GERMANY
Adolph Hitler
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Third Reich
WWII
Germany (German: Deutschland, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (listen)),officially the Federal Republic of Germany,[e] isa country in CentralEurope. It is the second most populous country inEurope after Russia, and themost populous member state of the EuropeanUnion. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seasto the north, and the Alps tothe south; it covers an area of 357,022 square kilometres(137,847 sq mi), with a population of over 83 million within its16 constituentstates. Germany borders Denmark to the north, Poland andthe CzechRepublic to the east, Austria and Switzerland tothe south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, andthe Netherlands tothe west. The nation's capital and largest city is Berlin, and itsfinancial centre is Frankfurt; thelargest urban area is the Ruhr.
Various Germanic tribes haveinhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania wasdocumented before AD 100. In the 10th century, German territories formed acentral part of the HolyRoman Empire. During the 16th century, northernGerman regions became the centre of the ProtestantReformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of theHoly Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815.In 1871, Germany became a nation-state when most of the German states unified intothe Prussian-dominated GermanEmpire. After World WarI and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, theEmpire was replaced by the semi-presidential WeimarRepublic.
The Nazi seizure of power in1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World WarII, and theHolocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Germany was divided into theFederal Republic of Germany, generally known as WestGermany, and the German Democratic Republic, EastGermany. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member ofthe European Economic Community andthe EuropeanUnion, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist EasternBloc state and member of the WarsawPact. After the fall of communism, German reunification saw the former East German states jointhe Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October1990—becoming a federal parliamentary republic.
Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the largesteconomy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominalGDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As aglobal leader in several industrial, scientific and technological sectors,it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer ofgoods. As a developedcountry, which ranks veryhigh on the Human Development Index, it offers social security anda universal health care system,environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. Germanyis a member of the UnitedNations, NATO,the G7,the G20, andthe OECD. It hasthe third-greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Etymology
Furtherinformation: Namesof Germany, Germani,and Germania
The English word Germany derives from theLatin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine.[11] The German term Deutschland, originally diutisciu land ('theGerman lands') is derived from deutsch (cf. Dutch), descended from OldHigh German diutisc 'ofthe people' (from diot or diota 'people'),originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz 'of thepeople' (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus), derived from *þeudō, descendedfrom Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- 'people',from which the word Teutons also originates.[12]
History
Main article: History of Germany
Pre-human ancestors, who were present in Germany over 11 millionyears ago, are theorized to be among the earliest ones to walk on two legs.[13] Ancient humans were present in Germanyat least 600,000 years ago.[14] The first non-modern human fossil(the Neanderthal) was discovered in the Neander Valley.[15] Similarly dated evidence of modernhumans has been found in the Swabian Jura, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musicalinstruments ever found,[16] the 40,000-year-old LionMan,[17] and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels.[18] The Nebra sky disk,created during the European Bronze Age, is attributed to a German site.[19]
Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire
Main articles: Germania, MigrationPeriod, and FrankishRealm
The Germanictribes are thoughtto date from the NordicBronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age.[20] From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south,east, and west, coming into contact with the Celtic, Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes.[21]
Under Augustus, the Roman Empire began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes,creating a short-lived Roman province of Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. In 9 AD, three Romanlegions were defeated by Arminius.[22] By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhineand the Danube (the LimesGermanicus), occupying most ofmodern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hesse and the western Rhineland had been incorporated into Roman provinces.[23][24][25] Around 260, Germanic peoples broke intoRoman-controlled lands.[26] After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Romefrom 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks establishedthe FrankishKingdom and pushed eastto subjugate Saxony and Bavaria, and areas of what is today eastern Germanywere inhabited by WesternSlavic tribes.[23]
Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
Main articles: Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
On 11 August 1919, President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution.[59] In the subsequent struggle forpower, communists seizedpower in Bavaria,but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic inthe Kapp Putsch. Street fighting in the major industrialcentres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops, and aperiod of hyperinflation followed. A debt restructuringplan and the creationof a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of artistic innovation and liberalcultural life.[60][61][62]
The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused unemployment of nearly 30%by 1932.[63] The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the largest party in Reichstagafter a special election in 1932 and Hindenburg appointed Hitler asChancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.[64] After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and the first Naziconcentration camp opened.[65][66] The Enabling Act gave Hitler unrestricted legislativepower, overriding the constitution;[67] his government established acentralised totalitarian state, withdrew from theLeague of Nations,and dramatically increased the country's rearmament.[68] A government-sponsored programme foreconomic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which wasthe autobahn.[69]
In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles andintroduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews andother minorities.[70] Germany also reacquired control ofthe Saarland in 1935,[71] remilitarisedthe Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, and in violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939.[72] Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burningof synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewishpeople.[73]
German-occupied Europe in 1942 during World War II
In August 1939, Hitler'sgovernment negotiatedthe Molotov–Ribbentroppact that dividedEastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence.[74] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, beginning World War II in Europe;[75] Britain and France declared war onGermany on 3 September.[76] In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark andNorway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France, forcing the French government to sign anarmistice. The British repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, Germantroops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and its allies controlledmost of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet victory atthe Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of NorthAfrica and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats.In 1944, the Soviets pushedinto Eastern Europe;the Western allies landed in France and entered Germany despite a final Germancounteroffensive.Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II inEurope.[75][77] Following the end of the war, survivingNazi officials were tried for warcrimes at the Nuremberg trials.[78][79]
In what later became known as the Holocaust, the Germangovernment persecutedminorities, including interning them in concentration and death camps across Europe. In total 17 million people were systematically murdered, including 6 million Jews, at least130,000 Romani, 275,000 disabled people, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of political and religious opponents.[80] Nazi policies in German-occupied countries resulted inthe deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles,[81] 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million Soviet prisoners of war.[82][78] German military casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million,[83] and around 900,000 German civiliansdied.[84] Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe, and Germanylost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.[85]
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