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Maxims and Instructions for the Boiler Room by N Hawkins Hard Cover 1903
Maxims and Instructions for the Boiler Room by N Hawkins
Useful for engineers, firemen & Mechanics relating to steam generators, pumps appliances, steam heating, practical plumbing etc
Hard Cover
351 pages
Copyright 1897-1903
CONTENTS
INDEX
Accidents and Emergencies, 313.
Factory rules to prevent, 293.
Government rules to prevent, 290.
Acid, definition, 137.
Advantages of triple draught tubular boiler, 84.
4,ir used in burning 1 lb. of coal, 14.
ditto, how applied to the coal, 14.
Description, 16.
As a material substance, 16.
Density at different depths, 16.
Weight of a column of air, 17.
As a fiuid, 17.
AS an impenetrable body, 17.
Five "points" for the engineer, 17.
Composition of, 17.
Specific heat of, 215.
Air valve, use of, 255.
Alcohol, specific heat of, 214.
Alkalies, definition, 137.
Alum, boiling point of, 37.
Ammoniac (Sal), boiling point of, 37.
Analysis of antracite coal, 13.
Of bituminous coal, 13.
Of wood, 13.
Of heat, 13.
Of scale deposited in marine boilers, 146.
Of feed waters, 139-140.
Angle and T iron, dimensions and shape, 104.
Angle brick, 237.
Angle-valve, description, 273.
Anthracite coal, analysis of, 13.
Ignited with difficulty, 16.
Antimony, melting point, 42,
Answers of applicants for a marine license, 127.
Arch-brick, 237.
Area of safety valve, rule for finding, 192.
Ash pit, the, 238.
How kept during firing, 27.
Assistant engineers, classification of, 310.
Back pressure valves, description. 273.
Bailie plate, description, 169, 180.
Ball valve, description, 278.
Bark, effect on steam boilers, 151.
Barrel, rule for finding contents of 203.
Bars, grate, description, 173.
Before lighting the fire, directions, 25.
Belts, how to safely run on pullies, 29L
Bending lead pipe, 301.
Bib cock, description, 273.
Bituminous coal, analysis of, 13.
How burned, 16.
Blast pipe for marine boiler, 63.
Bleeding, treatment of, 317.
Blowers for shavings, 20.
Blow off, description, 81.
Surface, description, 161.
Boilers, description, 48.
Upright steam, 50.
Crude form, 52.
Plain cylinder, description, 52.
Cornish, description, 54.
Lancashire, description, 55.
Galloway, description of 58.
Marine, description of, 60,
Marine, table of dimensions, 68.
Locomotive portable, 80.
Construction of, 89.
Caulking, 94.
Dangers from syphoning, 288.
Dangers from gas, 288.
Foaming in, 42.
Fulcring, 94.
Horse power of, 234.
Proper steam connection for, 276.
Boiler braces, "points" relating to, 104.
Boiler coverings, 273.
Boiler, Compound, composition of, 151-152.
Compound, for locomotives, 149.
Boiler castings, specification of, 86.
Boiler cleaners, mechanical description, 159, 16.
Boiler explosions, causes of, 286.
Boiler fittings and mountings, 87.
Fixtures, description, 164.
Boiler hue brushes, use of, 21.
Boiler fronts, description, 166.
Boiler injector, description, 206.
Boiling, process of, 37.
Boiling points of various substances, 37.
Boiler makers tools and machinery, 281.
Boilers newly set, how fired, 28. No two alike, 25.
Boiler and pipe covering, mixtures for, 275-276.
Boiler plates, example of riveting, 114.
Marks on, 88.
Boiler repairs, 123.
Note, 125.
Boiler scale, analysis of, 148.
Boiler scum, how formed, 150.
Boiler setting, 236.
Boiler steel, description of quality, 90.
Boiler tubes, dimensions of lap welded tubes, 110.
Table of holding power, 111.
Experiments in strength of, 111.
Notes, 110, 112.
Illustration of size, 245.
Boiler testing, specification, 87.
Bolts, strain on, rule, 99.
Socket, description, 103.
Bolt, plumber's copper pointed, 308.
Bones, broken, treatment of, 318.
Borer, tap, plumber's, 306.
Box coil, description, 257.
Brace, difference between, and stay, 103.
Head to head, description, 103. Crow foot, 103.
Braces, shop names for, 103.
Table for calculations, 107-109.
Table of diameters, 103.
Inspector's rules, 102.
Specification for, 86.
"Points" relating to, 104.
Bracing of steam boilers, 96.
Bracket, valve, description, 272.
Brass, conducting power of, 213.
Brick, furnace, 237.
Brine valve, description, 277.
Broken bones, treatment of, 318.
Burns and scalds, treatment of, 313.
Burn mixture, 315.
Bushing, description, 274.
Butt joint, illustration.
Calculations relating to steam heating, 262.
Relating to pumps, 22.
Relating to safety valves, 191.
Calipers, use of, 8e.
Cape chisel, 807, BL
Carbon, description of, 929.
Carbonate, definition, 136.
Of magnesia, definition, 138.
Of lime, at what temperature deposited, 148.
Carbonic acid, in water how decteated, 153-154.
Specific heat of, 215.
Carbonic acid gas, description of, 230.
Carbonic oxide, description of, 231.
Specific heat of, 215.
