WW2 GERMAN LUFTWAFFE DORNIER Do217
BOMBER NIGHTFIGHTER ANTI-SHIP MISSILE CARRIER
MNOGOTSELEVOY
BOMBARDIROVSCHIK SOFTBOUND BOOK with RUSSIAN TEXT
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional
Information from Internet Encyclopedia
The
Dornier Do 217 was a bomber used by the German Luftwaffe during World War II as
a more powerful development of the Dornier Do 17, known as the Fliegender
Bleistift (German: "flying pencil"). Designed in 1937 and 1938 as a
heavy bomber but not meant to be capable of the longer-range missions
envisioned for the larger Heinkel He 177, the Do 217's design was refined
during 1939 and production began in late 1940. It entered service in early 1941
and by the beginning of 1942 was available in significant numbers.
The
Dornier Do 217 had a much larger bomb load capacity and had much greater range
than the Do 17. In later variants, dive bombing and maritime strike
capabilities using glide bombs were experimented with, considerable success
being achieved. Early Do 217 variants were more powerful than the contemporary
Heinkel He 111 and Junkers Ju 88, having a greater speed, range and bomb load.
Owing to this it was called a heavy bomber rather than a medium bomber. The Do
217 served on all fronts in all roles. On the Eastern Front and Western Front
it operated as a strategic bomber, torpedo bomber and reconnaissance aircraft.
It also performed tactical operations, either direct ground assault or
anti-shipping strikes during the Battle of the Atlantic and Battle of Normandy.
The Do 217 was also converted to become a night fighter and saw considerable
action in the Defence of the Reich campaign until late in the war.
The
type also served in anti-shipping units in the Mediterranean, attacking Allied
convoys and naval units during the Battle of the Mediterranean. It was in the
Mediterranean that the Do 217 became the first aircraft in military aviation
history to deploy a form of precision-guided munition in combat, in the form of
the Fritz-X radio-guided, free-fall bomb, which led to the sinking of the
Italian battleship Roma in 1943. After the end of the war, at least one Dornier
Do 217 continued in military operational service with the Swiss Air Force until
1946.
At
the beginning of 1938, Dornier issued manufacturing specification No. 1323,
recognising the need for a twin-engine bomber or long-range reconnaissance
aircraft powered by Daimler-Benz DB 601B engines.3 In February 1938 the
Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM Air Ministry) authorized a testing program.4
Dornier worked on a version of the Do 17M with the all round vision cockpit of
the Do 17Z and a fuselage having a large bomb bay capable of holding a maximum
of two 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) and ten 50 kilograms (110 lb) bombs. For
reconnaissance an Rb 50/30 movie camera was fitted ahead of the front spar of
the wing, and an Rb 20/30 was mounted in the second bomb bay.5 Jettisonable
fuel tanks were carried in the forward bomb bay. For smoke-laying, the aircraft
could be fitted with two Type S200 smoke generators. Dornier also envisaged the
Do 217 as a naval dive bomber, in which case it was to be fitted with twin
floats. In April and May 1938, the Do 217 WV1 and WV2 prototypes were produced.
The
wing span was to be slightly larger than the Dornier Do 17 by one metre. Its overall
span was now 19 metres (62 ft 4 in). Under the wing a retractable diving air
brake was to be installed. To power the aircraft the Dornier office at Manzell
had favoured two DB 601B engines which could generate 1175 PS (1159 hp, 864 kW)
for take off. The Jumo 211, Bramo 329 and BMW 139 (forerunner to the BMW 801)
were also considered. Whichever of the power plants was selected, the RLM
expected the aircraft to achieve a maximum speed of 520 kilometres per hour
(280 kn) and have a weight of 10,200 kilograms (22,500 lb) fully loaded. On 5
June 1938 Dornier's overview of its design submitted to the Technical Bureau
(Technisches Amt) highlighted some structural differences with the Do 17. In
particular, the proposed increase in the bomb load to 1,500 kilograms (3,300
lb) had to have been a vital factor in the design's acceptance. The fuselage
was to be not only bigger but also structurally stronger.
The
RLM also had other requirements for Dornier to fill. Since 1933 Nazi Germany's
Kriegsmarine had pressed for the formation of a Naval Air Arm. In January 1938
the Naval Air Arm Inspectorate of the Luftwaffe presented its requirements for
a multi-role twin-engined all-metal aircraft that could also conduct maritime
operations. On 5 February 1938 it was agreed with the General Staff. The
ineffectiveness of horizontal bombing of ship targets had already been noted.
