Portland is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine and the seat of Cumberland County. Portland's population was 66,215 as of 2019.[5] The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to over half a million people, the 105th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Portland's economy relies mostly on the service sector and tourism. The Old Port district is known for its 19th-century architecture and nightlife. Marine industry still plays an important role in the city's economy, with an active waterfront that supports fishing and commercial shipping. The Port of Portland is the largest tonnage seaport in New England.[6]

The city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes, a reference to recovery from four devastating fires.[7] Portland was named after the English Isle of Portland, Dorset. In turn, the city of Portland, Oregon was named after Portland, Maine.[8] Portland itself comes from the Old English word Portlanda, which means "land surrounding a harbor".[9]

Contents

1 History

2 Geography

2.1 Climate

2.2 Neighborhoods

3 Demographics

3.1 2010 census

3.2 2000 census

4 Economy

5 Arts and culture

5.1 Sites of interest

5.2 Notable buildings

5.3 Food and beverage

5.3.1 Number of restaurants

5.3.2 Food recognition

5.3.3 Beverages

5.3.4 Farmers markets

5.3.5 Vegetarian food

5.3.6 Food festivals

5.3.7 Food history

6 Sports

7 Parks and recreation

8 Government

9 Education

9.1 High schools

9.2 Colleges and universities

10 Media

11 Infrastructure

11.1 Fire department

11.2 Police

11.3 Hospitals

11.4 Wastewater management

11.5 Transportation

11.5.1 Roads

11.5.2 Intercity buses and trains

11.5.3 Airports

11.5.4 Water transportation

12 Notable people

13 Sister cities

14 Movies filmed in Portland

15 See also

16 Notes

17 References

18 Further reading

19 External links

History

Main articles: History of Portland, Maine; Timeline of Portland, Maine; and Railroad history of Portland, Maine

Fort Casco, Portland, Maine, built by Wolfgang William Romer; map by Cyprian Southack

Native Americans, originally called the Portland peninsula Machigonne ("Great Neck").[10] Portland was named for the English Isle of Portland, and the city of Portland, Oregon, was in turn named for Portland, Maine.[11] The first European settler was Capt. Christopher Levett, an English naval captain granted 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) in 1623 to found a settlement in Casco Bay. A member of the Council for New England and agent for Ferdinando Gorges, Levett built a stone house where he left a company of ten men, then returned to England to write a book about his voyage to bolster support for the settlement.[12] Ultimately, the settlement was a failure and the fate of Levett's colonists is unknown. The explorer sailed from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to meet John Winthrop in 1630, but never returned to Maine. Fort Levett in the harbor is named for him.

The peninsula was settled in 1632 as a fishing and trading village named Casco.[10] When the Massachusetts Bay Colony took over Casco Bay in 1658, the town's name changed again to Falmouth. In 1676, the village was destroyed by the Abenaki during King Philip's War. It was rebuilt. During King William's War, a raiding party of French and their native allies attacked and largely destroyed it again in the Battle of Fort Loyal (1690).

Longfellow Square (c. 1906)

On October 18, 1775, Falmouth was burned in the Revolution by the Royal Navy under command of Captain Henry Mowat.[13] Following the war, a section of Falmouth called The Neck developed as a commercial port and began to grow rapidly as a shipping center. In 1786, the citizens of Falmouth formed a separate town in Falmouth Neck and named it Portland, after the isle off the coast of Dorset, England.[1] Portland's economy was greatly stressed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (prohibition of trade with the British), which ended in 1809, and the War of 1812, which ended in 1815.

In 1820, Maine was established as a state with Portland as its capital. In 1832, the capital was moved north and East to Augusta. In 1851, Maine led the nation by passing the first state law prohibiting the sale of alcohol except for "medicinal, mechanical or manufacturing purposes." The law subsequently became known as the Maine law, as 18 states quickly followed. On June 2, 1855, the Portland Rum Riot occurred.