Carbonizatian, method of, 15.
Care and management of the steam boiler, 24.
Care of steam fittings, 268.
Care of water tubo boilers, 70.
Castings, for boiler, specification, 86.
Caulking, description, 94.
Caulking tools, plumber's, 308.
Certificates of Inspection, issuing of, 131.
Chain riveting, example, 93.
Chapter of 66 Don'ts, 44-47.
Charcoal, description, 15.
Specific heat of 214.
Charcoal Iron, description, 88.
Check valve, description, 273.
Chemical terms relating to feed water, 136.
Chemistry, definition, 136.
Chemistry of the furnace, 226.
Chief engineers, classification of. 810.
Chimney draught, 296.
Chisel, cold, 307.
Cape, 307.
Round nose, 307.
Half round nose, 307.
Wood, 307.
Diamond rose, 807.
Gasket, 308.
Chloride, definition, 137.
Chlorides, how indicated in water 157.
C. H. No. 1 F, 88.
C. H. No. 1 FB, 88.
Circle brick, 237.
Circulation, water, 294.
Cisterns, capacity of, 202.
Clamp, boiler, description and cut, 12a
Classification of marine engineers, 310.
Cleaners, mechanical boiler, description, 159-160.
Cleaning out boilers underfiring, 24
Coal tar, how best fired. 80.
Coal, 18.
What it consists of, 18.
Common proportions, 13.
Introduction of air in burning, 13.
Bituminous, how It burns, 16.
Anthracite, how it burns, 16.
Comparative evaporation, 18.
Specific heat of, 214.
Storing and handling of, 225.
Cocks, description, 270.
Valve, description, 272.
Gauge, description, 170.
Bib, description, 273.
Three way, description, 273.
Four way, description, 273.
Coil, box, description, 257.
Pipe, description, 257.
Coke, description, 15.
Comparative evaporation, 18.
Ratio between heating and grate surface, 28.
How best fired, 28.
Specific heat of, 214.
Cold chisel, 307.
Cold short, definition, 121.
Columns, glass water gauge, 177.
Combustible parts of coal, 16
Combustion, operation of materials, 16.
Chamber, 238.
Chambers of marine boilers, 62.
Compasses, use of, 22.
Compass saw, 308.
Compound, boiler, composition, 151-2.
For locomotive boilers,149.
C No. 1, iron, 88,
Condenser, surface description. 65.
Operation of, 66.
Conducting power of various substances, 213.
Conical head of rivets, description, 113.
Construction of boilers, description, 89.
And drawing rivet heads, 113.
Contraction of area, definition, 121.
Conveyors, screw, 20.
Copper, conducting power of, 213.
Radiating power of, 213.
Specific heat of, 214.
Cornish boiler, description of, 54.
Defects of, 54.
Corrosion of steam boilers, 128, 142, 144.
Coverings for pipes and boilers, 275.
Coupling, description. 274.
For pipe, 250.
Cracks in boilers, how to repair, 123.
Cross T, description, 274.
Crowfoot brace, 103.
Cup head of rivets, description, 118.
Cutaway front, description, 165-167.
Cuts and wounds, treatment of, 316
Cylinder boiler, description, 52.
Defects of, 53.
Dampers and doors to the furnace, 39.
Damper regulators, description. 185.
Danger, points, in steam boiler, 125.
Dart, description and cut, 19.
Dead end of pipe, 284.
Dead plate, description, 180, 237.
Dead steam, description, 282.
Dedication, 5.
Defects, table of, 125.
Defects and necessary repairs to boilers, 123.
Definition of Terms, 121.
Designing boilers, relating to stayed surfaces, 99.
Device for using kerosene oil, 158.
Diamond nose chisel, 307.
Directions before lighting the fire, 25
For firing with various fuels, 27.
Disc for boiler makers, 281.
Doors chapter of, 44-47.
Doors, furnace, description, 168-170.
Double beat valve, description, 273.
Also see Fig. 158.
Double seat valve, description, 273.
Drain, the steam, description, 81.
Drainage and piping, description and illustration, 299.
Drain cock, description, 181.
Draughts, at time of lighting the fire, 26.
Of chimney, 296.
Regulating the draught, 41.
Drawings of rivet heads, 113.
Drum, mud, description, 179.
Dry steam, description, 282.
Ductile, definition, 121.
Dudgeon expanders, description. 281.
Duties of the fireman, 27.
Duty of boiler, specification, 87.
Dust (coal), firing of, 40.
Economizer, fuel, description, 186.
Elasticity, definition, 121.
Elastic limit, definition, 121.
Elbow, description, 274.
Element, definition, 136.
Ell, description, 274.
Elongation of steel plate, 90.
Definition, 121.
Ether, specific heat of. 211
Engineers questions, mg.
Examinations, " points," 133-183.
Tests for impurities in water, 153.
Evans, Robt., 11.
Examination of engineers, 133.
Exhaust steam heating, 267.
Expanders (dudgeon), 281.
Expansion (linear), of steam pipe 270.
Explosions, boiler, 286.
Of steam pipe, 287.
Factory rules to prevent accident. 293.
Fatigued, definition, 121.
Feed water, analysis of, 139-140.
Engineer's tests, 153.
A precipitator for sea water, 146.
Examples of analysis, 140.141.
Preliminary precipitation, 144.
Description, 196.