At the Erprobungsstelle Travemünde military aviation test centre at Greifswald,
training units together with a few naval air units practiced bombing the ship
Zähringen with concrete bombs. The results were a two percent hit rate. Junkers
Ju 87 dive bombers repeated the assault with a 40% hit rate. The superior
accuracy of dive bombing was clearly demonstrated. The Luftwaffe also wanted a
machine that could operate as a fighter aircraft to combat enemy aircraft.
Essentially they wanted a "sea Stuka" (Junkers Ju 87).8 The aircraft
was to have floats and a range of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) and a maximum speed
of 400 kilometres per hour (220 kn).
Dornier
set about designing a Dornier floatplane. For hitting targets in the air and
sea surface, four machine guns would be fitted in the nose. The armament would
consist of two MG 17 machine guns (500 rounds of ammunition each) and two MG
204 machine guns (200 rounds of ammunition) as part of the Dornier Do P.85
project.9 Heavy weapons consisted of one 500 kg or two 250 kg bombs for
assaulting enemy Warships. Dornier faced competition from Heinkel and Junkers
who were developing the Junkers Ju 88 and Heinkel He 115.9 Instead of MG 204s,
MG 151 or MG FF was installed instead. Defensive armament was to consist of MG
15s to cover the aft approach. In addition the pay load could be modified to
one 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) and eight 50 kilograms (110 lb) bombs or even two
SC 500 bombs. The floats had a volume of 8,100 litres (1,800 imp gal) and were
broken into compartments for safety reasons. Each float was to contain a fuel
tank with a capacity of 500 litres (110 imp gal). The tail was to consist of
the same twin stabilizer configuration as the Do 217, although a single fin was
planned.
For
dive bombing capability a dive brake was installed underneath the wing, like
the Ju 88. The power plants were to reflect the speed requirements. It was
envisaged as having two DB 601G engines, generating 1,300 horsepower (970 kW),
or two Jumo 211s. The fuel tanks to supply the power plant were located in the
wing and fuselage which had a capacity for 2,000 litres (440 imp gal) of
aviation fuel and 190 litres (42 imp gal) of oil. At full weight the Dornier
would reach 360 kilometres per hour (190 kn) and its effective range was to be
expected to be 1,880 kilometres (1,170 mi). Its optimum range at an average
cruising speed of 270 kilometres per hour (150 kn) at an altitude of 4,000 metres
(13,000 ft), was 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi). The specifications were dated 8
March 1938.10 The Do 217 lost out in the naval aircraft race to the Ju 88 and
Blohm & Voss Ha 140, as the Luftwaffe favoured these designs owing to the
Do 217 failing to live up to the specifications given.10 Although specifically
ordered to cease development of the naval version of the Do 217,11 Dornier
unofficially pursued the project and produced the Do 217W V1 and W V2
prototypes.12
By
the summer, 1940 the Luftwaffe had been using the Dornier Do 18, Heinkel He
115, Heinkel He 59, Heinkel He 111 and Junkers Ju 88 in maritime operations in
the Baltic. At this point, the Ju 88 and He 111 equipped units were ordered to
cease providing maritime support en masse. Instead, the Luftwaffe returned to
the idea of the Do 217 and its floatplane version as a specialized naval attack
aircraft. At the same time more plans were in place to produce extremely
long-range aircraft (probably for operations deep in the Soviet Union). It is
possible that the data sheet which Dornier gave the designation Do 217G was a
part of that project. Unlike the Sea Stuka, a floatplane, the G was to carry an
MG 151 mounted in the nose and three MG 15s fitted for defence. The G was
expected to reach 14,900 kilograms (32,800 lb). It was still designed for a
crew of four and equipped with sprung floats which would allow the aircraft to
land in rough open seas. The G could also carry the entire variation of the E-1
bomb load it could carry a load twice that of the Do P.85 aircraft. However,
the Do 217 E-1s performance was favoured. Nevertheless, the Gs design features
figured and influenced the E-4 which went into production as the aircraft that
was envisaged to be the backbone of the Luftwaffe's bomber fleet in the Battle
of the Atlantic.