Gun recovered from USS Maine on Munjoy Hill

In 1853, upon completion of the Grand Trunk Railway to Montreal, Portland became the primary ice-free winter seaport for Canadian exports. The Portland Company, located on Fore Street, manufactured more than 600 19th-century steam locomotives, as well as engines for trains and boats, fire engines and other railroad transportation equipment. The Portland Company was, for a time, the city's largest employer and many of its employees were immigrants from Canada, Ireland and Italy. Portland became a 20th-century rail hub as five additional rail lines merged into Portland Terminal Company in 1911. Following nationalization of the Grand Trunk system in 1923, Canadian export traffic was diverted from Portland to Halifax, Nova Scotia, resulting in marked local economic decline. In the 20th century, icebreakers later enabled ships to reach Montreal in winter, drastically reducing Portland's role as a winter port for Canada.

On June 26, 1863, a Confederate raiding party led by Captain Charles Read entered the harbor at Portland leading to the Battle of Portland Harbor, one of the northernmost battles of the Civil War. The 1866 Great Fire of Portland, Maine, on July 4, 1866, ignited during the Independence Day celebration, destroyed most of the commercial buildings in the city, half the churches and hundreds of homes. More than 10,000 people were left homeless.

By act of the Maine Legislature in 1899, Portland annexed the city of Deering,[14] despite a vote by Deering residents rejecting the annexation, thereby greatly increasing the size of the city and opening areas for development beyond the peninsula.[15]

The construction of The Maine Mall, an indoor shopping center established in the suburb of South Portland, during the 1970s, economically depressed downtown Portland. The trend reversed when tourists and new businesses started revitalizing the old seaport, a part of which is known locally as the Old Port. Since the 1990s, the historically industrial Bayside neighborhood has seen rapid development, including attracting a Whole Foods and Trader Joes supermarkets, as well as Baxter Academy for Technology and Science, an increasingly popular charter school. Other rapidly developing neighborhoods include the India Street neighborhood near the Ocean Gateway and Munjoy Hill, where many modern condos have been built.[16][17][18] The Maine College of Art has been a revitalizing force downtown, attracting students from around the country. The historic Porteous building on Congress Street was restored by the College. Portland is known as a very walkable city, offering many opportunities for walking tours that feature its maritime and architectural history.[19]

Portland at twighlight.

Geography

Aerial view of Portland

Deering Oaks Park with fountain and castle pavilion is located at the point where Interstate 295 meets State Street, Park Avenue, and Deering Avenue

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 69.44 square miles (179.85 km2), of which 21.31 square miles (55.19 km2) is land and 48.13 square miles (124.66 km2) is water.[20] Portland is situated on a peninsula in Casco Bay on the Gulf of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean.

Portland borders South Portland, Westbrook and Falmouth. The city is located at 43.66713 N, 70.20717 W.

Climate

Portland has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), with cold, snowy, and often prolonged winters, and warm, relatively short summers. The monthly average high temperature ranges from roughly 30 °F (−1 °C) in January to around 80 °F (27 °C) in July. Daily high temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on only 4 days per year on average, while cold-season lows of 0 °F (−18 °C) or below are reached on 10 nights per year on average.[21] The area can be affected by severe nor'easters during winter, with high winds and snowfall totals often measuring over a foot. Annual liquid precipitation (rain) averages 47.2 inches (1,200 mm) and is plentiful year-round, but with a slightly drier summer. Annual frozen precipitation (snow) averages 62 inches (157 cm) in the city. However, neighborhoods away from the immediate coast average slightly more, as the warmer ocean waters and onshore flow can cause snow to transition to sleet or rain along the coast. In Southern Maine, winter-season snowstorms can be intense from November through early April, while warm-season thunderstorms are somewhat less frequent than in the Midwestern, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeastern U.S. Direct strikes by hurricanes or tropical storms are rare, partially due to the normally cooler Atlantic waters off the Maine coast (which usually weaken tropical systems), but primarily because most tropical systems approaching or reaching 40 degrees North latitude recurve (due to the Coriolis force) and track east out to sea well south of the Portland area. Extreme temperatures range from −39 °F (−39 °C) on February 16, 1943, to 103 °F (39 °C) on July 4, 1911, and August 2, 1975.[21]