Heaters, " points relating to, 201.
Heaters, table of savings, 200.
Purifier, description, 185.
Fire, thickness of, 40.
What to do in case of, 40.
Fire box iron, description, x.
Fire brick arch in locomotive, 35.
Fire clay, conducting power of, 213.
Fire door, 237.
Fire irons, 21.
Firemen, advantages of trained, 24. Fire pails, use of, 21.
Firing, trick of, 24.
Boilers newly set, 28.
With straw, description, 81.
Duties of the fireman, 27.
Ocean steamer, description, 83
Improper method, 27.
Proper method, 26.
With oil, description, 32.
With coal tar, description, 30.
Of twenty horse power, description 30.
Sixteen steam boilers, description 29.
With shavings, 33.
With coke, directions, 28.
Of steam boilers, 24.
Under a boiler, gases and solids produced, 16.
With saw dust, 33.
A new plant, 37.
With coal dust and screenings, 40.
Firing with tan bark, 36.
Boilers, experiments in England, 40,
A locomotive, 35.
Files, use of, 21.
Fish trap, 205.
Fittings of marine boilers, 63.
For boiler, specification, 87.
Fixtures, boiler, description, 164.
Flame, luminous, 41.
Of anthracite coal, 16.
Flange iron, description, 88.
Flange of boiler head., proper rad ins, 103.
Flanges for pipe, 218.
Flanges, how to be turned, etc., 85.
Flat surfaces in boilers, how to stay. 98.
Flues and tubes, sweeping, 39.
Flush front, description, 165-166. 11
Foaming in boilers, 42.
Four way cock, description, 273.
Fronts, boiler, description, 165.
Frost-bite, treatment of, 317.
Fuel, loss of, by incrustation, 143.
Fuel economizer, description, 185
Fuel-oil, 289.
Rules relating to, 290.
Fuels, liquid and gas, 15.
Table of comparative evaporative value, 18.
Fullcring, description, 94.
Fulton, Robert, 11.
Furnace, temperature of, 42,
Fire, kindling of, 241.
Chemistry of, 229,
Dampers and doors, 39.
Doors, description, 168-170.
The, 237.
Fusible plugs, description, 171, 172.
Galloway boiler, description of, 58,
Table of dimensions, 60.
Gas, difference between it and a liquid, 216.
As a fuel, 15.
From coal, comparative evaporation, 18.
Dangers from, in idle boilers, 288.
Amount burned in ventilating pipes 265.
Gasket chisel, 308.
Gas pipe, illustrations of size, 243.
Gas pliers, description, 269.
Gate valve, description, 273.
Generators, steam, description, 48.
Glass, specific heat of, 214.
Radiating power of, 213.
Glass guages, description, 177
Glass water guage columns,177.
Globe valve, description, 272.
Gold, radiating power of. 213.
Conducting power of, 213.
Grate, the, 237.
Grate bars, description, 173.
How to preserve from excessive heat, 38.
Shaking grates, 174.
How kept during firing, 27.
Grooving of steam boilers, 126.
List of cases, 125.
Growth of the steam boiler, 52.
Guage, steam, description, 181.
Guage cocks, description, 176.
Gauges, glass, description, 177.
Guages, pressure recording, description, 233.
Gusset stays, description. 100,118,
Hammer, water, description, 283.
Pene, 306.
Hammer test of rivets. 95.
Hand-hole plates, description. 81.
Hanger for pipes, 308.
Hazards of fuel-oil, 289.
Of the boiler room, 285.
Heads of rivets, cup, conical, pan heads, 113.
Head to head brace, description, 103.
Heat, laws of, 212.
Unit of, 214.
Specific, 214.
How it becomes effective, 13.
Heaters, feed water, description, 196.
Heating, steam and hot water, 251.
By exhaust steam, 267.
Heat proof paints, 232.
Heat stroke, treatment of,
High pressure steam, 283.
Hinged valves, description, 273
Hoes, use of, 2L
Homogeneous, definition, 121.
Horizontal tubular boiler, description, 79.
Parts of, 81.
Table of sizes, 77.
Horse power, rule for estimating, 235.
As applied to boilers, 234.
Hose, rubber, use of, 21.
Hot short, definition, 128.
How to carry injured persons, 819.
How to prepare for inspection of steam boilers, 130.
Hydrogen, specific heat of, 215.
Description of, 230.
Hydraulic test, 131.
Ice, radiating power of, 213.
Specific heat of, 214.
Improper method of tiring, cuts and description, 27.
Incrustation of steam boilers, 142-144.
Example of, 142.
And scale, list of cases, 125.
Table showing quantity collecting 103.
Of boilers, " points" relation to, 149 152.
Individuality of each steam boiler. 25.
Injector, description, 206.
Injured persons, how to carry, 819 820.
Inspection of steam boilers, 129.
How to make ready for, 129-130.
Inspector's questions to applicant. 128.
Inspectors rules relating to brace,, 102.
Interceptor, steam, description, 186
Introduction, 10.
Iron, T, description of, 103.
(Hammered), melting point, 4E.
(Wrought), "felting point, 42.
Fire box, description, 88.
Charcoal iron, description. (Wrought), conducting power of, 218
Polished, radiating power of, 213.
Specific heat of, 214.
Melting point, 42.
Flange, description, 88.
