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This series of books collects a diverse array of work that provides the reader with theoretical and applied information on data analysis methods, models and techniques, along with appropriate applications. Volume 2 begins with an introductory chapter by Gilbert Saporta, a leading expert in the field, who summarizes the developments in data analysis over the last 50 years. The book is then divided into four parts: Part 1 examines (in)dependence relationships, innovation in the Nordic countries, dentistry journals, dependence among growth rates of GDP of V4 countries, emissions mitigation, and five-star ratings; Part 2 investigates access to credit for SMEs, gender-based impacts given Southern Europe's economic crisis, and labor market transition probabilities; Part 3 looks at recruitment at university job-placement offices and the Program for International Student Assessment; and Part 4 examines discriminants, PageRank, and the political spectrum of Germany.

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This series of books collects a diverse array of work that provides the reader with theoretical and applied information on data analysis methods, models and techniques, along with appropriate applications. Volume 2 begins with an introductory chapter by Gilbert Saporta, a leading expert in the field, who summarizes the developments in data analysis over the last 50 years. The book is then divided into four parts: Part 1 examines (in)dependence relationships, innovation in the Nordic countries, dentistry journals, dependence among growth rates of GDP of V4 countries, emissions mitigation, and five-star ratings; Part 2 investigates access to credit for SMEs, gender-based impacts given Southern Europe's economic crisis, and labor market transition probabilities; Part 3 looks at recruitment at university job-placement offices and the Program for International Student Assessment; and Part 4 examines discriminants, PageRank, and the political spectrum of Germany.

Author Biography

Christos H. Skiadas is the Founder and former Director of the Data Analysis and Forecasting Laboratory at the Technical University of Crete, Greece. He continues his work at the university at the ManLab in the Department of Production Engineering and Management.

James R. Bozeman holds a PhD in Mathematics from Dartmouth College, USA, and is Professor of Mathematics at the American University of Malta.