Climate data for Portland International Jetport, Maine (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1871–present[b])

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high °F (°C) 67

(19) 68

(20) 88

(31) 92

(33) 94

(34) 98

(37) 100

(38) 103

(39) 95

(35) 88

(31) 74

(23) 71

(22) 103

(39)

Mean maximum °F (°C) 50.2

(10.1) 51.4

(10.8) 61.5

(16.4) 74.7

(23.7) 83.8

(28.8) 88.8

(31.6) 91.3

(32.9) 90.1

(32.3) 85.6

(29.8) 74.7

(23.7) 65.3

(18.5) 55.6

(13.1) 93.4

(34.1)

Average high °F (°C) 31.2

(−0.4) 34.6

(1.4) 42.1

(5.6) 53.3

(11.8) 63.5

(17.5) 73.2

(22.9) 78.8

(26.0) 77.7

(25.4) 70.0

(21.1) 58.7

(14.8) 48.0

(8.9) 37.3

(2.9) 55.8

(13.2)

Average low °F (°C) 13.4

(−10.3) 16.4

(−8.7) 24.9

(−3.9) 34.7

(1.5) 44.2

(6.8) 53.6

(12.0) 59.4

(15.2) 58.2

(14.6) 50.3

(10.2) 38.9

(3.8) 30.9

(−0.6) 20.4

(−6.4) 37.2

(2.9)

Mean minimum °F (°C) −7

(−22) −3.1

(−19.5) 5.9

(−14.5) 23.9

(−4.5) 32.2

(0.1) 42.6

(5.9) 49.9

(9.9) 46.7

(8.2) 36.5

(2.5) 25.6

(−3.6) 16.1

(−8.8) 2.1

(−16.6) −9.9

(−23.3)

Record low °F (°C) −26

(−32) −39

(−39) −21

(−29) 8

(−13) 23

(−5) 33

(1) 40

(4) 33

(1) 23

(−5) 15

(−9) 3

(−16) −21

(−29) −39

(−39)

Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.38

(86) 3.25

(83) 4.24

(108) 4.32

(110) 4.01

(102) 3.79

(96) 3.61

(92) 3.14

(80) 3.69

(94) 4.87

(124) 4.93

(125) 4.02

(102) 47.25

(1,200)

Average snowfall inches (cm) 19.2

(49) 12.1

(31) 12.7

(32) 2.8

(7.1) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) 0

(0) trace 1.9

(4.8) 13.2

(34) 61.9

(157)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.1 9.8 11.7 11.2 12.6 11.8 11.0 9.3 9.2 10.5 11.2 11.5 130.9

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 7.9 6.1 5.1 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5 6.1 27.7

Average relative humidity (%) 66.8 65.2 66.3 66.8 71.1 74.7 75.3 76.3 76.7 73.9 72.6 70.2 71.3

Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.8 172.8 205.2 213.5 243.2 259.1 282.2 267.6 229.1 195.7 138.7 140.9 2,512.8

Percent possible sunshine 57 59 55 53 53 56 60 62 61 57 48 51 56

Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4

Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[21][23][24]

Source 2: Weather Atlas [25]

Water temperatures

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.3

(5.2) 38.8

(3.8) 38.0

(3.3) 41.6

(5.3) 46.7

(8.1) 54.6

(12.6) 61.3

(16.3) 63.7

(17.7) 60.5

(15.8) 54.9

(12.8) 49.6

(9.8) 45.3

(7.4) 49.7

(9.8)

Source: Weather Atlas [25]

Neighborhoods

Moulton Street in Old Port

Townhouses in the West End, completed 1835

Main article: Neighborhoods in Portland, Maine

Portland is organized into neighborhoods generally recognized by residents,[26] but they have no legal or political authority. In many cases, city signs identify neighborhoods or intersections (which are often called corners). Most city neighborhoods have a local association[27] which usually maintains ongoing relations of varying degrees with the city government on issues affecting the neighborhood.