Cast, conducting power of, 813.
Irons, fire, 21..
Issuing certificates of inspection. 131.
Jackscrews, description, 281.
Jam brick, 237.
Joints, putty, how to make, 308,
Joints of lead pipe, 800,
Joints of pipes, 248.
Kerosene oil in boilers, "points" out, 150-7.
Kindling a furnace tire, 241.
L, description, 274.
Lace cutters, use ,21.
Ladders, use of, 21.
Ladle, 806.
Lamp black, radiating power of, 214
Lancashire boiler, description, 55.
Defects of, 55.
Language of steam boilers, 39.
Lanterns, use of, 21.
Lap joint, illustration, 115.
Laws of heat, 212.
Lazy bar, description, 20.
Lead, 299.
Lead, advantages in use of. 299.
Melting point, 42.
Conducting power of, 213.
Wrought, radiating power of, 215.
Specific heat of, 214.
Polished, radiating power of, 213.
Lead pipe, how to make putty joints,
Table of sizes and weights, 805.
How to bend, 304.
Lead pipe joints, 300.
Lever, length, rule, 193.
Lifting valves, description, 273.
Lime, definition, 138.
Liquid, difference between it and gas, 216.
Litmus paper, definition, 153.
Live steam, description, 282.
Locknut, description, 274.
Locomotive, firing of, 35.
Boiler compound, 149.
Or charging shovel, description, 19
Locomotive boilers, description,72.
How to rivet, 115.
Locomotive portable boiler, description, 80.
Looking glass, 807.
Loop (steam), description of, 278-980.
Low pressure steam, 283.
Lags, specification of, 86,
Luminous flame, 41.
Magnesia, definition, 138.
At what temperature deposited. 148.
Carbonate of, definition, 138.
Malleable, definition, 121.
Manhole cover, description, 81.
Manhole plates, specification, 86.
Marine boilers, description of, 60
How to rivet, 115.
Fittings for, 63.
Table of dimensions, 62.
Super heaters, 84.
Use of zinc in, 168.
Blast pipe for, 63.
Uptakes, 64..
Parts which first give way, lit Incrustation and scaling of, 146-147.
Marine engineers, classification of, 310.
Rules relating to, 309.
Marks on boiler plates, 88.
Marble, conducting power of, 213.
Materials, 12, 13.
Mechanical scrapers, 184.
Mechanical stokers, 134-135.
Mercury, specific heat of, 214.
Radiating power of, 213.
Meters, water, description. 206.
Moisture in wood, 14.
Mouth piece, furnace, 286.
Mud drum, description, 179.
Newly set boilers, how fired, 28.
Nickel steel boiler plates, description, 91.
Nipple, description, 274.
Nitric acid, boiling point of, 37.
Nitrogen, specific heat of. 216.
Description of, 230.
Non-conductors, 276.
Noiseless water beater, 812.
Ocean steamer, how to fire, 32.
Oil, fuel, 289.
Kerosene, in boilers, "points" of, 156-157.
Specific heat of, 214.
Firing with, 32.
Ore barrow, use of, 20.
Organic matter In water, how indicated, 154.
Ornamental paints, 232.
Overhanging front, description, 165-167.
Overhead system of heating, 256.
Oxide, definition, 136.
Of iron, how best treated. 148.
Oxygen, description of, 229.
Specific heat of, 215.
United with coal, 17.
Paints, heat proof, 232.
Palm stays, description, 100.
Pan head of rivets, description, 118.
Patch-screw, description and out 123.
Peat, description, 14.
Analysis of, 13.
Charcoal, description, 16.
Comparative evaporation.
Pene hammer, 306.
Petroleum, as a fuel, lb.
Oil, comparative evaporation, 18.
In boilers, use of, 155.
Philadelphia Water Works example of gain in good firemen. 25
Pipes, table of surfaces and capacities, 246.
Joints of, 248.
How to weld, 264.
Used for ice machinery, 263.
Table of "data " relative to, 247.
Pipes and piping, description, 244.
Pipe coil, description, 257.
Pipe couplings, 250.
Pipe cutter, description and cut, 289
Pipe hanger, 308.
Pipe, gas, illustration of size, 348.
Pipe tongs, description, A89.
Pipe union, description, 274
Piping, dead end, 284.
Piping and drainage, description and illustration, 299.
Pitting of steam boilers, 126.
Planer, (power), for boiler makers, 281.
Plate, dead, description, 180.
Quality of steel, 90.
Plates, baffle, description, 180.
Burned and blistered, list, 125.
For boilers, table of thicknesses, 113.
Pliers, gas, description, 289.
Plug, description, 274.
Plugs, fusible, description, In,172.
Plumb-bob, description, 306.
Plumber's solder, how to make, 805.
Plumber's tools, description, 806-309.
Solder, rule for making, 305.
Plumber's wipe joint, 298.
Plumbing, description and cuts, 298.
What engineers should know, 298.
K Points relating to firing, 37.
Relating to boiler braces, 104.
Of danger in steam boiler, 125.
Relating to grate bars, 175.
Relating to water gauge cocks, 176.
Relating to glass gauges, 177.
Relating to the steam gauge, 182.
Relating to safety valves, 194.
Relating to feed water heaters, 201.
Relating to water meters, 204.
Relating to injectors, 209.
Relating to pumps, 218-221.
