|
Principles and Practice of Surveying Volume II Higher Surveying by Charles B. Br
Principles and Practice of Surveying Volume II Higher Surveying by Charles B. Breed and George L. Hosmer
443 pages. Soft cover with gold edged pages! Looks like the bible of surveying. Published 1915. Total issue 16,000. (Volume one covers elementary surveying.)
Copyright 1908, 1915
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
IN this edition the older methods and instruments for measbase-lines have been subordinated, and attention has been given particularly to the use of the Invar tape and to the recent methods and results of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
Chapter IV has been entirely rewritten and is now devoted entirely to the applications of stadia to topographic surveying and to its special uses. This was done because the elements and principles of the Stadia Method have now been fully treated, in Volume I. Table X, Stadia Reductions, has been extended to include vertical angles up to forty degrees.
Several minor revisions have been made throughout the book, and some of the cuts have been replaced by better or more modern illustrations. Appendix C has been added, giving a practical method of balancing level circuits.
This volume is now bound in pocket-book size to conform to the new binding of Volume I.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
Photographic Surveying nothing has been attempted beyond an explanation of the fundamental principles involved in this method. In the chapter on the Relation of Geology to Topography, written by Professor D. W. Johnson, the subject of topography is treated from a point of view that is coming to be more and more appreby expert topographers. The importance of geological study to the topographer is now much emphasized by those recognized as authorities. The illustrations for this chapter were drawn by F. E. Matthes, Topographic Inspector, United States Geological Survey, to whom the authors are especially indebted.
The chapter on Hydrographic Surveying treats of the common methods of conducting harbor and river surveys. Some of the up-to-date methods have been explained in detail and are illusby several sets of field notes. For valuable suggestions on this subject the authors express their thanks to John R. Burke, formerly Assistant Engineer, Massachusetts Harbor and Land Commission, and to A. J. Ober, Assistant Engineer, United States Engineer Office. Chapter IX, on Stream Gauging, was written by H. K. Barrows, Engineer United States Geological Survey, who for several years has been in charge of the hydrographic work in New York and in New England. Thanks are due also to Professor W. E. Mott of the Massachusetts Institute of Techfor his criticisms of the manuscript of this chapter.
In the last two chapters the common methods of constructing and finishing topographic and hydrographic maps have been described. The details of making conventional signs have been described rather fully and some consideration has been given to the use of symbols on landscape plans. Several illustrations of topomaps on different scales have been introduced.
The authors desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to all who have aided in the preparation of this book, especially to Professors C. Frank Allen, A. G. Robbins, C. W. Doten, and A. E. Burton of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for criticisms and valuable suggestions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