On March 8, 1899, Portland annexed the neighboring city of Deering.[28] Deering neighborhoods now comprise the northern and eastern sections of the city before the merger. Portland's Deering High School was formerly the public high school for Deering.

Portland's neighborhoods include the Arts District; Bayside; Bradley's Corner; Cushing's Island; Deering Center; Deering Highlands; Downtown; East Deering; East Bayside; East End; Eastern Cemetery; Great Diamond Island; Highlands; Kennedy Park; Libbytown;[29] Little Diamond Island; Lunt's Corner; Morrill's Corner; Munjoy Hill; Nason's Corner; North Deering; Oakdale; the Old Port; Parkside; Peaks Island; Riverton Park; Rosemont; Stroudwater; West End; and Woodford's Corner.

Starting in the mid-2000s and continuing into the 2010s, many of Portland's neighborhoods have faced gentrification. In 2015, the Portland Press Herald published a series of articles documenting the "super-tight apartment market" and the trauma caused by evictions and steep jumps in monthly rent.[30] Also in that year, city landlords raised rents by an average of 17.4%, which was the second largest jump in the country.[31]

Demographics

Historical population

Census Pop. %±

1790 2,240 —

1800 3,704 65.4%

1810 7,169 93.5%

1820 8,581 19.7%

1830 12,598 46.8%

1840 15,218 20.8%

1850 20,815 36.8%

1860 26,341 26.5%

1870 31,413 19.3%

1880 33,810 7.6%

1890 36,425 7.7%

1900 50,145 37.7%

1910 58,571 16.8%

1920 69,272 18.3%

1930 70,810 2.2%

1940 73,643 4.0%

1950 77,634 5.4%

1960 72,566 −6.5%

1970 65,116 −10.3%

1980 61,572 −5.4%

1990 64,358 4.5%

2000 64,249 −0.2%

2010 66,194 3.0%

2019 (est.) 66,215 [4] 0.0%

U.S. Decennial Census[32]

Raymond H. Fogler Library[33]

2010 census

As of the census[34] of 2010, there were 66,194 people, 30,725 households, and 13,324 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,106.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,199.3/km2). There were 33,836 housing units at an average density of 1,587.8 per square mile (613.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85.0% White (83.6% non-Hispanic White alone), down from 96.6% in 1990,[35] 7.1% African American, 0.5% Native American, 3.5% Asian, 1.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population. 40.7% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. Men's Health ranked Portland the ninth most educated city in America.[36]

There were 30,725 households, of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 56.6% were non-families. 40.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.88.

The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 17.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 33.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

Map of Portland's poverty rate and accessibility to public transit and grocery stores.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 64,250 people, 29,714 households, and 13,549 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,029.2 people per square mile (1,169.6/km2). There were 31,862 housing units at an average density of 1,502.2 per square mile (580.0/km2).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Portland's immediate metropolitan area ranked 147th in the nation in 2000 with a population of 243,537, while the Portland/South Portland/Biddeford metropolitan area included 487,568 total inhabitants. This has increased to an estimated 513,102 inhabitants (and the largest metro area in Northern New England) as of 2007.[37] Much of this increase in population has been due to growth in the city's southern and western suburbs.

The racial makeup of the city was 91.27% White, 2.59% African American, 0.47% Native American, 3.08% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 1.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population.

The largest ancestries include: British (including Scottish, Welsh, and English) (21.2%), Irish (19.2%), French (10.8%), Italian (10.5%), and German (6.9%).[38]

There were 29,714 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.1% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.4% were non-families. 40.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.8% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,650, and the median income for a family was $48,763. Males had a median income of $31,828 versus $27,173 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,698. About 9.7% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over.

