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SEASHORE    SAND-DUNE PLANTS

Polytrichum piliferum ('Hair Moss') forms bluish-green, open 'turfs' of moss on sand dunes and bare places on well-drained soils. On the upper surface of the leaves, which have sheathing bases, are a series of vertical plates running lengthwise, which make them opaque. The plant is distinguished from other species of Polytrichum (p. 80) by the greyish-white, stiff bristle which grows from the tip of each leaf. The spore-producing capsule at the end of a stalk is square in cross-section and is covered when young by a loosely-fitting, very hairy 'cap' (calyptra).
Tortula ruraliformis grows in extensive, rather loose, yellowish-green or golden-brown patches on sand dunes; this moss is rarely found inland. The leaves, which are bent backwards, taper into long, silvery, hair points. The capsule is cylindrical, and grows upright on a reddish-green stalk. When ripe, the lid at the top falls off, and a conspicuous fringe of 'teeth' can be seen surrounding the opening.
Peltigera canina ('Dog Lichen') is a large, fiat, leaf-like lichen, with broad, branching lobes creeping on the surface of the ground. It is soft, flexible, and brownish green when moist, but brittle and papery and whitish grey when dry (3A). The margins are distinctly thinner than the central parts, and are rolled under. The white and felt-like under-surface has a network of raised veins with root-like structures (rhizines) growing from them which anchor the plant to the soil. The veins and rhizines are usually white but may be various shades of brown. The upper surface is finely downy, and the pattern of the veins can be seen because the spaces between them are slightly domed upwards, rather like the leaf of a Savoy cabbage. The spore-producing structures (apothecia) are chesnutbrown oval discs growing on the top surface of upward-pointing narrow lobes.
Peltigera rufescens has smaller lobes than P. canina. It often has a distinctly reddish tinge when moist and is grey or greyish brown when dry (4A). The lobes are crinkled at the margins, which are somewhat thickened, and the upper surfaces are finely downy, but without the 'savoy cabbage' appearance of P. canina. The felted under-surface is white, often tinged with brown, and the veins, which tend to run parallel to one another rather than spreading widely, are usually the same colour as the surrounding parts but sometimes darker brown. The spore-producing structures are like those of P. canina.
Peltigera spuria is much smaller than P. canina, and has upwardly-growing rounded lobes frequently about the size of a sixpence. The upper surface is downy, and in addition it is often covered with patches of granular reproductive structures (soredia).
Peltigera polydactyla is brownish green or greenish grey when moist, and brownish grey when dry (5A). The upper surface is smooth and shiny and not at all downy. The felted under-surface is white, tinged with brown, and has a network of rather flat veins. The spore-producing apothecia are reddish brown and oblong, and are produced on long narrow lobes, with turned-back margins, which grow vertically upwards.
Peltigera horizontalis is larger than P. polydactyla and is found in moist situations, especially in the west of Britain. The upper surface is smooth and glossy, and the lobes are crinkled at the margins. The spore-producing apothecia are round and flat and develop on narrow lobes which do not grow upwards.
Cladonia foliacea is a lichen which forms loose mats of small 'leaves' (squamules) on sandy, gravelly, and light chalky soils. Each squamule is yellowish green on the upper surface and greenish yellow on the lower, and is deeply divided at the tip. When dry, it tends to curl upwards. Spore-producing apothecia sometimes develop on the rims of small stalked cups, rather like miniature versions of the cups of Cladonia chlorophaea, which grow in groups on the surface of the squamules.
Cladonia cornutoradiata has very small, greyish-green basal 'leaves' or squamules. The main part of the plant consists of long stalks, which produce an irregular cluster of branches or an asymmetric cup with outgrowths from its margins, with some resemblance to the antlers of a deer. The visible outer surface is grey; there is no grey-green outer layer (cortex), such as is found in many species of Cladonia.
Cladonia cblorophaea grows commonly on light soils, usually in moister places. The basal 'leaves' or squamules are small, rather thick, and grey-green with a brownish tinge. From them grow broad and regular cups, which expand from the base without a stalk. They have a grey-green, unbroken, rather warted outer surface, except at the rim and inside the cup where the surface breaks down into a coarse powder (soredia). This species was at one time regarded as a variety of C. pyxidata, which differs, however, in being entirely warted and granular, without any soredia. C. conisia is another less common but similar species in which the soredia form a fine, flour-like rather than a coarse and granular powder.