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AREA HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY MOHAVE RIVER AREA PREHISTORIC

AUTHENTICITY:

In the Great Basin of western North America, archaeological sites from the region have been dated to the Younger Dryas chronozone. Evidence from these sites indicates that Paleoindians with skull shapes and mitochondrial DNA similar to modern western North American Indians occupied the region. These early humans produced a material culture characterized predominantly by large stemmed bifacial points, although one site contained a small fluted point. Curated tool forms and technological activities represented in analyzed lithic assemblages suggest a highly mobile settlement strategy, and redundant short-term occupations of sites indicate frequent and long-distance residential moves across territories spanning distances of up to 400 km. Paleoindian subsistence pursuits focused on artiodactyls (primarily mule deer, bighorn sheep, and pronghorn antelope), leporids (chiefly jackrabbits), birds (sage grouse and waterfowl), insects (grasshoppers), and fish. The Great Basin record contains no evidence for natural catastrophe at the onset of the chronozone. Instead, the Younger Dryas appears to have been among the best of times for human foragers in this region of North America. Although the precise timing of the onset of the Younger Dryas has not yet been firmly established, and the radiocarbon calibration curve for this period is still floating (Hua et al., 2009), the definition of the Younger Dryas used here follows Rasmussen et al. (2006), who ascribe the timing of this late-glacial cold period to 12,900–11,600 calendar years ago. As such, the Great Basin includes nearly all of Nevada and parts of southeastern Oregon, eastern California, western Utah, and southeastern Idaho. During the late Pleistocene, is when that of the first humans of the Great Basin colonized, and as the late Pleistocene came to a close around 12,000–11,000 cal BP, the region’s human populations witnessed significant desertification of Great Basin environments.The early-period archaeological record of the Great Basin has been reviewed recently in a number of publications (Jenkins et al., 2004). The focus is only on archaeological sites that have yielded radiocarbon ages in association with cultural materials assignable to the Younger Dryas, 12,900–11,500 cal BP. This includes archaeological sites in the Great Basin (Bonneville Estates Rockshelter, Smith Creek Cave, Danger Cave, Sunshine locality, Handprint Cave, surface artifacts.

PALEOINDIANS:

Clovis Paleoindians in the North American Great Lakes region designed unifacial flake tools for longevity because they preferentially selected wide and flat (non-spherical) flake blanks with a large surface area compared to their thickness. This design allowed these tools to sustain multiple resharpening episodes before they became too spherical (round

or globular) and developed steep edges that could not be productively resharpened further.

MATERIALS:

The Mojave Desert flake tools are made from chert, jasper, chalcedony, obsidian, dacite, rhyolite, felsite and may contain other rock/mineral materials.

LOCATION:

Located on private property near the Mohave River Basin area Eastern of the city of Barstow, California, Newberry Springs. Located near the "Early Man" archeologist dig site.

FLAKE TOOL STUDY AREA:

The China Lake, Fort Irwin, and Lake Mojave considered of the study areas that together form the northcentral Mojave Desert regions.

This study evaluates the allometry of terminal Pleistocene-early Holocene age unifacial flake tools in the northcentral Mojave Desert of California to reveal linkages between landscape knowledge, tool design, and land use. Analyses of 438 unifacial flake tools (all types) show at the population scale that Mojave Desert Paleoindians, like other post-Clovis Paleoindians across North America, possessed good knowledge of the landscape and designed flake tools for short-term purposes. This design strategy repeats in three study areas but to varying degrees: flake tools in the Fort Irwin study area were designed for shorter-term use than those from the pluvial China Lake and Lake Mojave study areas. Chert flake tools were designed for somewhat shorter-term use than those made from fine-grained volcanic stones, with obsidian flake tools designed for longevity. The regional ubiquity of knappable lithic raw materials, especially cherts, partially explains the short-term design strategy given Paleoindians’ knowledge of the landscape, including where to find knappable stones. Given that the design strategy of unifacial flake tools varies by raw material type, it provides a reminder that Great Basin Paleoindian land use models derived solely or largely from obsidian projectile points and bifacial tools may result in biased interpretations.

The Great Basin is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets to the ocean, in North America. It spans nearly all of Nevada, much of Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, and Baja California. Min

There has been a succession of indigenous peoples of the Great Basin.From about 12,000 to 9,000 years ago, the Paleo-Indians were the first group living in the Great Basin area. The Paleo-Indians were mainly hunters and hunted bison, the extinct mammoth, and extinct ground sloth. For housing, since they followed the animals they were hunting, they had no permanent villages.

The next group to live in the area was the Great Basin Desert Archaic, from approximately 9,000 to 1,500 years ago. They hunted animals like mule deer and antelope and gathered onions, wild rye, and pinyon pine nuts. Then, from 1,500 to 700 years ago, the Fremont lived in the area. Unlike the Paleo-Indians, who moved around to follow bison herds, the Fremont built small villages and grew crops like corn and squash. Seven hundred years ago, the Vanyume, Shoshone, Paiute, Serrano ,inhabited the area after the Fremont. They were hunter-gathers and lived in temporary homes to be able to follow animal herds and collect plants.

