Nice print titled Constantine. - vue generale, prise de la route de Mansoura, from wood engraving with fine detail and clear impression, nice hand coloring, approx. page size is 26 x 18 cm, approx. image size is 19 x 13 cm. From La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes / The Earth and Its Inhabitants, great work of Elisee Reclus.

Constantine

also called (after 1981) Qacentina , Arabic Blad el-Hawa , Phoenician Cirta

city, northeast Algeria. A natural fortress, the city occupies a rocky  diamond-shaped plateau that is surrounded, except at the southwest, by a  precipitous gorge through the eastern side of which flows the Rhumel River. The  plateau is 2,130 feet (650 metres) above sea level and from 500 to 1,000 feet  (150 to 300 metres) above the riverbed in the gorge. The cliffs of the gorge, at  its narrowest, are 15 feet (4.5 metres) apart and at its greatest width are  about 1,200 feet (365 metres) apart. The gorge is crossed at the northeast angle  of the city by the el-Kantara Bridge, a modern 420-foot (130-metre) structure  built on the site of earlier bridges. North and south of the city are,  respectively, a suspension bridge and a viaduct.

Caves in the walls of the Rhumel Gorge give evidence of prehistoric settlement.  By the 3rd century BCE, as Cirta, or Kirtha (from the Phoenician word for  “city”), the ancient Constantine was one of the most important towns of Numidia  and the residence of the kings of the Massyli. Under Micipsa (2nd century BCE)  it reached the height of its prosperity and was able to furnish an army of  10,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. Cirta received a Roman settlement during the  reign of Julius Caesar and later served as head of a confederation of four Roman  colonies on the North African coast. In the war of the Roman emperor Maxentius  against Alexander, the Numidian usurper, the city was razed, and on its  restoration in 313 CE, it was renamed for its patron, Constantine I the Great.  It remained uncaptured during the Vandal invasion of Africa but fell to the  Arabs (7th century).

During the 12th century it stayed prosperous despite periodic looting, and its  commerce was extensive enough to attract merchants from Pisa, Genoa, and Venice.  Although it was frequently taken and then lost by the Turks, it became the seat  of a bey who was subordinate to the dey of Algiers. Salah Bey, who ruled  Constantine from 1770 to 1792, greatly embellished the city and was responsible  for the construction of most of its existing Muslim buildings. Since his death  in 1792, the women of the locality wear a black haik (a tentlike garment) in  mourning, instead of the white haik regularly worn in the rest of Algeria. In  1826 Constantine asserted its independence of the dey of Algiers. In 1836 the  French made an unsuccessful attempt to storm the city and suffered heavy losses,  but the following year they were able to take it with another assault. In World  War II, during the 1942–43 Allied campaign in North Africa, Constantine and the  nearby city of Sétif were important command bases.

Constantine is walled, the existing walled medieval fortifications having been  largely constructed of Roman masonry material. The rue Didouche Moutad, which  follows the downward slope of the plateau (northeast–southwest), divides the  city into two parts. To the west are the Casbah (the old citadel) with sections  dating from Roman times, the Souk el-Ghezel mosque (converted for a time into  the Notre-Dame des Sept-Douleurs Cathedral by the French), the Moorish-style  palace of Ahmad Bey (1830–35; now in military use), and administrative and  commercial buildings. The straight streets and wide squares of the western  sector reflect French influence. The east and southeast sector provides a  striking contrast, with its tortuous lanes and Islamic architecture, including  the 18th-century mosques of Salah Bey and Sīdī Lakhdar. In this sector each  trade has its special quarter, with entire streets devoted to one craft. The  University of Constantine was founded in 1969; other institutions include the  Museum of Cirta and the Municipal Library.

Suburbs have developed to the southwest of the city on the “isthmus” leading to  the surrounding countryside. Newer developments are to the east across the  Rhumel Gorge. The city also has an international airport.

Apart from a factory making tractors and diesel engines, industry is chiefly  confined to leather goods and woolen fabrics. A considerable trade in  agricultural products, especially in grain, is carried out with the Hauts (high)  Plateaux and the arid south. Pop. (1998) 462,187; (2008 est.) 520,000.