CONTROL OF THE SURVEY.
CHAPTER I. - TRIANGULATION.
ART.PAGE
I. TRIANGULATION 3
2.SYSTEMS OF TRIANGULATION 3
3.PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY TRIANGULATION 5
4.BASE-LINE 5
5.RECONNOISSANCE FOR TRIANGULATION SCHEME 6
6.SELECTING TRIANGULATION STATIONS 7
7.RECONNOISSANCE FOR BASE SITE 7
8.MARKING THE STATIONS 8
9.SIGNALS I 0
10.TRIPOD SIGNAL FOR TRIANGULATION I0
.TRIPOD SIGNAL FOR TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING 14
12.BRACED MAST 16
13.GUYED MAST 17
14.OBSERVING TOWERS 17
is. DESCRIPTION OF STATION 19
16.HELIOTROPES 20
17.TELESCOPIC 20
18.IMPROVISED 2I
19.STEINHEIL 22
21.SIGNALS FOR OBSERVING AT NIGHT 24
22.INSTRUMENTS. FOR MEASURING BASES 24
23.U. S. COAST SURVEY STEEL TAPE APPARATUS 24
24.THE INVAR TAPE APPARATUS 25
25.MEASURING THE BASE 28
. 26. CORRECTION FOR BROKEN BASE 29
27. CORRECTIONS TO BASE-LINE MEASUREMENTS 30
27.CORRECTION FOR SLOPE 30
28.TEMPERATURE CORRECTION 31
29.REDUCTION TO SEA LEVEL 31
30.CORRECTION FOR SAG 31
31.TENSION 32
32.NORMAL TENSION .... .. . . .. 33
ART.PAGE
33 INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLES 33
34 REPEATING INSTRUMENT 34
35 DIRECTION INSTRUMENT 36
36.THE MICROMETER MICROSCOPE 36
THE RUN OF THE MICROMETER 37
38.CROSS-HAIRS... : 38
39 PREPARATION FOR OCCUPYING THE STATION 38
40. MEASURING ANGLES WITH REPEATING INSTRUMENT 39
41 MEASURING ANGLES WITH DIRECTION INSTRUMENT 40
42. PRECAUTIONS IN MEASURING ANGLES 41
43 TIME FOR OBSERVING 41
44. FORMS OF RECORDS 41
45 REDUCTION OF NOTES 43
46. REDUCTION TO CENTER 44
47 ADJUSTING THE TRIANGULATION 49
48. COMPUTATION OF THE TRIANGLE SIDES 46
49 THREE-POINT PROBLEM 47
50ASTRONOMICAL DETERMINATION OF POSITION 48
51.AZIMUTHS 49
52.COMPUTATION OF GEODETIC POSITIONS 50
53.THE INVERSE PROBLEM 53
54.APPLICATION OF TRIANGULATION TO SMALL SURVEYS 55
55.CONNECTING TRAVERSES WITH TRIANGULATION 56
PROBLEMS 59
CHAPTER II. - ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR AZIMUTH.
56.ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS 61
57.DEFINITIONS 61
58.SPHERICAL COORDINATES 62
59.THE HORIZON SYSTEM 62
6o.THE EQUATORIAL SYSTEMS 63
61.COORDINATES OF THE OBSERVER 64
62.RELATION BETWEEN ALTITUDE OF POLE AND LATITUDE OF PLACE 64
63.ASTRONOMICAL TRIANGLE 65
TIME,
64.DEFINITIONS. - APPARENT MOTION OF THE CELESTIAL SPHERE66
65.TRANSIT 66
66.SIDEREAL DAY 67
67.SIDEREAL TIME 67
68.SOLAR DAY 67
69.SOLAR TIME 67
70.ASTRONOMICAL AND CIVIL TIME 68
ART.PAGE
71. LONGITUDE AND TIME 68
73. SOLAR AND SIDEREAL INTERVALS 69
75. RELATION BETWEEN SIDEREAL AND MEAN SOLAR TIME 70
77. STANDARD TIME 72
CORRECTIONS TO OBSERVED ALTITUDES.
78, REFRACTION 72
79.PARALLAX 73
80.DIP 73
81.SEMI-DIAMETER 73
82.SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION 73
83.HINTS ON OBSERVING 74
OBSERVATIONS FOR TIME.
84.TIME BY TRANSIT OF A STAR ACROSS THE MERIDIAN 75
86.CHOICE OF METHODS 76
87.TIME BY TRANSIT OF STAR ACROSS VERTICAL CIRCLE THROUGH
POLARIS 77
88.TIME BY Two STARS AT EQUAL ALTITUDES 82
89.TIME BY A SINGLE ALTITUDE 88
OBSERVATIONS FOR LONGITUDE.
90.METHODS OF DETERMINING LONGITUDE 92
OBSERVATIONS FOR LATITUDE.
91.ACCURACY REQUIRED IN THE LATITUDE 92
92.LATITUDE BY ALTITUDE OF POLARIS 93
93.LATITUDE BY ALTITUDE OF THE TIME-STAR 93
OBSERVATIONS FOR AZIMUTH.