The
Do 217 usually carried a crew of four. Included were a pilot, an observer/bomb
aimer/forward gunner, dorsal gunner/radio operator and a flight
engineer/ventral gunner. As with the Dornier Do 17, the crew were positioned in
the cockpit cabin forward of the engines and leading edge. The pilot sat on the
port side, with a spectacle-type control column mounted on a swinging arm
centered in the instrument panel. The entire arm could be swung 180deg to
starboard, placing the yoke in front of the bombardier, in case of emergencies.
In the later Do 217K with stepless windscreen, the center pivot was mounted on
a rocking control arm or pedestal, rather than a sliding piston, since the
instrument panel itself was eliminated (replaced with smaller panels holding
the gauges, hung from the edge of the fueslage wall and from the glazing frames
above the yoke, respectively.)16 The bomb aimer sat on his immediate right,
slightly below and behind. In combat he could move forward into the nose and
operate the bomb release gear or aim the forward machine gun (or 20 mm cannon).
On the right side of the nose, the bomb aimer's window penetrates the cockpit
and is visible as a bulge on the exterior. Back-to-back with the bombardiers
seat, the flight engineer/ventral gunner sat on the port side, his seat facing
to the rear. The seat of the ventral gunner/flight engineer was next to the
radio operator facing forward, behind the bomb aimer. During operations the
ventral gunner/engineer would lie on his stomach facing aft, his post as a
gunner taking immediate and first priority.16 The radio-operator/dorsal gunner
sat in a pivoting seat in the extreme rear, above the ventral gun position. His
head was inside the B-Stand gun position, and the instruments mounted in a
semi-circle around his torso level. The pilot had a curved shield of Armour
plating, 8.5 mm thick, placed behind his seat. His seat had a further 5mm (1⁄4
in) of armour and another 5mm (1⁄4 in) plate above his head, installed in the
top of the cockpit roof.26 The dorsal gunner was also protected by armour
plating.27 The Funkgerät or FuG radio communication device compartments were
located in the extreme rear of the cockpit, near the leading edge. The automatic
pilot panel was located next the FuG boxes. In the right-rear of the cockpit
the piping that was also attached to the de-icing ducts in wings also entered
the cockpit, as part of a single heating system to emit warm air to heat the
cabin if needed.22 The FuG X, 16, navigational direction finder PeilG V
direction finder (PeilG Peilgerät) and the FuG 25 IFF and FuBI 2 blind
landing devices were used in the E-2.
The
defensive armament consisted of an A-Stand (forward firing machine gun
position) in the nose with a MG 15 machine gun. In the C-Stand (lower rear gun
emplacement) at the rear end of the undernose Bola gondola a standard feature
on many German twin-engined bombers and a B-Stand position (rear-upper gun
post) at the rear of the cockpit glazing, the crew were provided with MG 15
(E-1) or MG 131 machine guns (E-2). In the side of the cockpit, two MG 15s were
mounted (one on each side) on bearings. As well as the manual machine gun
positions, the E-2 was equipped with a Drehlafette DL 131 rotating turret armed
with 13 mm machine gun.29 In some instances, a moveable 20 mm cannon was fitted
in the nose and a fixed 15 mm weapon was installed in the floor of the nose.
The weapons could be controlled by the pilot, via a firing button located on
the yoke. To assist in acquiring his target, a Revi C12/C was installed in the
cockpit.
The
maximum permissible bomb load of the E-series without sacrificing fuel load was
3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb) of bombs of which a maximum of 3,000 kg could be
carried internally.31 To have the maximum load of 4,000 kg, part of the 1,050
litres (230 imp gal) fuselage fuel tank had to be sacrificed. If long distance
operations had to be flown, drop tanks could be fitted under the wings, which
affected speed.32 Beside the bomb load a LT F5 Torpedo could be carried in its
long bomb bay, as well as three aerial mines (the E-1 did not carry the mine
load of the E-2).