Table of Contents

Preface xi Introduction xiii
Gilbert SAPORTA Part 1 Applications 1 Chapter 1 Context-specific Independence in Innovation Study 3
Federica NICOLUSSI and Manuela CAZZARO 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Parametrization for CS independencies 4 1.3 Stratified chain graph models 6 1.4 Application on real data 7 1.5 Conclusion 12 1.6 References 12 Chapter 2 Analysis of the Determinants and Outputs of Innovation in the Nordic Countries 15
Cátia ROSÁRIO, António Augusto COSTA and Ana LORGA DA SILVA 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Innovation 16 2.3 Methodology 19 2.4 Results 21 2.5 Conclusion 25 2.6 References 26 Chapter 3 Bibliometric Variables Determining the Quality of a Dentistry Journal 29
Pilar VALDERRAMA, Manuel ESCABIAS, Evaristo JIMÉNEZ-CONTRERAS, Mariano JVALDERRAMA and Pilar BACA 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Statistical methodology 30 3.3 Results 32 3.4 Conclusions 35 3.5 Acknowledgment 35 3.6 References 36 Chapter 4 Analysis of Dependence among Growth Rates of GDP of V4 Countries Using Four-dimensional Vine Copulas 37
Jozef KOMORNÍK, Magda KOMORNÍKOVÁ and Tomáš BACIGÁL 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Theory 38 4.3 Results 42 4.4 Conclusion and future work 45 4.5 Acknowledgment 47 4.6 References 47 Chapter 5 Monitoring the Compliance of Countries on Emissions Mitigation Using Dissimilarity Indices 49
Eleni KETZAKI, Stavros RALLAKIS, Nikolaos FARMAKIS and Eftichios SARTZETAKIS 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 The proposed method 50 5.2.1 Description of method for individual data 51 5.2.2 Description of method for grouped data 52 5.3 Application of method 53 5.3.1 Application of method for individual data 54 5.3.2 Application of method for grouped data 55 5.4 Conclusions 55 5.5 Appendix 57 5.6 References 58 Chapter 6 Maximum Entropy and Distributions of Five-Star Ratings 59
Yiannis DIMOTIKALIS 6.1 Introduction 59 6.2 Entropy framework to five-star ratings 60 6.3 Maximum entropy of ratings for values k = 1,2,3,,30 66 6.3.1 Ratings with two outcomes (k = 1) 66 6.3.2 Ratings with three Outcomes (k=2) 69 6.3.3 Ratings with four outcomes (k=3) 73 6.3.4 Ratings with five outcomes (k = 4) 76 6.3.5 Ratings entropy for outcomes k>4 80 6.3.6 Maximum entropy constraints for the binomial distribution 82 6.4 Application to real five-star rating data 83 6.5 Conclusions 86 6.6 References 86 Part 2 The Impact of the Economic and Financial Crisis in Europe 89 Chapter 7 Access to Credit for SMEs after the 2008 Financial Crisis: The Northern Italian Perspective 91
Cinzia COLAPINTO and Mariangela ZENGA 7.1 Introduction 91 7.2 Italian SMEs and access to credit 92 7.3 The data 93 7.4 Methodology 94 7.5 Analysis and discussion 97 7.5.1 The measure for the Great Recession period (2008–2012) 97 7.5.2 The measure for the recovery period (2013–2015) 99 7.5.3 Comparing the two crisis phases 102 7.6 Conclusion 105 7.7 References 105 Chapter 8 Gender-Based Differences in the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Labor Market Flows in Southern Europe 107
Maria SYMEONAKI, Maria KARAMESSINI and Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU 8.1 Introduction 107 8.2 Data, methods and limitations 108 8.3 Results 111 8.4 Conclusions and discussion 111 8.5 References 119 Chapter 9 Measuring Labor Market Transition Probabilities in Europe with Evidence from the EU-SILC 121
Maria SYMEONAKI, Maria KARAMESSINI and Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU 9.1 Introduction 121 9.2 Data, methods and limitations 122 9.3 Results 124 9.4 Conclusions 135 9.5 References 135 Part 3 Student Assessment and Employment in Europe 137 Chapter 10 Almost Graduated, Close to Employment? Taking into Account the Characteristics of Companies Recruiting at a University Job Placement Office 139
Franca CRIPPA, Mariangela ZENGA and Paolo MARIANI 10.1 Introduction 139 10.2 Recruiters and graduates seeking an HEI common ground 140 10.3 Web survey pitfalls: considerations for data collection 141 10.4 Sampled recruiters: an outline 144 10.5 Conclusion 146 10.6 References 146 Chapter 11 How Variation of Scores of the Programme for International Student Assessment can be Explained through Analysis of Information 149
Valérie GIRARDIN, Justine LEQUESNE and Olivier THÉVENON 11.1 Introduction 149 11.2 Multiplicative models and Zighera's parameterization 151 11.3 Application to PISA surveys 155 11.3.1 Data and variables 155 11.3.2 Analysis of scores in mathematics 157 11.3.3 Conclusion 162 11.4 References 163 Part 4 Visualization 165 Chapter 12 A Topological Discriminant Analysis 167
Rafik ABDESSELAM 12.1 Introduction 167 12.2 Topological equivalence 168 12.3 Topological discriminant analysis 171 12.4 Application example 173 12.5 Conclusion and perspectives 175 12.6 Appendix 176 12.7 References 178 Chapter 13 Using Graph Partitioning to Calculate PageRank in a Changing Network 179
Christopher ENGSTRÖM and Sergei SILVESTROV 13.1 Introduction 179 13.1.1 Computing PageRank 181 13.2 Changes in personalization vector 182 13.3 Adding or removing edges between components 184 13.3.1 Computations in practice 186 13.3.2 Adding or removing an edge inside a component 187 13.3.3 Maintaining the component structure 189 13.4 Conclusions 190 13.5 References 191 Chapter 14 Visualizing the Political Spectrum of Germany by Contiguously Ordering the Party Policy Profiles 193
Andranik TANGIAN 14.1 Introduction 193 14.2 The model 195 14.3 Conclusions 206 14.4 References 206 List of Authors 209 Index 213

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