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SCOTCH DUSTGUARD
Protect your records from harmful dust build-up.
Reduces the static field that attracts airborne dust
Dust free records last Longer and Produce Less Background Noise.
Special Feature Built in STROBOSCOPE tells you when your turntable is running at correct speed.
Your stereo system is no better than the record being played thats why you need...
MAGNETIC AUDIO / VIDEO PRODUCTS DIVISION
3M
ST PAUL MINNESOTA (MN)
CARDBOARD SLEEVE ONLY!
(VIDEO & PICTURES 3 & 4 DISPLAY ONLY)
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FYI
3M Company (NYSE: MMM; formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company until 2002) is an American corporation with a worldwide presence that produces over 55,000 products, including adhesives, abrasives, laminates, passive fire protection, dental products, electrical materials, electronic circuits, optical films, and pharmaceuticals.
Starting out on the North Shore of Lake Superior at Two Harbors, Minnesota in 1902, the company moved to Duluth, Minnesota, and finally moved to its current headquarters in Maplewood (a St. Paul suburb) in 1910.
Founding
The company was founded by Henry S. Bryan, Dr. J. Danley Budd, Harmon Cable, William A. McGonagle, and John Dwan, who incorporated 3M on the North Shore of Lake Superior at Two Harbors, Minnesota in 1902. Their original plan was to sell the valuable mineral corundum to manufacturers in the East, who wanted corundum for the grinding wheels they used to finish their products. After selling only one load, on 13 June 1902 the five men walked into the Two Harbors office of company secretary John Dwan—now part of the 3M Museum. They signed the papers making Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing a corporation. But Dwan and his associates were not selling what they thought they were selling: the mineral was anorthosite, and it was worthless.
After failing to make sandpaper with the anorthosite, they decided to import minerals like Spanish garnet, and sandpaper sales grew strong. Then in 1914, customers started to complain that the garnet was falling off the paper. They found that as the stones had travelled across the rough Atlantic Ocean with olive oil, the oil had penetrated the stones. Unable to take the loss of selling expensive inventory, the company found that the olive oil would come out if the garnet was washed and then dried.
The company's early misadventures taught 3M employees that "ingenuity and perseverance can overcome even potentially ruinous mistakes."
In 1916, company general manager William L. McKnight applied the same measured scientific methods to production that he had used to save the company from bankruptcy and bought the company's first lab for $500. From then on, science would be 3M's guide.
Expansion
The company's early innovations include waterproof sandpaper (early 1920s) and masking tape (1925), as well as cellophane "Scotch Tape" and sound deadening materials for metal-frame cars in the years that followed. 3M's corporate image is built on its innovative and unique products; up to 25% of sales is devoted to newly introduced products.
In the late 1960s and early 70s, 3M published a line of board games, largely under the "Bookshelf Games" brand. These games were marketed to adults and sold through department stores, with easily learned simple rules but complex gameplay and depth and with uniformly high quality components. As such, they are the ancestors of the German "Eurogames". The games covered a variety of topics, from business and sports simulations to word and abstract strategy games. They produced their games in several formats: the "bookshelf" line, a smaller line of mostly card games known as the "gamette" line, and a sports game line which consisted of a vinyl playing board which wrapped around the box holding the game components. These included classic games such as chess, backgammon, and Oh-Wah-Ree, as well as original designs such as Acquire, Twixt, and Feudal. They were a major publisher at the time for influential American designers Sid Sackson and Alex Randolph. In the mid-1970s, the game line was taken over by Avalon Hill.
During the 1970s, 3M introduced its first and only traffic signal, the M-131. Labeled a "programmable visibility" signal, the signal had the unique ability to be "programmed" so it could only be seen from certain angles. It was the first signal of its type and is still being produced today. 3M was able to sell these signals for special-use applications; usually left turn signals, skewed intersections, or dangerous intersections where a very bright indication is needed. The signals are very heavy however and expensive to maintain. Removal is quite frequent in some areas of the country.
3M was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings of the late 1970s to see commercial release when a prototype machine was brought to the Sound 80 studios in neighboring Minneapolis. In 1980, the company introduced Post-it notes. In 1996, the company's data storage and imaging divisions were spun off as Imation Corporation; Imation has since sold its imaging and photographic film businesses to concentrate on storage.
Today, 3M is one of the 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (added on August 9, 1976), and is ranked number 101 on the 2006 Fortune 500 listing. The company has 132 plants and over 67,000 employees around the world, with sales offices in more than 200 countries. The vast majority of the company's employees are local nationals—that is, very few employees reside outside their home country. Its worldwide sales amount to over $20 billion, with its international sales reaching 58% of that total.
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a recording of fewer tracks than an LP or a CD. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats. In most cases, the single is a song that is released separately from an album, but it can still appear on an album. Often, these are the most popular songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as commercial radio airplay, and in other cases a recording released as a single does not appear on an album. 45 rpm records are played on a record player or turntable. They can be played one at a time, with the records changed manually after they finish, or a stacking spindle could be used to play up to six in succession without manually changing them. The use of the spindle led to the coined "Stack O Wax" term in the 1950s.