Race/ethnicity composition

Race/ethnicity 2010[39] 2000[40] 1990[41] 1960[41]

White 83.6% 91.27% 96% 99.4%

African Americans 7.1% 2.59% 1.1% 0.5%

Asian 3.5% 3.08% 1.7% 0.1%

Two or more races 2.7% 1.86% 0.2% NA

Hispanic or Latino 3.0% 1.52% 0.8% NA

Native American 0.5% 0.47% 0.4% NA

Economy

Municipal ferries on the Portland waterfront

Lobster boat in Portland Harbor marina

Portland has become Maine's economic capital because the city has Maine's largest port, largest population, and is close to Boston (105 miles to the south). Over the years, the local economy has shifted from fishing, manufacturing, and agriculture towards a more service-based economy. Most national financial services organizations such as Bank of America and Key Bank base their Maine operations in Portland. Unum, TruChoice Federal Credit Union, People's United Bank, ImmuCell Corp, and Pioneer Telephone have headquarters here, and Portland's neighboring cities of South Portland, Westbrook and Scarborough, provide homes for other corporations including IDEXX and WEX Inc. Since 1867, Burnham & Morrill Co., maker of B&M Baked Beans, has had its main plant in Portland and is considered a landmark.

The city's port is also undergoing a revival and the first-ever container train departed from the new International Marine Terminal with 15 containers of locally produced bottled water in early 2016.[42]

Americold, a US-based international provider of temperature-controlled storage and distribution, won a bid to develop a state-of-the-art temperature-controlled storage facility adjacent to the port. The facility will support perishable produce, meats, and seafood imports with direct exports but construction has not yet begun.

Portland has a low unemployment rate (3% in June 2017) when compared to national and state averages.[43] The city and its adjacent communities also have higher median incomes than most of the state.

In January 2020 Portland was announced to be the location of a new research institute that will focus on the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Northeastern University was selected by technology entrepreneur David Roux to lead the institute that will include programs that will allow graduate student research.[44]

Portland also has a large subsidized housing industry with more than five large real estate companies entirely in the business.

Arts and culture

Art museum lobby from above the main entrance

Maine Narrow Gauge Railroad

Casco Bank block in Old Port

The Time and Temperature Building

Portland has a long history of prominence in the arts, peaking the first time in the early nineteenth century, when the city was "a rival, and not a satellite of either Boston or New York."[45] In that period, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow got his start as a young poet and John Neal held a central position in leading American literature toward its great renaissance.[46][47] Other notable literary or artistic figures who got their start or were at their prime in that period include Grenville Mellen, Nathaniel Parker Willis, Seba Smith, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Benjamin Paul Akers, Charles Codman, Franklin Simmons, John Rollin Tilton, and Harrison Bird Brown. Portland has enjoyed an arts-related revitalization since the late twentieth century.

Sites of interest

The Arts District, centered on Congress Street, is home to the Portland Museum of Art, Portland Stage Company, Maine Historical Society & Museum, Portland Public Library, Maine College of Art, Children's Museum of Maine, Merrill Auditorium, the Kotzschmar Memorial Organ, and Portland Symphony Orchestra, as well as many smaller art galleries and studios.

Baxter Boulevard around Back Cove, Deering Oaks Park, the Eastern Promenade, Western Promenade, Lincoln Park and Riverton Park are all historical parks within the city. Other parks and natural spaces include Payson Park, Post Office Park, Baxter Woods, Evergreen Cemetery, Western Cemetery and the Fore River Sanctuary.

Thompson's Point, in the Libbytown neighborhood, has been a focus of renovation and redevelopment during the 2010s. The location hosts a concert venue, ice rink, hotels, restaurants, wineries, and breweries.[48]

Other sites of interest include:

Casco Bay Islands

Cross Insurance Arena

East End Beach

Exchange Street (the "Old Port" area)

Hadlock Field, home of the Portland Sea Dogs

Portland Exposition Building, home of the Maine Red Claws

Longfellow Arboretum

Neal S. Dow House

Maine Narrow Gauge Railroad Museum

Martin's Point

McLellan-Sweat Mansion

The Portland Club

Portland Head Light Lighthouse

Portland Observatory

Portland Stage Company

University of New England

University of Southern Maine (USM)

Victoria Mansion

Wadsworth-Longfellow House

Notable buildings

Wadsworth-Longfellow House

The spire of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception has been a notable feature of the Portland skyline since its completion in 1854. In 1859, Ammi B. Young designed the Marine Hospital, the first of three local works by Supervising Architects of the U.S. Treasury Department. Although the city lost to redevelopment its 1867 Greek Revival post office, which was designed by Alfred B. Mullett of white Vermont marble and featured a Corinthian portico, Portland retains his equally monumental 1872 granite Second Empire–Renaissance Revival custom house.