To
replace the Do 217, the RLM planned for the He 177 A-3 and A-5 to be the
long-range carrier aircraft for missiles, owing to the lack of BMW engines to
power the Dornier but problems with the engine reliability of the He 177A led
to the failure of the plan. The Battle of Stalingrad used up more and more
aircrew which prevented them retraining on the Do 217 for glide bomb
operations. Owing to the problems with the He 177A, Air Inspector General
Erhard Milch returned his attention to the Do 217 and demanded a greater number
of improved variants for Precision-guided munition (PGM) operations.51
In
early 1942, tests on a new and improved, completely glazed cockpit for the Do
217 series had been underway at the Hamburger Schiffbauanstalt (Hamburg
Shipbuilding Institute). E-2s were fitted with a new streamlined "stepless
cockpit" following its conceptual debut in January 1938 for the He 111P,
as this design philosophy became the standard for almost all German bombers
later in World War II, which eliminated the separate windscreen panels for the
pilot of earlier versions of the Do 217. The lower nose of the K-version also
retained the Bola inverted-casemate gondola for a rearwards-aimed ventral
defensive armament emplacement, with its forward end fully incorporated with
the new nose glazing design. The testing for this new well-framed cockpit
glazing format for the later models of the Do 217, was carried out at the
Shipbuilding Institute in Hamburg. The design of the cockpit was put to the
test using water pressure to simulate a speed of 700 km/h. Only a few of the
glass panels failed, caused by inadequate mounting. The cabin design passed the
tests easily.52 Initial flights took place on 31 March 1942 after teething
problems had been resolved. The Do 217 K V1 flew with BMW 801A-1s from
Löwenthal and Erprobungsstelle Rechlin. This was followed by the ten-airframe
pre-production batch, Do 217 K-01 to K-010. Mass production of the Do 217 K-1
began at the Dornier factory at Wismar.
The
Do 217 K-1 was a night bomber version with the 1560 PS BMW 801L engine.57 It
carried the same crew of four in the "stepless cockpit" crew
compartment with a revised defensive armament of a twin-barreled 7.92 mm MG 81Z
machine gun in the nose, two single MG 81s or twin-barrelled MG 81Z in beam
positions, a MG 131 in the B stand position dorsal turret, the DL 131/1C, and another
in a ventral position inserted in a Walzenlafette WL 131/1 cylindrical carriage
at the rear of its Bola gondola.58 220 were built.2 It had an average flying
weight of 12,700 kg, this aircraft achieved speeds of 520 km/h at 5,200 m.
The
K-1 was equipped with GM 1 nitrous oxide boost, which increased the K-1s
maximum speed by 84 km/h at 8,000 m at a rate of 100 g/s. With 50 g/s the
aircraft's operational ceiling could be extended from 8,400 to 9,800 metres.
Failure rates of the GM 1 were very high and attention was shifting to other Do
217 variants and the use of GM 1 soon stopped.58 Serious shortages of the BMW
801 led to the cancellation of the K series but tests with BMW 801ML
Motoranlage unitized-mount format radial engines, added a supplementary command
unit to the usual 801 Kommandogerät engine control unit for each radial, which
could engage the booster switch, ignition timing and the weak-rich mixture
control automatically, which made the 801L powerplants easy to operate. Oil
pressures also triggered operation of the VDM propellers, which on the K-1
subtype were 3.9 m in diameter. A smaller, 3.8 meter diameter wood-bladed
propeller could be used as an alternative, though with a slight loss of speed.
The standard 2,165-litre fuel tank could be supplemented by two fuselage tanks
with 700-litre capacity or with either the standardized Luftwaffe 300 litre
drop tank used on many German front-line military aircraft or fin-stabilized
900 litre drop tank as the Bf 110D used. An all-up-weight of 15 to 16.5 tonnes could
be expected. The K-1 would need some 850 to 1,110 m to get airborne. Taking off
from a grass strip, an altitude of 20 m was reached after 1,500 m and from a
concrete runway it was 1,300. With two auxiliary tanks its speed dropped by 4.5
percent, and with bombs, by 6 percent. Flame-damper equipment also caused
serious speed reductions; 7 percent in level flight and 9 percent when at
operational ceiling.
The
next variant, the Do 217 K-2, was a specialised anti-shipping version based on
the K-1, the Do 217 K-2 was intended to carry the Fritz X guided bomb, being
fitted with pylon-faired hardpoints to allow carriage of two Fritz Xs inboard
of the engines and the appropriate Kehl guidance system transmitter
emplacement. It had longer-span wings (24.8 m (81 ft 4 1⁄2 in) compared with
19 m (62 ft 4 in) for the K-1) to give better high-altitude performance when
carrying the heavy Fritz-X bombs. 50 were converted from K-1 airframes.2 The
wing area was expanded by a total of 67 m2, but most of the K-2s internal equipment
was the same as the K-1.60 The increase in area was to increase high-altitude
performance.58 Some of the K-2s had a rigid tail MG 81Z which was not
especially effective.61 It was loaded with 350 rounds and controlled by the use
of a rear-facing telescope mounted in the forward section of the canopy left of
the pilot. Either the gunners or pilot could fire the weapon, which could be
jettisoned in case of an emergency to reduce weight.