94.OBSERVATIONS FOR AZIMUTH ON CIRCUMPOLAR STAR AT ANY HOUR 97
95.THE AZIMUTH MARK 97
96.CIRCUMPOLARS 98
97.THE OBSERVATION 99
98,OBSERVATION WITH DIRECTION INSTRUMENT 99
99.OBSERVATION WITH REPEATING INSTRUMENT 100
I00. CALCULATING THE AZIMUTH OF THE STAR 100
101.CURVATURE CORRECTION I00
102.LEVEL CORRECTION 102
I03,DIURNAL ABERRATION 102
104. OBSERVATION NEAR ELONGATION 103
PROBLEMS I06
CHAPTER III. - PRECISE, TRIGONOMETRIC, AND BAROMETRIC
LEVELING,
ART.PAGE
PRECISE LEVELING 1
107.SOURCES OF ERROR 108
108.PRECISE LEVELING INSTRUMENTS III
109.THE KERN LEVEL III
110.THE STAMPFER LEVEL III
III. THE MENDENHALL LEVEL 112
112.THE U. S. COAST SURVEY LEVEL 112
113.PRECISE LEVELING RODS 114
114.PRECISE LEVELING METHODS 116
115.U. S. ENGINEERS' METHOD I17
116.U. S. COAST SURVEY METHODS 117
I16.OLD METHOD I17
117.NEW METHOD 118
118.U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODS 120
119.ACCURACY REQUIRED 121
120.PRECISE LEVELING WITH AN ORDINARY LEVEL I 2 I
121.DATUM 122
TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING /23
123.SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS 124
124.REFRACTION COEFFICIENT 126
125.OBSERVATIONS AT ONE STATION ONLY 126
126.VALUE OF m 127
127.ROUGH COMPUTATIONS I29.
BAROMETRIC LEVELING 130
/28. THE BAROMETER 130
129.THE MERCURY BAROMETER 131
130.THE USE OF THE MERCURY BAROMETER 132
131.THE ANEROID BAROMETER 133
132.THE USE OF THE ANEROID BAROMETER 135
133.CALCULATING THE HEIGHT - LAPLACE'S FORMULA 135
134.CORRECTIONS 136
135.THE AIR TEMPERATURE 136
136.TEMPERATURE OF THE MERCURY 136
137.VARIATION IN GRAVITY 136
138.AIRY'S FORMULA 137
139.ROUGH CALCULATIONS 137
140.METHOD OF MEASURING DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION - BY Two
BAROMETERS 138
141.BY ONE BAROMETER 141
142.PRECAUTIONS IN USE OF BAROMETER 142
PROBLEMS 142
PART II.
FILLING IN TOPOGRAPHIC DETAILS.
CHAPTER IV. - THE TRANSIT AND STADIA MET40D.
ART.PAGE
144.STADIA TRANSITS 148
145.STADIA RODS 150
146.FORMULAS 151
148.CONSTANTS 152
149.FIELDWORK - CONTROL OF THE SURVEY 153
150.ELEVATIONS 155
151.DISTANCES, AZIMUTHS, VERTICAL ANGLES 155
153.PRECISION OF THE MEASUREMENTS 156
154.REMARKS ON FIELDWORK 157
155.CHECKS ON THE TRAVERSE 159
157.LOCATING CONTOURS BY THE TRANSIT AND STADIA 160
158.STADIA NOTES 161
159.USE OF STADIA TABLES 168
160.STADIA REDUCTION DIAGRAMS 168
161.STADIA SLIDE RULES 172
162.PLOTTING STADIA NOTES 175
164.THE AVERILL STADIAGRAPH 178
165.SKETCHING THE CONTOURS 180
166." STEPPING " METHOD 180
167.BEAMAN'S STADIA ARC 181
168.STADIA LEVELING 184
169.STADIA FOR ROUGH SURVEYS 188
170.STADIA FOR PRECISE WORK 155
CHAPTER V. - THE PLANE-TABLE METHOD.
171.THE PLANE-TABLE METHOD 191
172.THE INSTRUMENTS 193
173.THE ALIDADE 194
174.ACCESSORIES TO THE PLANE TABLE 195
175.STADIA RODS FOR PLANE TABLE 196
176.ADJUSTMENT OF THE ALIDADE 196
177.TESTING THE STRAIGHT-EDGE 197
178.ADJUSTING THE LEVELS 197
179.ADJUSTMENT OF THE STRIDING LEVEL 197
180.ADJUSTMENT OF THE VERNIER LEVEL 197
181.TESTING THE LINE OF SIGHT 197
ART.PAGE
182.LOCATING POINTS BY INTERSECTION 198
183.LOCATING POINTS BY DIRECTION AND DISTANCE 199
184.TRIANGULATION FOR CONTROL OF PLANE-TABLE WORK199
185.GRAPHICAL TRIANGULATION 199
187. LOCATING POINTS BY RESECTION 202
288. THE THREE-POINT PROBLEM 203
189.LEHMANN'S METHOD 204
190.POSITION OF THE SIGNALS 207
191.BESSEL' S METHOD 208
192.THE TWO-POINT PROBLEM 210
193.ELEVATION OF THE INSTRUMENT 2I I
194.FIELD METHODS 214
299. SKETCHING CONTOURS 218
200.THE DATUM PLANE 219
201.PLANE-TABLE PAPER 219
202.PREPARING PLANE-TABLE SHEETS FOR FIELDWORK 220
203.THE TRAVERSE PLANE TABLE 221
204.ROUGH SURVEYS WITH THE PLANE TABLE 222
PROBLEMS 223
CHAPTER VI. - PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING.
