On 27 October 2016, Niue officiallydeclared that all its national debt was paid off.[100] Thegovernment plans to spend money saved from servicing loans on increasingpensions and offering incentives to lure expatriates back home. However, Niueis not entirely independent. New Zealand pays $14 million in aid each year andNiue still depends on New Zealand economically. Premier Toke Talagi said Niuemanaged to pay off US$4 million of debt and had "no interest" inborrowing again, particularly from huge powers such as China.[100]
The first computers were Apple machinesbrought in by the University of the South Pacific ExtensionCentre around the early 1980s. The Treasury Department computerised its generalledger in 1986 using NEC personalcomputers that were IBMPC XT compatible.[citationneeded] The Census of Households andPopulation in 1986 was the first to be processed using a personal computer withthe assistance of David Marshall, FAO Adviser on AgriculturalStatistics, advising UNFPA DemographerDr Lawrence Lewis and Niue Government Statistician Bill Vakaafi Motufoou to switch fromusing manual tabulation cards. In 1987 Statistics Niue got its new personalcomputer NEC PC AT use for processing the 1986 census data; personnel were senton training in Japan and New Zealand to use the new computer. The firstComputer Policy was developed and adopted in 1988.[101]
In 2003, Niue became the first country inthe world to provide state-funded wireless internet toall inhabitants.[102][103]
In August 2008 it has been reported thatall school students have what is known as the OLPC XO-1,a specialised laptop by the One Laptop per Child project designed forchildren in the developing world.[104][105] Niue was also a location oftests for the OpenBTS project,which aims to deliver low-cost GSM base stations builtwith open source software.[106] In July 2011, Telecom Niuelaunched pre-paid mobile services (Voice/EDGE – 2.5G) as Rokcell Mobile basedon the commercial GSM product of vendor Lemko. Three BTS sites will cover thenation. International roaming is not currently available. The fibre optic cablering is now completed around the island (FTTC), Internet/ADSL services wererolled out towards the end of 2011.[citationneeded]
In January 2015 Telecom Niue completed thelaying of the fibre optic cable around Niue connecting all the 14 villages,making land line phones and ADSL internet connection available to households.
Niue was connected to the Manatua Fibre Cable in 2021.[107]
The following demographic statistics arefrom the CIA World Factbook.[108]
· Niuean 65.4%
· Part-Niuean14%
· Non-Niuean20.6% (includes 12% European and Asian and8% Pacific Islanders)
· EkalesiaNiue (Congregational Christian Church of Niue –a Protestant church founded by missionaries from the London Missionary Society)61.7%
· Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 8.7%
· Catholic 8.4%
· Jehovah's Witnesses 2.7%
· Seventh-day Adventist 1.4%
· Other 8.2%
· None 8.9%
· Niuean (official)46% (a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan)
· English (official)11%
· Niuean andothers 5%,
· Other 6%
Niue is the birthplace of New Zealandartist and writer JohnPule. Author of The Shark That Ate the Sun, he alsopaints tapacloth inspired designs on canvas.[110] In 2005, he co-wrote Hiapo:Past and Present in Niuean Barkcloth, a study of a traditional Niueanartform, with Australian writer and anthropologist Nicholas Thomas.[111] Matafetu Smith foundedthe first Niuean women's weaving group in Auckland.[112][113]
Taoga Niue isa new Government Department responsible for the preservation of culture,tradition and heritage. Recognising its importance, the Government has addedTaoga Niue as the sixth pillar of the Niue Integrated Strategic Plan (NISP).[114]
Niue has two broadcast outlets, Television Niue and Radio Sunshine,managed and operated by the Broadcasting Corporation of Niue, and onenewspaper, the NiueStar.[115]
In 2004 Cyclone Heta destroyedthe Huanaki Cultural Centre & Museum. Thedamage resulted in the destruction of the buildings, but also the loss of over90% of the museum's collections.[116][117][118] In 2018 Fale Tau Tāoga Museum opened, a newnational museum for Niue.[119]
Due to the island location and the factthat the Niue produce a significant array of fruits and vegetables, naturallocal produce, especially coconut, features in many of the dishes of theislands as does fresh seafood.
Despite being a small country, a number ofsports are popular. Rugbyunion is the most popular sport, played by both men and women;Niue was the 2008 FORU Oceania Cup champions.[120] Netball is played only by women. There isa nine-hole golfcourse at Fonuakula and a single lawn bowling green.[121] Association Football is apopular sport, as evidenced by the Niue Soccer Tournament, though the Niue national football team has playedonly two matches. Rugby league isalso a popular sport. Niue Rugby League have only started making strides withinthe international arena since their first ever test match against Vanuatu,going down 22–20 in 2013. On 4 October 2014, the Niue rugby league team recordtheir first ever international test match win defeating the Philippines 36–22.In May 2015, Niue Rugby League recorded their second international test matchwin against the South African Rugby League side, 48–4. Niue now sit 31st in theRugby League World Rankings.
!!! Combined shipping !!!
How to get Combined shipping.
I do offer combinedshipping for multiple purchases. To get discounted shipping for thebundle, you need to use "shopping cart" with ''requesttotal from seller'' option.
Please use personal computer. If you have a smartphone or tablet, then theeBay app does not support combined shipping.
Shipping
Shipments are made from Connecticut, United States of America.
Shipped with United States Postal Service (USPS) First Class Mail.
Buyers have been satisfied with my services and responsiveness.
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