Relating to boiler setting, 239-241.
Relating to steam heating, 254.
Relating to chimneys and draught, 297.
Poker, description and cuts, 19.
Portable boiler, locomotive, description, 80.
Car track, use of, 20.
Potter, Humphry, inventor of valve motion, 270.
Poultices, how to make, 819.
Power planer for boiler makers,281.
Power punch for boiler makers, 281.
Precipitation of impurities in feed water, 144.
Preface, 7.
Preparation for firing steam boilers, 24.
Pressure gauges, list of defective cases, 123.
Regulator valve, 274.
Pressure of safety valve, role, 192.
Principles relating to water, 243.
Proper method at Mingo antacid description, 21
Punch for boiler makers,281.
Pump, description, fib.
Classification, 217.
Parts of, illustration. 283..
Double acting, 218.
Direct pressure, 216.
Calculations relating to, 222.
Strainer for, description, 223
Points relating to, 218--221.
Putty joints, how to make, 803.
Questions of applicant for marine license, 127.
Asked by examining engineers, 309.
Of proprietor, relating to steam boiler, 127.
Radiant rays of heat, "point," 38.
Radiating power of various sub stances, 213.
Radiation of heat, law relating to 89.
Railroad barrow, use of, 20.
Ram, water, 284.
Ratio of grate to heating surface, 175
Re-agent, definition, 136.
Reamer, plumber's, 806.
Recording pressure gauges, de scription, 233.
Reducing coupling, description. 274.
Regulating the draught, 41.
Regulations relating to marine engineers, 309.
Regulators, damper, description, 185
Relief valve, description, 272.
Repairing leaky tubes, la Repairs to boilers, " points" on,121-8
Riveting, modes of, 93.
Specification for, 86.
Description, 91.
Double, description, K.
Chain, example, 93.
Zigzag, example, 93.
Treble, example, 93.
Unequal pitches, example, 93.
Example of riveting boiler plates, 114-116.
Hammers for boiler makers, 281.
List of defective cases, 125.
Rivet heads of cup, conical, pan heads, 113.
Rivet heating machines, 281.
Rivets, description, 93.
Steel, description, 96.
Table of diameters, 113.
Rivet set, 807.
Tests, 96.
Riveted stays, description, NIL,
Rolls for boiler makers, 281.
Rotary valves, description, 273.
Round nose chisel, 307.
Rubber hose, use of, 21.
Rule for estimating horse power of boilers, 235.
For finding area of valve opening 195.
To find pressure in lbs. of column of water, 222.
To find area of steam piston of pump, 222.
To find quantity of water elevated,
For finding contents of a barrel, 203.
For reading water meters, 204.
For making boiler and pipe covering, 275-276.
For making solder, 305.
For finding strain on bolts, 99.
For safe internal pressure, 117.
For determining areas of steam boilers, 105.
For calculating contents of steam and water in the steam boiler, 105.
Rules, U. S., regarding safety valves, 189.
For safety valves, 193.
Inspectors, relating to bracing, 102.
Relating to fuel oil, 290.
Factory, to prevent accident, 293.
Government, to prevent accident, 290.
Before lighting the furnace fire, 25.
Running of steam boilers under fire, 24.
Safe internal pressure, rule and example, 117.
Tables, 118-120.
Safety factor of steam boilers, 96.
Safety valves, description, 187.
Rules, 191, 193.
Rule to find area of opening, 195.
Table showing rise of valve, 195.
List of defects, 125.
Points relating to, 194.
Salt, definition, 138.
Sand-bending of lead pipe, 304.
Saturated steam, 283.
Saw, compass. 308.
Plumber's, 207.
Saw dust, firing with, 33, 242.
As a fuel, 16.
Sea water precipitator, 145.
Sectional steam boilers, description, 71.
Sentinel valve, description, 184.
Separator, steam, description 189.
Set screws, dangers arising from. 291
Setting of steam boilers, 236.
Of water tube boilers, 239.
Scalds, treatment of, 313.
Scale deposited in marine boilers, analysis,146.147.
Boiler, analysis of, 148.
Scaling of steam boilers, "points,' 149-152.
Scope of the work, 12.
Scoop shovel, cut anddescription,19
Scrapers, mechanical, 187.
Screenings, firing of coal dust and 90.
Screw conveyors, use of, 20.
Screw-jacks, use of, 21.
Screw stays, description, 101,
Scum of boilers, how formed. 150.
Scumming apparatus, description, 161.
Shaking grates, description, 174.
Shavings, firing with, 33.
Blowers, use of, 20.
Shearing strength, definition, 121.
Shears for boiler makers, 281.
Shell of boiler, description, 81.
Shovels, cut and description of 19
Side brackets for boilers, 240.
Silica, definition, 137.
Silver, radiating power of, 213.
Conducting power of, 213.
Melting point, 42.
Six inch flue, boiler, 78.
Slice bar, description and cats, 19.
"Point" relating to its use, 30.
Smoke, insensibility from, treatment 815.
Snips, plumber's, 306.
Socket bolts, description, 103.
Soda, definition, 138.
Proportion of, in water, 154.
Acetate of, boiling point of. 37.
Sodium, definition, 138.
Solder, rule for making plumber's, 305
Sounds, or language of steam boilers 39.
Source of power in the steam engine, 13.