As
the BMW 801 radial engine used by the Do 217K was in great demand for the Fw
190 fighter, the Do 217M, a version powered by Kraftei-unitized installation
versions of the largest displacement inverted V12 then in service, the 44.5
litre displacement Daimler-Benz DB 603 liquid-cooled inverted V12 engine, was
developed in parallel with the 217K. It shared the new forward fuselage of the
217K, with the first prototype flying on 16 June 1942.6364 According to RLM
plans, production of the M model, which was powered by DB 603 A-1s was due to
commence with two aircraft in May 1942 and 10 M-1s in the summer. By March 1943
a production target of 42 aircraft per month was to be achieved. The DB 603 A-3
was chosen as the increased performance handed the aircraft improved
characteristics. However, it had not been fully tested and a number of
technical problems arose. A Do 217H (a glider-bomber for land operations with
E-2 airframe) would be used for endurance testing. This would provide useful
testing evaluations for the M-1.
The
M-1 night bomber version, equivalent to Do 217 K-1 but with DB603A engines,
carried similar armament and bomb load to K-1.6869 Daimler-Benz DB 601s were
also used on some variants to keep the airframes in service (the shortage of
powerplants made this difficult).70 Mostly though, DB603A-1 engines were used on
the M-1, its only major difference with the K series. The M-1/Umrüst-Bausätze 1
(abbreviated "/U1") incorporated the M defensive armament and the
lattice air brake of the E-2. The MG 81Z and 131 were to be replaced by the MG
151 in the A-stand position. Problems with the air brakes prevented serial
conversions. By November 1943 the M-1/U1 had matured into a night bomber with
anti-glare protection in the cabin. The machine was equipped with a MG 131 in
the nose, two MG 81Js in the cabin windows and two MG 131s in the B and C
stand.67 Some M-1/U2s were fitted for deployment of German PGM guided ordnance
with the required FuG 203d Kehl IV guidance transmitter, and rear-looking FuG
216 Neptun R radar equipment.71 438 M-1 were built by Dornier in Munich and Wismar.
In
1941, with Germany under increased night-time attack by the bombers of RAF
Bomber Command, and with shortages of the Messerschmitt Bf 110 and the
preferred Junkers Ju 88C night fighters, it was decided to supplement the
night-fighter force with a version of the Do 217E, despite its much greater
size and 15-ton weight.72 This aircraft, the Do 217J, was fitted with a new
"solid" nose, similar to that used by Dornier in night fighter
versions of the Do 17 and Do 215, with four forward firing 2 cm MG FF cannon
and four 7.92 mm machine guns.5563 By October 1940, the production of heavy
night fighters, and night fighters such as the Do 217 and Ju 88, had been
discussed comprehensively and by 5 November 1941 these discussions had been
concluded. On 23 November the Technische Amt (T.A) had ordered the Dornier
bomber fleet to be withdrawn in accordance with a decision made earlier that
year on 23 May. Dornier designated the subject of their new project the
"Do 217Z", later renamed the Do 217J.
The
Japanese Imperial Navy and Japanese Army Air Force had also taken an interest
in license building the type in the summer 1942, demonstrating the type's
potential. The Luftwaffe, however, had no intention of delivering the Do 217 to
Japan, and none were ever exported.73 Dornier encountered many problems in
procuring the BMW 801 engines required for the night fighter versions. Junkers
had also struggled with BMW deliveries, its Ju 88C variants were to be powered
by the BMW as the initial Jumo 211B/F engine plan had been abandoned.73 The Do
217s competitor, the Ju 88C, had only four fixed guns, whereas the Dornier
could hold eight. In most cases, the Ju 88C carried only one 2 cm MG FF and
three 7.92 mm MG 17s.73
In
January 1941 Junkers concentrated on the C variant designs. It planned on
producing 60 C-4s and 374 C-6s powered by Jumo 211s. It later transpired to
Dornier that Junkers also wanted the BMW 801 to power the C-6. The power plants
would also be supplemented with GM-1 nitrous oxide injection engine performance
boosters for greater performance or alternatively, using the new, more powerful
Jumo 213. The Ju 88s weaponry was improved by the addition of one or two MG FFs
in the fuselage. Both the Do 217 and Ju 88 used the FuG 202 Lichtenstein B/C
sets, but later Ju 88s were given FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1s and later FuG 220s.