History
The basic parameters of the music single were established in the late 19th century, when the gramophone record began to supersede phonograph cylinders in commercial music. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of playback speeds (from 16 rpm to 78 rpm) and in several sizes (including 12″/30 cm). By around 1910, however, the 10-inch (25 cm) 78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format.
The inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century. The relatively crude disc cutting techniques of the time and the thickness of the needles used on record players limited the number of grooves per inch that could be inscribed on the disc surface, and a high rotation speed was necessary to achieve acceptable recording and playback fidelity. 78 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor in 1925, which ran at 3600 rpm with a 46:1 gear ratio, resulting in a rotation speed of 78.26 rpm.
These factors, combined with the 10-inch songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium. The 3-minute single remained the standard into the 1960s when the availability of microgroove recording and improved mastering techniques enabled recording artists to increase the duration of their recordings. In 1968 songwriter Jimmy Webb shattered the standard 3 minute format with "MacArthur Park" which exceeds 7 minutes length. Although Webb had written million-selling songs and was a multiple Grammy winner, the song had been rejected by several labels as simply too long for the marketplace to bear. The Beatles' also challenged deliberately the long-standing 3-minute standard for pop singles with their 1968 7 minute 20 second single "Hey Jude" which according to some was extended in length in order to exceed "MacArthur Park"
Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch (18 cm), 10-inch (25 cm) and 12-inch (30 cm) vinyl discs (usually playing at 45 rpm); 10-inch (25-cm) shellac discs (playing at 78 rpm); cassette, 8 and 12 cm (3- and 5-inch) CD singles and 7-inch (18 cm) plastic flexi discs. Other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc (5″/12 cm, 8″/20 cm, etc.).
The most common form of the vinyl single is the 45 or 7 inch, the names are derived from its play speed, 45 rpm and the standard diameter 7″ (18 cm).
The 7″ 45 rpm record was introduced in 1949 by RCA as a smaller, more durable and higher-fidelity replacement for the 78 rpm shellac discs. The first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s.
Although 7″ remained the standard size for vinyl singles, 12″ singles were introduced for use by DJs in discos in the 1970s. The longer playing time of these singles allowed the inclusion of extended dance mixes of tracks. In addition, the larger surface area of the 12″ discs allowed for wider grooves (larger amplitude) and greater separation between grooves, the latter of which results in less cross-talk. Consequently, they 'wore' better, and were less susceptible to scratches. The 12″ single is still considered a standard format for dance music, though its popularity has declined in recent years.
The sales of singles are recorded in record charts in most countries in a Top 40 format. These charts are often published in magazines and numerous television shows and radio programs count down the list. In order to be eligible for inclusion in the charts the single must meet the requirements set by the charting company, usually governing the number of songs and the total playing time of the single.
In popular music, the commercial and artistic importance of the single (as compared to the EP or album) has varied over time, technological development, and according to the audience of particular artists and genres. Singles have generally been more important to artists who sell to the youngest purchasers of music (younger teenagers and pre-teens), who tend to have more limited financial resources. Perhaps the golden age of the single was on 45's in the 1950s and early 1960s in the early years of rock music. Starting in the mid-sixties, albums became a greater focus and more important as artists created albums of uniformly high quality and coherent themes, a trend which reached its apex in the development of the concept album. Over the first decade of the 21st century, the single generally received less and less attention in the United States as albums, which on Compact Disc had virtually identical production and distribution costs but could be sold at a higher price, became most retailers' primary method of selling music. Singles continued to be produced in the UK and Australia but have declined since the mid first decade of the 21st century.
Dance music, however, has followed a different commercial pattern, and the single, especially the 12-inch vinyl single, remains a major method by which dance music is distributed.
As of 2006 the single seems to be undergoing something of a revival. Commercial music download sites reportedly sell mostly single tracks rather than whole albums, and the increase in popularity seems to have rubbed off on physical formats. Portable audio players, which make it extremely easy to load and play songs from many different artists, are claimed to be a major factor behind this trend.
A related development has been the popularity of mobile phone ringtones based on pop singles (on some modern phones, the actual single can be used as a ringtone). In September 2007, Sony BMG announced they would introduce a new type of CD single, called "ringles", for the 2007 holiday season. The format included three songs by an artist, plus a ringtone accessible from the user's computer. Sony announced plans to release 50 ringles in October and November, while Universal Music Group expected to release somewhere between 10 and 20 titles.
In a reversal of this trend, a single has been released based on a ringtone itself. The Crazy Frog ringtone, which was a cult hit in Europe in 2004, was released as a mashup with Axel F in June 2005 amid a massive publicity campaign and subsequently hit #1 on the UK charts.
(VIDEO AND PICTURES 3 & 4 FOR DISPLAY ONLY)
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