205.PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING 224
206.PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING 225
207.THE SURVEYING CAMERA 226
208.ADJUSTMENTS OF THE CAMERA 228
209.ADJUSTMENT OF THE BUBBLE WHICH IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE
GROUND GLASS 228
210.DETERMINING THE POSITION OF THE PRINCIPAL POINT ..229
2II. DETERMINING THE POSITIONS OF HORIZON AND PRINCIPAL
LINES 229
212.ADJUSTMENT OF THE BUBBLE WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE
GROUND GLASS 23o
213.DETERMINING THE FOCAL LENGTH OF THE LENS 230
214.FIRST METHOD 231
215.SECOND METHOD 232
216.CONDUCTING A PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY 233
217.PLOTTING 235
218.ORIENTING THE PICTURE TRACE 236
219.LOCATING POINTS ON THE PLAN 238
220.DETERMINING ELEVATION FROM THE PHOTOGRAPHS 240
221.CONTOURS 245
PROBLEMS 245
CHAPTER VII. - THE RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO TOPOGRAPHY.
ART.PAGE
222.THE VALUE OF A KNOWLEDGE OF GEOLOGY TO THE TOPOGRAPHER 246
223.MAP EXPRESSION 252
224.SELECTION OF SCALE AND CONTOUR INTERVAL 254
225.TEXTURE OF TOPOGRAPHY 255
226.ENLARGEMENT AND REDUCTION 256
227.INDEX FORMS 257
228.PHYSIOGRAPHY 263
PART III.
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING AND STREAM GAUGING.
CHAPTER VIII. - HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING.
229.DEFINITION 267
SHORE LINE SURVEYS.
230.SHORE LINE AND STREAM SURVEYS 268
231.SHORE LINE OF HARBORS, LAKES AND RIVERS 267
233.RIVER AND LAKE SURVEYS IN WINTER 270
234.OCEAN SHORE LINES 27o
235.CONTOUR SURVEYS OF RIVER BANKS 271
236.CONTOUR SURVEYS OF THE SHORES OF LAKES OR PONDS272
237.DRAINAGE AREAS AND STORAGE BASINS 272
238.APPROXIMATE SURVEYS OF LAKES OR WIDE RIVERS 273
THE SEXTANT.
239.GENERAL DESCRIPTION ............. e . . .274
240.THE QUADRANT 276
241.PRINCIPLE OF THE SEXTANT 277
ADJUSTMENTS OF THE SEXTANT
242.To MAKE THE INDEX GLASS PERPENDICULAR TO. THE PLANE OF
THE SEXTANT 278
243.To MAKE THE HORIZON GLASS PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE
OF THE SEXTANT 279
244.To MAKE THE HORIZON GLASS PARALLEL TO THE INDEX GLASS
WHEN THE VERNIER READS o 279
245.INDEX CORRECTION 279
246.To MAKE THE LINE OF LIGHT OF THE TELESCOPE PARALLEL TO
THE PLANE OF THE ARC 280
248.REFLECTING CIRCLE 281
249.USE OF THE SEXTANT 281
250.PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF THE SEXTANT 282
251.USE OF THE ARTIFICIAL HORIZON 283
CHAPTER VII. - THE RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO TOPOGRAPHY.
ART.PAGE
222.THE VALUE OF A KNOWLEDGE OF GEOLOGY TO THE TOPOGRAPHER 246
223.MAP EXPRESSION 252
224.SELECTION OF SCALE AND CONTOUR INTERVAL 254
225.TEXTURE OF TOPOGRAPHY 255
226.ENLARGEMENT AND REDUCTION 256
227.INDEX FORMS 257
228.PHYSIOGRAPHY 263
PART III.