Specifications for 125
H. P. stean. boiler, 85.
Specific heat, description, 214.
Table, 214.
Spectacle piece, 124.
spirit level, 307.
Stay bolts, hollow, description, 103.
Staying of flat surfaces, 98.
Stays and braces, list of defective cases, 125.
Stays, gusset, description, 100.
Of marine boilers, 75.
Of locomotive boilers, 75.
" Points" relating to boiler stays, 104.
Palm, description, 100.
Screwed, description, 101.
And brace, difference, 103.
Table for calculations, 107-109.
Steam, description, 282.
Specific heat of, 215.
Dry, 282.
Dead, 282.
Live, 282.
Saturated, 283.
Wet, 283.
High pressure, 283.
Low pressure, 283.
Superheated, 283.
Specific gravity of, 283.
Total heat of, 283.
Steam and hot water heating, 251.
Steam boiler, growth of the, 52.
Water tube, 67.
Sectional, description of, 71.
Triple draught, 81-82.
Six-inch flue, 78.
Two-flue, 78.
Steam boilers, locomotive, 72.
Idle, dangers of, 288.
Inspector's rules relating tobracing of, 102.
Use of petroleum in, 155.
Effect of sugar on, 150.
Corrosion and incrustation, 142. Scaling of, "points," 149-152.
Effect of bark on, 151.
Bracing, 96.
Specification for 125 H. P., 85.
Steam drum or dome, description, 81.
Steamfitter's vise, 269.
Steam fittings, care, 268.
Description, 274.
Steam gauge, description, 181.
Steam generators, 48.
Steam heating by exhaust, 267.
How much space 1 H. P. will heat, 262.
Steam loop, note relating to, 295.
Description, 278-280.
Steam pipe, linear expansion of, 276.
Steam pipe explosions, 287.
Steam pump, 215.
Steam separator, description, 183.
Steam space of boilers, rule and example, 105.
Steam whistle, description, 180.
Steel rivets, description, 95.
Steel, boiler, description, 90.
Melting point, 42.
Specific heat of, 214.
Steel plates, nickel steel, description. 91.
Quality and thickness in, 85.
Quality of, 90.
Stephenson, George, 11.
Stock and dies, use of, 21.
Stoker, mechanical, 134.
Storing coal, 225.
Straightway valve, description, 273.
Strainer, for pump, description, 223.
Strain on bolts, rule and example. 99.
Straw, how best fired, 31.
Composition of, as fuel, 15.
Sugar, effect of, on steam boilers, 150.
Sulphates, how indicated, 154.
Definition 137.
Sulphate of lime, at what temperature deposited, 148.
Sulphur, description of, 230.
Sulphuric acid, boiling point of, 37.
Sunstroke, treatment of, 315.
Superheated steam, 283.
Superheater of marine boiler, 64.
Surface blow off, description, 161.
Surface condenser, description, 65.
Swing valve, description, 273.
Syphon, dangers from, in boilers, 288
T, description, 274.
T irons, description and use, 103.
Dimensions and shape, 104.
Table of evaporation, 18.
Melting points of metals, 42.
Temperature, Judged by color, 42.
Of dimensions, Galloway boiler, 60.
Of marine boilers, 62.
Diameter of braces, 103.
For calculating the number of stays, 107-109.
Of dimensions of boiler tubes, 110.
Holding power of boiler tubes 111.
Of diameter of rivets and thickness of plate, 113.
Of safe internal pressure, 118-120.
Of defects found in steam boilers, 125.
Showing loss at different thicknesses by corrosion, 143.
Showing sediment collecting in boilers, 163.
Showing rise of safety valve, 195.
Of savings from use of feed water. 200.
Capacity of cisterns, 202.
Of speedo heat, 214.
Table of conducting power of various substances, 213.
Of radiating power of various substances, 213.
Weight of cubic foot of water, 224.
Weight and capacity of gallons of water, 225.
Comparative quantity of water which can be evaporated, 231.
Surfaces and capacities of pipes, 246.
Of data relating to pipes, 247.
Bursting pressure of tubes, 264.
Of weights of round and plate iron, 300,811.
Conducting power of various substances, 275.
Relative value of non-conductors, 276.
Weights of lead pipe, 805.
Tan, description, 15.
Tan bark, comparative evaporation, 18.
Firing with, 36.
Tanks for fuel oil, how to construct, 290.
Tan-liquor, unsafe use of, in boilers, 185.
Tap borer, plumber's, 306.
Taps and dies, description, 269.
Tee, description, 274.
Temperature of a furnace, 42.
Tensile strength of steel plate, 90.
Of boilers, 121.
Test, the hydraulic, 131.
Testing-boiler, specification, 87.
Testing boilers under-steam pressure, 287.
Test pieces, description and illustration, 105, 112.
Tests for impurities in water, 153.
Tests of steel rivets, 95.
Thimbles, specification for, 86.
Three way Cock, description, 273.
Throttle valve, description, 273.
Tin, melting point, 42.
Conducting power of, 213.
Specific heat of, 214.
Radiating power of, 213.
Tissue paper, radiating power of, 213.
Tongs for boiler makers, 281.
Tool box, description, 22.
Tools, plumber's, description, 306.309.
Handy for the fire-room, 21.
Used in steam fitting, 269.
Boiler maker's, 281.
Plumber's caulking, 308.