A more recent building of note is Franklin Towers, a 16-story residential tower completed in 1969. At 175 feet (53 meters),[49] it is Portland's (as well as Maine's) tallest building. It is next to the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception on the city skyline. During the building boom of the 1980s, several new buildings rose on the peninsula, including the 1983 Charles Shipman Payson Building by Henry N. Cobb of Pei, Cobb, Freed & Partners at the Portland Museum of Art complex (a component of which is the 1801 McLellan-Sweat Mansion), and the Back Bay Tower, a 15-story residential building completed in 1990.[50]

477 Congress Street (known locally as the Time and Temperature Building) is situated near Monument Square in the Arts District and is a major landmark: the 14-story building features a large electronic sign on its roof that flashes time and temperature data, as well as parking ban information in the winter. The sign can be seen from nearly all of downtown Portland. The building is home to several radio stations.

The Westin Portland Harborview, completed in 1927, is a prominent hotel located downtown on High Street. Photographer Todd Webb lived in Portland during his later years and took many pictures of the city.[51] Some of Webb's pictures can be found at the Evans Gallery.[52]

Food and beverage

Farmer's market in Monument Square

A few of the many restaurants in Portland, Maine

A rooftop deck in Portland

Number of restaurants

Downtown Portland, including the Arts District and the Old Port, has a high concentration of eating and drinking establishments, with many more to be found throughout the rest of the peninsula, outlying neighborhoods, and neighboring communities.

Portland ranks among the top U.S. cities in restaurants and bars per capita. According to TripAdvisor, Portland had about 390 restaurants in 2017.[53] Notable restaurants include Fore Street, Duckfat, Amato's, Becky's Diner, Marcy's Dinner, Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro, Back Bay Grill,[54] Street & Co., and Công Tū Bôt.[55]

The city is home to numerous food trucks and food carts,[56] which park on the city streets and at festivals, events and breweries. Most operate in the summer; a few operate year-round.

Food recognition

Portland has developed a national reputation for the quality of its restaurants, eateries, and food culture.

Portland has been visited by many food shows including Rachael Ray's Food Network show $40 a Day, the Travel Channel's Man v. Food, and Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations.[57][58][59]

Beverages

Portland is home to numerous juice bars,[60] coffee shops, coffee roasteries,[61] tea houses, distilleries, microbreweries and brewpubs, including the D. L. Geary Brewing Company, Gritty McDuff's Brewing Company, Shipyard Brewing Company, Casco Bay Brewing Co., Bissell Brothers Brewery, Austin Street Brewery, Lone Pine, Foundation Brewing Company, Oxbow Blending and Bottling, and Allagash Brewing Company.

Portland's spirits industry has also grown in recent years. Distilleries include Three of Strong Spirits, New England Distilling Co., Stroudwater Distillery, Maine Craft Distillery, Hardshore Distilling Company, and Liquid Riot Bottling Company.[62][63]

The city is known for its pure tap water. The water comes from Sebago Lake. It is piped to Portland by the Portland Water District. Sebago Lake is one of 50 surface water supplies among 13,000 in the country that the Environmental Protection Agency says do not need filtration.[64]

Farmers markets

The Portland Farmers Market, which has been in continuous operation since 1768, takes place Wednesdays in Monument Square, Saturdays in Deering Oaks Park (from early May to the end of November), and Saturdays at The Maine Girls Academy (from early December to the end of April).