The equipment of the Dornier did not change. Against this competition Dornier
needed to improve the types abilities as a night fighter.73 The first problem
Dornier attempted to overcome was long and short range capabilities. A modified
E-1, (Wrk Nr. 42) was used to test the equipment for the forthcoming Do 217J.
During testing the characteristics of the various types fire extinguisher
hardware were carried out. Performance trials were carried out in January 1942
using a E-2, Wrk Nr. 1122 which was put through its paces at the Löwenthal
testing facility.73
Dornier
intended the prototype to ready by February 1942. The machine, Wrk Nr. 1134,
was a modified E-2 and equipped with FuG 202 and a Spanner-Anlage Infrared gun
sight. These systems enabled the Dornier to detect the heat signature of enemy
aircraft. Heat seeking detection at limited range making the Dornier a good
proposition for the Defence of the Reich campaign. Testing was set back as the
prototype crashed owing to engine failure. The continuing slow development of
the IR equipment precluded its use in the J-1. Work on the IR program was sped
up until late 1943. Modified IR equipment appeared in 1945 and was installed in
the Ju 88 G-6.74
Delays
of BMW 801 engine deliveries forced the project to be temporarily abandoned. In
November 1941 the directive for the design team had been a J-1 with a Spanner
IR system, and a J-2 with Lichtenstein radar. In 1942 the directive changed
slightly, and the J-2 was to be fitted with AI radar. Specifically, the Dornier
was to be armed with four MG FF fuselage mounted cannon and machine guns for
bomber assault, and one MG 131 each in the B-Stand and C-Stand positions for
defence from RAF night fighters. Curiously, the night fighter version was
ordered to be able to carry eight 50 kg bombs75 so the type could act as a
night fighter and intruder over enemy territory.76
The
electronic equipment to be installed was listed as the FuG X, 16, 25 Peil G V
air-to-ground communications and blind landing devices. The FuB1.1 was also
listed as a potential piece, and if possible a FuG 101 radio equipment was to
be fitted as standard. It was intended to equip J-1 with the Lichtenstein FuG
202, which had an effective range of 4,000 metre, with three tubes. The weight
of the equipment would reduce the performance of the J-1 by 30 40 km/h so in
January 1942, Dornier opted to install the IR spanner equipment instead of the
Lichtensten.75 A rear braking system had also been in the original plan, but it
was deemed unnecessary.75 The design was declared ready on 5 January 1942 and
first flew later that month. The prototype was delivered to the Tarnewitz test
facility where gunnery trials took place with MG FF and MG 17 weapons. Satisfied
with the performance, series production began in March 1942.
The
operational Dornier night fighter, redesignated J-1, before entering operations
was powered by BMW 801L engines. It was fitted with a revised crew compartment
housing a crew of three, with a solid nose housing four fixed 7.92 mm MG 17
machine guns, with four 20 mm MG FF/M cannon in the forward part of the ventral
gondola. It retained the MG 131s in a dorsal turret and ventral position of the
bomber, and could carry eight 50 kilograms (110 lb) bombs in the rear bomb-bay,
with a fuel tank in the forward bomb-bay.7879
Production
had commenced in March 1942, during which eight J-1s were built. In April, 13
followed and 55 were built in May. Despite this start production declined in
June and this trend continued until November 1942, when only four were built.
Dornier had been ordered to withdraw Dornier airframes for unspecified reasons.
Owing to this, by 31 December 1942, only 130 J-1s had been completed.2 Dornier
kept a production run of 19 aircraft for evaluating equipment. These were to be
used when Josef Kammhuber, General of the Night fighters demanded the J-1 to
have a modified fuselages made available for upward firing cannon installed
within the dorsal areas of the fuselage, above the wing roots. This armament
configuration was called Schräge Musik ("slanted" or
"oblique" Music). A prototype was given four MG 151s in place of its
MG FFs and named J-1/U1.77 The prototype was modified in September 1942 and
sent to the Tarnwitz Experimental Establishment on 14 October for tests on
gunnery performance. The guns delivered 125,000 rounds during tests without
problems. The concept was available for adoption, although Dornier had some
reservations about the slow firing pattern of the MG 151/20.