Torch, 307.
Total heat of steam. 288.
Tough, definition,121.
Trained or untrained firemen, difference, 24.
Trap, fish, 205.
Treble riveting, example, 93.
Triple draught tubular boiler, 82.
Trevethick, Richard, frontispiece Tube expanders, 281.
Tubes, h ow to weld, 264.
Table of bursting and collapsing pressures, 264.
Boiler, illustration of size, 245.
Experiments in holding power, 111.
Table of holding power, 111.
Boiler, table of dimensions, 110.
Leaky, how to repair, 126.
Tubes and flues, sweeping, 39.
Tube sheets; description, 81.
Turn-pin, description, 806.
Two flue steam boiler, 78.
Umbria, steamer, firing boilers, 32.
Unequal riveting, example, 93.
Union, description, 274.
Unit of chimney measurements, 297.
Upright steam boilers, description, 51.
Uptakes of marine boiler. 64.
Valve, gate, 273.
Globe, description, 272.
Brine, description, 273.
Pop, description, 188.
Angle, description, 273.
Check, description, 273.
Sentinel, description, 184.
Pressure regulator, 274.
Rotary, description, 273.
Straightway, description, 213.
Throttle, description, 273.
Ball, description, 273.
Chamber, description, 272.
Double beat and double seat, 273.
Swing, description, 273.
Valve bracket, description, 272.
Valve cock, description, 272.
Valve coupling, description, 272.
Valves, description, 271.
Safety, description, 187.
Of what material made, 274.
Valves, hinged, description, 272.
Relief, description, 272.
Back pressure, description, 273.
Lifting, description, 274.
Valves and cocks, description, 272.
Valve-seat, description, 272.
Vaults for fuel oil, how to construct, 289.
Ventilation, 265.
Vise, steamfitter's, 289.
Vices, use of, 21
Water, how formed, 143.
Principles relating to, 223.
Principle temperatures of, 224.
Point of maximum density, 224.
The boiling point, 224.
The standard temperature, 224.
Specific heat of, 214.
Boiling point of pure, 37.
Radiating power of, 213.
Conducting power of, 213.
Freezing point, 224.
Water, (sea,) precipitator for, 145.
Boiling point of salt, 37.
Water bending of lead pipe, 304.
Water circulation, 294.
Water grate bars, description, 175.
Gauge cocks, description, 176.
Water hammer, 283.
Water meters, rule for reading, 205.
Description, 203.
Water ram, 284.
Water space of boilers, rule and example, 105.
Water table in locomotive, 35.
Water tube steam boiler, description, 67.
Water heater, noiseless, 312.
Water tube steam boiler, setting of. 239.
Watt, James, 6.
Weight of different standard gallon of water, 225.
Of a column of air, 17.
Weldable, definition, 121.
Welding boiler and other tubes, 264.
Wet steam, 283.
Wheelbarrow, use of, 20.
Whistle, steam, description, 180.
Whitewash, description, 232.
Wipe joint, how to make, 300.
Plumber's, 298.
Wood, comparative evaporation, 18.
Specific heat of, 214.
As a combustible, 14.
" Hint as to drying," 14.
Wood charcoal, comparative evaporation, 18.
Wood chisel, 307.
Wounds, treatment of, 310.
Writing paper, radiating power of 213.
Zigzag riveting, example, 93.
Zinc, conducting power of, 213.
Melting point, 42.
Effect on corrosion of boilers, 150.
Use in marine boilers, 162.
Specific heat of, 214.
CONTENTS
PART ONE
The Divisions of Part One are represented by the following headings. Each subject is fully treated and illustrated.
Introductory Considerations1-16
Glossary of Pump and Hydraulic Terms17-34
Historical Introduction35-70
Elementary Hydraulics70-104
Flow of Water Under Pressure 105-116
Water Pressure Machines117-154
Water Wheels119-125
Turbine Water Wheels 126-135, 141-144
Turbine Pumps136-139
Water Pressure Engines145-147
Hydraulic Motors147-151
Hydraulic Apparatus155-184
Hydraulic Jack159-168
Hydraulic Press169-170
Hydraulic Accumulator171-173
Hydraulic Ram175-180
Pumps as Hydraulic Apparatus181-184
Classification of Pumps185-345
Hand Pumps 189-204
Power Pumps205-224
Belted Pumps225-240
The Electric Pump241.276
The Steam Pump227-330
The Duplex Pump331-343
Underwriter Fire Pumps 344
Specifications of the National Board of Fire Underwriters Relating to Duplex Fire Pumps 347-398
Ready Reference Index to Part One.
PART TWO
The divisions of Part Two are represented by the following headings. Each subject is fully treated and illustrated.
Introduction to Part Two1-10
The Air Pump13-30
Air and Vacuum Pumps31-56
Air Compressors57-78
The Air Lift Pump79-90
The Steam Fire Engine91-143
Miscellaneous Pumps143-176
Mining Pumps145-155
Marine Pumps155-162
Sugar House" Pumps165-167
Circulating Pumps 168
Atmospheric Pumps169-170
Ammonia or Acid Pumps 171
The Screw Pump175-176
Aermotor Pumps177-192
Rotary and Centrifugal Pumps193-229
Turbine Pumps231-242
Injectors and Ejectors243-266
Pulsometer-Aqua-Thruster267-280
Pump Speed Governors281-296
Condensing Apparatus297-314
Utilities and Attachments316-334
Tools, Valves and Piping335-356
Pipes, Joints and Fittings357-368
Useful Notes369-386
Tables and Data387-400
Ready Reference Index to Part Two.