Vegetarian food

The city has the state's most vegan and vegetarian restaurants that include the Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro, which opened in 2007, Nura and Copper Branch. Vegetarian-friendly restaurants number more than 200 in 2020 according to the Maine Sunday Telegram.[65]

In the 1970s and 1980s, The Hollow Reed was a notable vegetarian restaurant on Fore Street.[66] Celebrity chef Toni Fiore first filmed the PBS cooking show Totally Vegetarian in 2002 at the cable access station in Portland.[67] The Portland Press Herald has featured a vegan column by Avery Yale Kamila in its Food & Dining section since 2009.[68][69] In 2011, the Portland Public Schools added a daily vegetarian cold lunch option to its school menus. In 2019, the district changed to a daily hot vegan school meal option.[70]

Food festivals

Portland hosts a number of food and beverage festivals, including:

Festival of Nations, takes place in July in Deering Oaks Park and organized by group of local organizations[71]

Greek Festival, three-day event in June at Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church[72]

Harvest on the Harbor, multi-day event takes place in October[73]

Italian Street Festival & Bazaar, three-day event in August outside St. Peter's Parish commemorates the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Feast of Saint Rocco[74]

Maine Brewers Festival, held multiple times a year by the Maine Brewers' Guild[75]

Maine VegFest, takes place in October and organized by Maine Animal Coalition since 2005; the event features all vegan food and was originally called Maine Vegetarian Food Festival[76]

Taste of the Nation, fundraiser for food insecurity that stopped after 2015 but happened again in 2019[77]

Maine Restaurant Week, takes place over 12 days in March[78]

Maine Seaweed Week, takes place in the spring[79]

Food history

Portland is where national Prohibition started. Portland mayor and temperance leader Neal Dow led Maine to ban alcohol sales in 1851.[80] The law led to the Portland Rum Riot in 1855. Canned corn was developed in Portland by the N. Winslow company. By 1852 the Winslow's Patent Hermetically Sealed Green Corn was a commercial success and the company became a world leader in the canning industry.[81][82] The city's Amato's Italian delicatessen claims to be the birthplace of the Italian sandwich, called "an Italian" by locals, which Amato's first served in 1903.[83] An historic B&M Baked Beans plant built in 1913 remains in operation on the waterfront.[84]

Sports

Club League Venue Established Championships

Portland Sea Dogs Eastern League, Baseball Hadlock Field 1994 1

Maine Mariners ECHL, Ice hockey Cross Insurance Arena 2018 0

Maine Red Claws NBA G League, Basketball Portland Exposition Building 2009 0

GPS Portland Phoenix USL League Two, Soccer Memorial Stadium 2009 0

Portland Rugby Football Club New England Rugby Football Union, Rugby Union Fox Street Field 1969 1

Maine Roller Derby WFTDA, Roller Derby Portland Exposition Building 2006 0

Portland Lumberjacks PBA Tour,

Professional Bowling Team

Bayside Bowl 2016 1

Maine Cats USAFL, Aussie Rules Football Dougherty Field 2018 0

Univ. of Maine women's basketball game at Cross Arena.

Entrance area of Hadlock Field, home of the Portland Sea Dogs

State Soccer Championship, Fitzpatrick Stadium

The city is home to three minor league teams. The Portland Sea Dogs, the Double-A farm team of the Boston Red Sox, play at Hadlock Field. The Maine Red Claws, the NBA G League affiliate of the Boston Celtics, play at the Portland Exposition Building. The GPS Portland Phoenix soccer teams plays in USL League Two.

Previously, Portland was home of several minor league ice hockey teams: the Maine Nordiques (NAHL) from 1973 to 1977, the Maine Mariners (AHL) from 1977 to 1992, and the Portland Pirates (AHL) from 1993 to 2016. The Mariners were three-time Calder Cup winners. In 2018, another Maine Mariners, an ECHL team, returned a minor league hockey team to Portland.

The Maine Mammoths of the National Arena League played in 2018 and were the first indoor football team to call Portland home. The team suspended operations after one season while it negotiated with local ownership groups.