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING AND STREAM GAUGING.
CHAPTER VIII. - HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING.
229.DEFINITION 267
SHORE LINE SURVEYS.
230.SHORE LINE AND STREAM SURVEYS 268
231.SHORE LINE OF HARBORS, LAKES AND RIVERS 267
233.RIVER AND LAKE SURVEYS IN WINTER 270
234.OCEAN SHORE LINES 27o
235.CONTOUR SURVEYS OF RIVER BANKS 271
236.CONTOUR SURVEYS OF THE SHORES OF LAKES OR PONDS272
237.DRAINAGE AREAS AND STORAGE BASINS 272
238.APPROXIMATE SURVEYS OF LAKES OR WIDE RIVERS 273
THE SEXTANT.
239.GENERAL DESCRIPTION ............. e . . .274
240.THE QUADRANT 276
241.PRINCIPLE OF THE SEXTANT 277
ADJUSTMENTS OF THE SEXTANT
242.To MAKE THE INDEX GLASS PERPENDICULAR TO. THE PLANE OF
THE SEXTANT 278
243.To MAKE THE HORIZON GLASS PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE
OF THE SEXTANT 279
244.To MAKE THE HORIZON GLASS PARALLEL TO THE INDEX GLASS
WHEN THE VERNIER READS o 279
245.INDEX CORRECTION 279
246.To MAKE THE LINE OF LIGHT OF THE TELESCOPE PARALLEL TO
THE PLANE OF THE ARC 280
248.REFLECTING CIRCLE 281
249.USE OF THE SEXTANT 281
250.PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF THE SEXTANT 282
251.USE OF THE ARTIFICIAL HORIZON 283
ARTPAGE
292.AUTOMATIC GAUGES 319
293.PIEZOMETERS 319
294.PLUMB-BOB 319
295.INSTRUMENTS USED FOR MEASURING THE VELOCITY OF FLOWING
WATER 320
FLOATS 320
297.USE OF FLOATS 320
299.CURRENT METERS 320
300.THE PRICE METER 321
301.THE HASKELL METER 323
302.THE FTELEY METER 324
303.RATING CURRENT METERS 325
304.USE OF CURRENT METERS 326
305.METHODS OF MEASURING STREAM FLOW 326
306.SLOPE METHOD OF MEASURING STREAM FLOW 326
307.LIMITATIONS AND USE 327
308.WEIR METHOD OF MEASURING STREAM FLOW 327
308.WEIRS 327
399 WEIR FORMULAS 327
310.SUBMERGED WEIRS 329
311.CONSTRUCTION OF WEIRS 330
312.USE OF DAMS AS WEIRS 331
313." VELOCITY " METHOD OF MEASURING STREAM FLOW331
313.GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 331
314.VARIATION IN VELOCITY IN A GIVEN CROSS-SECTION
332
317. USE OF FLOATS IN DETERMINING VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE . . 333
318. CURRENT METER DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE . 334
318. APPLIANCES USED 334
319. METHODS FOR VELOCITY OBSERVATIONS IN THE VERTICAL .336
319.MULTIPLE POINT METHOD 336
320.SINGLE POINT METHOD 336
32 I . INTEGRATION METHOD 337
322.COMPUTATION OF DISCHARGE 337
323.MEASUREMENTS OF FLOW OF ICE-COVERED STREAMS 338
324.MEASUREMENTS OF FLOW IN ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS 339
325.METHODS OF ESTIMATING STREAM FLOW DURING; A PERIOD OF
TIME 339
BY WEIRS OR DAMS
BY " VELOCITY " METHODS
326.STREAMS WITH SHIFTING BEDS 340
327.ESTIMATES OF FLOW IN WINTER 341
328.COMPARATIVE VALUE OF WEIR METHOD AND VELOCITY METHOD
IN MEASURING AND ESTIMATING FLOW 341
329.USE OF MEASUREMENTS AND ESTIMATES OF FLOW 341
PART IV.
CONSTRUCTING AND FINISHING MAPS.
CHAPTER X. - MAP PROJECTIONS.
ART.