The Cultural Heritage of California begins no less than 12,000 years ago when the first of several waves of people arrived and settled here.

Indians of the Mojave Desert:

Mojave

Chemehuevi

Cahuilla

Serrano

Vanyume

Tataviam

Kawaiisu

Kitanemuk

Tubatulabal

Western Mono

Southern Paiute

Northern Paiute

Shoshone

Koso (Shoshone)

The Vanyume or Beñemé, as Father Garces called them, lived beyond and along much of the length of the Mojave River, from the eastern Mojave Desert to at least the Victorville region, and perhaps even farther upstream to the south. They also appear to have lived in the southern and southwestern Antelope Valley. They intermarried with the Serrano and spoke a dialect of the Serrano language, so they may be thought of as a desert division or branch of the Serrano proper.

The Vanyume Indians living along the Mojave River were quite wealthy in shell-bead money and other items. This was perhaps on account of the active trade route running along the Mojave River, connecting the Colorado River tribes and the Indian nations of the Southwest with the Indian groups of coastal southern California.

About This Collection:

This collection consists of Arrowheads, projectile points, detached pieces, cord/choppers, flakes, fragments,, scrapers, pounders, Oldowan tools, hammerstones,cobbles,manuports, Clovis points, long pointed, notched, stemmed points, triangular points, hand axes, levallois points, and other prehistoric tools with certain pieces when tested with long-wave ultraviolet light glow fluorescent. Some pieces with Bifacial working, cordiform biface Palrolithic implements. These pieces possibly date back to the paleoindian period right after the freshwater Pleistocene Lake Manix suddenly drained believed to be from a significantly large earthquake that was powerful enough to shift the tectonic plates underneath the lake. After the sudden drain, the landscape was mainly if swamps and marshes. This is where arrowheads, projectile points and tools have been found. The majority of different time era items within this site points to bring a popular hunting ground from different timeframes from when the Vanyume Indians occupied the area prior to the PALEOINDIANS, therefore, you will notice the different styles, methods and materials used by the different eras. All items located on private property that was excavated 5ft to 20ft deep.

Oldowan:

Classification of Oldowan tools is still somewhat contentious but are described as choppers, scrapers, or pounders. A recent classification of Oldowan assemblages have been made that focus primarily on manufacture due to the problematic nature of assuming use from stone artefacts. An example is Isaac et al.'s tri-modal categories of "Flaked Pieces" (cores/choppers), "Detached Pieces" (flakes and fragments), "Pounded Pieces" (cobbles utilized as hammerstones, etc.) and "Unmodified Pieces" (manuports, stones transported to sites). Oldowan tools are also called "pebble tools", because the blanks chosen for their production already resemble, in pebble form, final product.

It is not known for sure which hominin species created and used Oldowan tools. Its emergence is often associated with the species Australopithecus garhi and its flourishing with early species of Homo such as H. habilis and H. ergaster. Early Homo erectus appears to inherit Oldowan technology and refines it into the Acheulean industry beginning 1.7 million years ago.

DEFINITIONS OF TIMELINES AND DISCOVERY OF FIRST USE:

STEM POINTS: Pre-Paleoindian Period: 17,000-12,000 BC, Native American Occupants, Before Paleoindian, Before Clovis.

CLOVIS POINTS & LONG POINTED: Paleoindian Period: 12,000-8,000 BC, Period where people migrated to North America Continent, Gathers and Hunters.

NOTCHED & STEMMED PROJECTIVE POINTS: Archaic Period: 8,000-3,000 BC,

Begins when environment changed to resemble modern environment.

TRIANGULAR POINTS: Woodland Period: 3,000- 1,000 AD

Mississippi Period: 1,000-1,520 AD

Exploratory Period: 1,520 - 1,670 AD, Arrival of Europeans.

Historic Period: 1,670 - Present, British colonized America.

PREHISTORIC TOOLS USED EXAMPLES:

Acheulean Hand-Axes:

Acheulean hand-axes: The types shown are (clockwise from top)

Cordate, Ficron, and Ovate.

LEVALLOIS POINTS EXAMPLE:

Levallois points, a primary example of the more complex stone tool technology, were made by removing flakes from a core in a specific way, such as centripetally around an edge, so that the last flakes detached had a predetermined pointed shapeThese artifacts appear starting around 250 thousand years ago, but are particularly prominent in assemblages dating from 70 to 47 thousand years ago (e.g. Bar-Yosef, 1992Bar-Yosef & Meignen, 1992;Groucutt, 2014;Groucutt et al., 2019;Henry, 1995;Shimelmitz & Kuhn, 2013). Levallois points can occur in the Middle Stone Age and Middle Paleolithic assemblages worldwide.

PREHISTORIC TOOLS:

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