The
Dornier appeared to be a very effective night fighter with significant hitting
power. However it attracted strong criticism from the Luftwaffe. After the
first J-1 was delivered to 4./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1, in March 1942, the crew
complained it was too heavy, and criticised its take off and landing
characteristics. The pilot complained it had "too little performance
reserve". The aircraft's high service loading and its poor manoeuvrability
in aerial combat did not enhance its performance reputation.77 Part of the
types performance issues lay with the fact the MG 131 defensive guns and bomb
release mechanisms had remained, and been built into the J-1 to allow for its
use as a bomber. With eight machine guns mounted in the fuselage and the
supporting ammunition, the weight was increased and outweighed the Do 217E by
750 kg.
The
end of the J series did not mean the end of the Dornier night fighter. One of
the few German fighter pilots to side with the type against its critics was
Hauptmann Rudolf Schoenert of III./Nachtjagdgeschwader 3. Schoenert suggested
to his Commanding officer, in July 1942, that trials be made of weapons
slanting upwards at an angle of 70° (later known as Schräge Musik) in the
fuselage in the hope of increasing the efficiency of his Do 217. This entailed
mounting four to six MG 151/20 guns in the centre of the fuselage. At
Technisches Amt, two Do 217s, one with four and the other with six MG/151/20
cannon were ready for inspection on 5 August 1942 and testing in September.82
The idea of the upward firing cannon had originally come from an engineer, Dr.
Poppendieck, in June 1942.82 Nevertheless, Schoenert built on it, and with the
introduction of the IR spanner and headlight, the bomber could approach from
below a British bomber and avoid exposure to its powerful powered turrets
guarding its tail, nose and upper fuselage by attacking from behind or head-on.
Unlike the B-17 Flying Fortress, the British bombers did not have a Ball
turret, and the new Dornier design attempted to take advantage.82 It was
decided, due to cost, to limit the upward-firing armament to four guns. Other
tactical improvements involved fitting a semi-rigid brake parachute in October
1942, allowing the Dornier to adjust to the speed of the bomber before firing
on its target. The prototypes J-1/U2 and J-1/U4 were tested under these
conditions.
These
designs were to be carried forward into the new variant, the Dornier Do 217N.
The BMW 801 that powered the Do 217J proved underpowered, so a night-fighter
using the more powerful DB 603 A-183 engines was produced, with the first
prototype flying on 31 July 1942.80 While it had much improved performance, it
was still unpopular due to its poor agility and climb rate,63 and was prone to
engine problems.81 Ten pre-production series N variants were designated as test
beds. Trials began in the summer of 1942. On 16 August the second prototype Do
217, N V2, entered trials,. The N V1 and N V2 were the main testbeds, and the
DB 603 A-1s they were powered by were tested at high altitude. On 11 October
1942 the N V1 crashed after stalling with its landing gear down and crashing
into Müritz Lake, killing the crew. On 21 December 1942, 100-hour engine
endurance trials began at Rechlin with the DB engines. The pistons became
useless after 91 hours. Testing of DB 603 A-2 inline engines was carried out
between 28 April and 8 May 1943, but the programme was beset by continual
breakdowns and the project was abandoned. There was no further record of the N
variant prototypes after 20 June 1943.83
In
April 1943, the four MG FF guns had started but were not completed until the
late summer. The third prototype, N-1/U was fitted with MG 151/20 and
unspecified aerodynamic refinements. The machine was used in high-altitude
de-icing tests, and the aircraft was tested with Lichtenstein BCR and
Bernhardine radar. In August ten of these aircraft were constructed, and
between 27 and 31 August, they were fitted with their Schräge Musik at
Tarnewitz and Wismar Testing Facilities. The tenth N variant, designated N-0,
underwent radio trials. The machine was tested with the Peil G VI/APZ 6, a
later and more sophisticated variant automatic direction-finding equipment. On
2 December further tactical trials were carried out with infrared
target-illuminating equipment. These trials were carried out with DB 601
powered J-1.