330.MAP PROJECTIONS
331.ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
332.STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
333.GNOMONIC PROJECTION
334.RECTANGULAR PROJECTION
335.PROJECTION WITH CONVERGING MERIDIANS
336.THE MERCATOR PROJECTION
337.CONIC PROJECTION
338.BONNE'S PROJECTION
339.POLYCONIC PROJECTION PAGE
345
346
346
348
349
350
351
352
354
355
CHAPTER XI. - PLOTTING AND FINISHING TOPOGRAPHIC AND HYDROGRAPHIC MAPS.
341.PLOTTING THE TRIANGULATION 359
342.RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 361
343.PLOTTING DETAILS ON THE MAP 361
344 TRANSFERRING PLANE-TABLE SHEETS OR OTHER MAPS TO THE
LARGE MAP 362
345.FINISHING PLANE-TABLE SHEETS, 363
346.FINISHING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS 364
347.SCALES 365
348.DIAGONAL SCALE 367
349.CONVENTIONAL SIGNS FOR TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS 368
35o. CONVENTIONAL SIGNS FOR SMALL AND INTERMEDIATE SCALE MAPS 369
351.GRASS 369
352.SALT AND FRESH MARSH 371
353.CULTIVATED LAND 371
354.SAND AND GRAVEL 372
355.WATER-LINING 372
356.TREES 373
357.CONVENTIONAL SIGNS FOR LARGE-SCALE MAPS 375
358.COLORED TOPOGRAPHIC SIGNS 377
359.REPRESENTATION OF RELIEF 377
360.HYDROGRAPHIC MAPS 379
361.CONVENTIONAL SIGNS FOR HYDROGRAPHIC MAPS ... 380
362.LETTERING 380
363.BORDER LINE - TITLE - MERIDIAN 383
TABLES.
ART.PAGE
I.CORRECTION FOR EARTH'S CURVATURE AND REFRACTION387
II.VALUE OF LOG 112 FOR COMPUTING SPHERICAL EXCESS 388
HI. LOGARITHMS OF FACTORS FOR COMPUTING GEODETIC POSITIONS389
IV.CORRECTION TO LONGITUDE FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARC AND
SINE 394
V.FOR CONVERTING SIDEREAL INTO MEAN SOLAR TIME 395
VI.FOR CONVERTING MEAN SOLAR TIME INTO SIDEREAL TIME396
VII.MEAN REFRACTION CORRECTION 397
VIII.LOG A AND LOG B FOR COMPUTING EQUATION OF EQUAL ALTI
TUDES) 398
IX.FOR DETERMINING DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION BY THE BAROMETER 400
X.STADIA REDUCTIONS 404
XI.VALUES OF C FOR USE IN THE CHEZY FORMULA 407
XII.HAMILTON SMITH'S COEFFICIENTS FOR WEIRS WITH CONTRACTION SUPPRESSED AT BOTH ENDS, FOR USE IN THE FORMULA Q = cbHi 408
XIII.HAMILTON SMITH'S COEFFICIENTS FOR WEIRS WITH Two COMEND CONTRACTIONS, FOR USE IN THE FORMULA Q = cbH3 409
XIV.LENGTHS OF DEGREES OF THE MERIDIAN 410
XV.MERIDIONAL DISTANCE IN METERS FROM WHOLE DEGREE PAR
ALLEL 411
XVI.COORDINATES OF CURVATURE 412
XVII.COORDINATES OF CURVATURE 414
APPENDIX A. - SPECIFICATIONS FOR TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP 419
All pictures are of the actual item. If this is a railroad item, this material is obsolete and no longer in use by the railroad. Please email with questions. Publishers of Train Shed Cyclopedias and Stephans Railroad Directories. Large inventory of railroad books and magazines. Thank you for buying from us.
Shipping charges
Postage rates quoted are for shipments to the US only. Ebay Global shipping charges are shown. These items are shipped to Kentucky and then ebay ships them to you. Ebay collects the shipping and customs / import fees. For direct postage rates to these countries, send me an email. Shipping to Canada and other countries varies by weight.
Payment options
Payment must be received within 10 days. Paypal is accepted.
Terms and conditions
All sales are final. Returns accepted if item is not as described. Contact us first. No warranty is stated or implied. Please e-mail us with any questions before bidding.
Thanks for looking at our items.
|