The Portland Sports Complex, located off of Park and Brighton Avenues near I-295 and Deering Oaks park, houses several of the city's stadiums and arenas, including:

Hadlock Field – baseball (Capacity 7,368)

Fitzpatrick Stadium – football, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, and outdoor track (Capacity 6,000+ seated)

Portland Exposition Building – basketball, indoor track, concerts and trade shows (Capacity 3,000)

Portland Ice Arena – hockey and figure skating (Capacity 400)

Cross Insurance Arena has 6,733 permanent seats following renovation in 2014.

The Portland area has eleven professional golf courses, 124 tennis courts, and 95 playgrounds. There are also over 100 miles (160 km) of nature trails.

Portland hosts the Maine Marathon each October.

Bayside Bowl was expanded in 2017 to 20 lanes, including a rooftop deck. It hosted the 2017 PBA League and Elias Cup.

Memorial Stadium is the home of the Deering High School sports teams and is located behind the school.

Parks and recreation

The city of Portland includes more than 700 acres of open space and public parks. The city and surrounding communities are linked by 70 miles of trails, both urban and wooded, maintained by the nonprofit Portland Trails. The city requires organic land care techniques be used on both public and private property.[85] In 2018, the Portland City Council banned the use of synthetic pesticides.[86]

Well-known and historic parks include:

Deering Oaks Park

Eastern Promenade

Western Promenade

Baxter Boulevard

Lincoln Park

Congress Square Park

Payson Park

East End Beach

Riverside Municipal Golf Course

Fort Sumner Park

Baxter Woods

Fore River Sanctuary

Quarry Run Dog Park

Riverton Trolley Park

Government

City Hall (c. 1910)

Closeup of City Hall (2014)

Custom House, completed 1872

The city has adopted a council-manager style government that is detailed in the city charter. The citizens of Portland are represented by a nine-member city council which makes policy, passes ordinances, approves appropriations, appoints the city manager and oversees the municipal government. The city council of nine members is elected by the citizens of Portland. The city has five voting districts, with each district electing a city councilor to represent their neighborhood interests for a three-year term. There are also four members of the city council who are elected at-large.[87]

From 1923 until 2011, city councilors chose one of themselves each year to serve as Mayor of Portland, a primarily ceremonial position. On November 2, 2010, Portland voters narrowly approved a measure that allowed them to elect the mayor. On November 8, 2011, former State Senator and candidate for U.S. Congress Michael F. Brennan was elected as mayor. On December 5, 2011, he was sworn in as the first citizen-elected mayor in 88 years (see Portland, Maine mayoral election, 2011). The office of mayor is a four-year position that earns a salary of 150% of the city's median income.[88] The current mayor is Kate Snyder, who defeated incumbent mayor Ethan Strimling in the 2019 Portland, Maine mayoral election.

A city manager is appointed by the city council. The city manager oversees the daily operations of the city government, appoints the heads of city departments, and prepares annual budgets. The city manager directs all city agencies and departments, and is responsible for the executing laws and policies passed by the city council.[87] The current city manager is Jon Jennings.

Aside from the main city council, there is also an elected school board for the Portland Public School system. The school board is made up in the same manner of the city council, with five district members, four at-large members and one chairman.[89] There are also three students from the local high schools elected to serve on the board. There are many other boards and committees such as the Planning Committee, Board of Appeals, and Harbor Commission, etc. These committees and boards have limited power in their respective areas of expertise. Members of boards and committees are appointed by city council members.

On November 5, 2013, Portland voters overwhelmingly approved an ordinance to legalize the possession and private use of cannabis for adults, making the city the first municipality in the Eastern United States to do so.[90]

Presidential election results[91]

Year Democratic Republican

2016 75.9% 28,534 18.1% 6,789

2012 76.3% 27,739 20.6% 7,488

2008 76.9% 28,317 21.3% 7,844

2004 72.6% 26,800 25.6% 9,455

2000 63.4% 20,506 27.3% 8,838

1996 64.0% 19,755 23.3% 7,178

1992 55.3% 19,510 24.6% 8,660