INTRODUCTION
Each successive generation of engineers has added certain unwritten experiences to the general stock of knowledge relating to steam production, which have been communicated to their successors, and by them added to, in their turn ; it is within the province of this book to put in form for reference, these unwritten laws of conduct, which have passed into MAXIMS among engineers and firemen-a maxim being an undisputed truth, expressed in the shortest terms.
SOLILOQUY OF AN ENGINEER. " Standing in the boiler room and looking around me, there are many things I ought to know a good deal about. Coal I What is its quality ? How much is used in ten hours or twenty-four hours ? Is the grate under the boiler the best for an economical consumption of fuel ? Can I, by a change in method of firing, save any coal ? The safety-valve. Do I know at what pressure it will blow off ? Can I calculate the safety-valve so as to be certain the weight is placed right ? Do I know how to calculate the area of the grate, the heating surface of the tubes and shell ? Do I know the construction of the steam-gauge and vacuum gauge ? Am I certain the steam-gauge is indicating correctly, neither over nor under the pressure of the steam ? What do I know about the setting of boilers ? About the size and quality of fire bricks ? About the combination of carbon and hydrogen of the fuel with the oxygen of the atmosphere ? About oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen ? About the laws of combustion ? About radiation and heat surfaces ?
" Do I know what are good non-conductors for covering of pipes, and why they are good ? Do I know how many gallons of water are in the boiler ?
" What do know about water and steam ? How many gallons of water are evaporated in twenty-four hours ? What do I know about iron and steel, boiler evaporation, horse power of engines, boiler appendages and fittings.
" Can I calculate the area and capacity of the engine cylinder ? Can I take an indicator diagram and read it ? Can I set the eccentric ? Can I set valves ? Do I understand the construction of the thermometer, and know something about the pressure of the atmosphere, temperature and the best means for ventilation ? Can I use a pyrometer and a salinometer?
" Without going outside of my boiler and engine room I find these things are all about me-air, water, steam, heat, gases, motion, speed, strokes and revolutions, areas and capacities-how much do I know about these ?
" How much can be learned from one lump of coal ? What was it, where did it come from ? When it is burned, what gases will it give off ?
"And so with water. What is the composition of water ? What are the effects of heat upon it ? How does it circulate ? What is the temperature of boiling water ? What are the temperatures under different pressures ? What is latent heat Y What is expansive force 1"
These are the questioning thoughts which fill, while on duty, more or less vividly, the minds of both engineers and firemen, and it is the purpose of this volume to answer the enquiries, as far as may be without attempting too much ; for the perfect knowledge of the operations carried on within the boiler-room involves an acquaintance with many branches of science. In matters relating to steam engineering, it must be remembered that art is long and time is short."
The utility of such a book as this is intended to be, no one will question, and he who would not be a hewer of wood and a drawer of water" to the more intelligent and well-informed mechanic, must possesses to a considerable extent the principles and rules embraced in this book ; and more especially, if he would be master of his profession and reputed as one whose skill and decisions can be implicitly relied upon.
The author in the preparation of the work has had two objects constantly in view ; first to cause the student to become familiarly acquainted with the leading principles of his profession as they are mentioned, and secondly, to furnish him with as much advice and information as possible within the reasonable limits of the work.
While it is a fact that some of the matter contained in this work is very simple, and all of it intended to be very plain, it yet remains true that the most expert living engineer was at one time ignorant of the least of the facts and principles
here given, and at no time in his active career can he ever get beyond the necessity of knowing the primary steps by which he first achieved his success.
The following taken from the editoral columns of the leading mechanical journal of the country contains the same suggestive ideas already indicated in the "soliloquy of an engineer:"
"There is amongst engineers in this country a quiet educational movement going on in matters relating to facts and principles underlying their work that is likely to have an important influence on industrial affairs. This educational movement is noticeable in all classes of workmen, but amongst none more than among the men in charge of the power plants of the country. It is fortunate that this is so, for progress once begun in such matters is never likely to stop.
" Engineers comprise various grades from the chief engineer of some large establishment, who is usually an accomplished mechanic, carrying along grave responsibilities, to the mere stopper and starter, who is engineer by courtesy only, and whose place is likely to be soon filled by quite another man, so far as qualifications are concerned. Men ignorant of everything except the mere mechanical details of their work will soon have no place.
" Scarcely a week passes that several questions are not asked by engineers, either of which could be made the subject of a lengthy article. This is of interest in that it shows that engineers, are not at the present time behind in the way of seeking information. Out of about a thousand questions that went into print, considerable more than half were asked by stationary engineers. These questions embrace many things in the way of steam engineering, steam engine management, construction, etc."
The old meaning of the word lever was " a lifter" and -this book is intended to be to its attentive student, a real lever to advance him in his life work; it is also to be used like a ladder, which is to be ascended step by step, the lower rounds of which, are as important as the highest.
It is moreover, the earnest wish of the editor that when some, perchance may have "climbed up" by the means of this, his work, they may in their turn serve as lifters to advance others, and by that means the benefits of the work Widely extended.
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