Dante put Muhammad in one of the lowest circles of Hell. At the same time, the medieval Christian poet placed several Islamic philosophers much more honorably in Limbo. Furthermore, it has long been suggested that for much of the basic framework of the Divine Comedy Dante was indebted to apocryphal traditions about a GCGBPnight journeyGC[yen] taken by Muhammad. Dante scholars have increasingly returned to the question of Islam to explore the often surprising encounters among religious traditions that the Middle Ages afforded. This collection of essays works through what was known of the QurGCOan and of Islamic philosophy and science in DanteGCOs day and explores the bases for DanteGCOs images of Muhammad and Ali. It further compels us to look at key instances of engagement among Muslims, Jews, and Christians.