MARU MECHANIC 46 WW2 IJN YOKOSUKA P1Y GINGA �FRANCES� / MITSUBISHI G4M �BETTY�

YOKOSUKA P1Y GINGA �FRANCES� WW2 IJN BOMBER NIGHTFIGHTER

MITSUBISHI G4M TYPE 1 LAND-BASED ATTACK BOMBER �BETTY�

SOFTBOUND BOOK ***LIKE NEW CONDITION***

THIS VINTAGE 7.5 X 10.25 INCH SOFTCOVER HAS THE NORMAL MARU MECHANIC FORMAT � LOTS OF DRAWINGS, PHOTOGRAPHS, COLOR PROFILES AND AN EMPHASIS ON THE MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF THE AIRCRAFT.

TEXT IS IN PRIMARILY IN JAPANESE WITH A LIMITED AMOUNT OF ENGLISH

HEAVILY ILLUSTRATED WITH VINTAGE BW PHOTOGRAPHS & COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS

COLOR CENTERFOLD CUTAWAY EXPLODED VIEW

COLOR PROFILES (CAMOUFLAGE, MARKINGS, STENCIL DETAILS, SCALE DRAWINGS)

LINE DRAWINGS

NOSE DEVELOPMENT DETAIL

LANDING GEAR DEVELOPMENT

COCKPIT PHOTOGRAPHS

ARMAMENT DEVELOPMENT

DROP TANK DETAIL

CANOPY DEVELOPMENT DETAIL

INSTRUMENT PANEL DETAIL

ARMAMENT DETAILS

ENGINE DETAILS

FUSELAGE STRUCTURE / STATIONS DIAGRAM

WING STRUCTURE ILLUSTRATION

CANOPY DEVELOPMENT

TAIL COMPONENTS � HORIZONTAL STABILIZER, VERTICAL, RUDDER, ELEVATORS, TRIM TABS

COCKPIT PHOTOGRAPHS, INSTRUMENT PANEL, SIDEWALLS, PILOT�S SEAT

ARMAMENT INSTALLATION DIAGRAMS

CONTROL SURFACES, LINKAGES, MECHANISMS

MAIN LANDING GEAR, TAIL WHEEL MECHANISM ILLUSTRATIONS

ENGINES, THROTTLE QUADRANT, OIL COOLER, FUEL TANK INSTALLATION

ENGINE INSTALLATION / ENGINE EXHAUST

PROPELLER & HUB

COWLING FLAPS MECHANISM

OIL COOLER INSTALLATION

FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM MECHANISMS

FLAP CONTROL SYSTEM MECHANISM

FUEL SYSTEM

COOLING SYSTEM

MAIN LANDING GEAR & TAIL GEAR

CANOPY

COCKPIT FLOOR / COCKPIT SIDEWALLS

INSTRUMENT PANEL

PILOT�S SEAT

RUDDER PEDALS

CONTROL COLUMN

THROTTLE QUADRANT AND ENGINE CONTROL CONNECTIONS

RADIO INSTALLATION

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Additional Information from Internet Encyclopedia

THE YOKOSUKA P1Y GINGA (TRANSLATED AS GALAXY) WAS A TWIN-ENGINE, LAND-BASED BOMBER DEVELOPED FOR THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE NAVY (IJN) IN WORLD WAR II. IT WAS THE SUCCESSOR TO THE MITSUBISHI G4M BETTY AND GIVEN THE ALLIED CODENAME FRANCES. THE P1Y WAS DESIGNED BY THE YOKOSUKA NAVAL AIR TECHNICAL ARSENAL TO NAVY SPECIFICATIONS CALLING FOR SPEED MATCHING THE ZERO, RANGE MATCHING THE G4M BETTY, A ONE-TON BOMB LOAD, AND THE ABILITY TO DIVE-BOMB AS WELL AS CARRY TORPEDOES. AS A RESULT OF THE CHALLENGES TRYING TO MEET THESE VERY DIFFICULT REQUIREMENTS, THE CONSTRUCTION SUFFERED FROM EXCESS COMPLEXITY, DIFFICULTY OF MANUFACTURE, AND POOR SERVICEABILITY. PROBLEMS WITH THE NAKAJIMA HOMARE ENGINE LED TO ITS REPLACEMENT BY THE MITSUBISHI KASEI. THE FIRST FLIGHT WAS IN AUGUST 1943, AND NAKAJIMA MANUFACTURED 1,002 EXAMPLES. A NIGHT-FIGHTER VERSION, THE P1Y2-S KYOKKO (AURORA WAS EQUIPPED WITH RADAR AND UPWARD-FIRING, AS WELL AS FORWARD-FIRING, 20 MM CANNON. A TOTAL OF 97 WERE PRODUCED BY KAWANISHI, BUT DUE TO INADEQUATE HIGH-ALTITUDE PERFORMANCE AGAINST B-29S, MANY WERE CONVERTED BACK TO GINGA BOMBERS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE MITSUBISHI G4M OR ("TYPE 1 LAND-BASED ATTACK AIRCRAFT") ISSHIKI RIKUJ� K�GEKI KI, ISSHIKIRIKK� WAS THE MAIN TWIN-ENGINE, LAND-BASED BOMBER USED BY THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE NAVY AIR SERVICE IN WORLD WAR II. THE ALLIES GAVE THE G4M THE REPORTING NAME OF BETTY. THE ALLIES USUALLY GAVE JAPANESE FIGHTERS AND FLOATPLANES "MALE" NAMES, WHILE GIVING "FEMALE" NAMES TO BOMBERS AND RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT. THESE DID NOT COME INTO GENERAL USE UNTIL MID-1943.

THE G4M WAS DESIGNED FOR LONG RANGE AND HIGH SPEED AT THE TIME OF ITS INTRODUCTION. CONSEQUENTLY, WEIGHT SAVING MEASURES WERE INCORPORATED INTO THE DESIGN, SUCH AS DISPENSING WITH SELF-SEALING FUEL TANKS, WHICH CAUSED ALLIED FIGHTER PILOTS TO GIVE IT DERISIVE NICKNAMES SUCH AS "THE ONE-SHOT LIGHTER", "THE FLYING ZIPPO" AND "THE FLYING CIGAR" BECAUSE OF THEIR UNFORTUNATE ABILITY TO EXPLODE OR CATCH ON FIRE FROM ANY SLIGHT DAMAGE TO THE FUEL TANK WINGS AFTER BEING HIT BY AERIAL OR GROUND FIRE. SIMILARLY, PILOTS OF THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE NAVY DESPAIRINGLY CALLED THE G4M THE "TYPE ONE LIGHTER" OR "THE FLYING LIGHTER" AND "HAMAKI" ("CIGAR"). THIS WAS DUE TO THE FACT THAT ON MANY OCCASIONS, IT WAS USED FOR LOW-ALTITUDE TORPEDO ATTACKS WHERE ITS PERFORMANCE ADVANTAGES WERE NEGATED AND IT COULD BE EASILY SHOT DOWN BY ANTI-AIRCRAFT FIRE, EVEN FROM SMALL ARMS. THE "BETTY"'S RELATIVELY-LARGE SIZE MADE IT A LARGE TARGET TO SHOOT AT AND SHOOT DOWN, AND THE SIMPLIFIED APPROACH PATH ON A TORPEDO RUN TO ATTACK A SHIP, MEANT FOR A GENERALLY EASY INTERCEPTION FROM ENEMY FIGHTER PLANES.

WHEN USED FOR MEDIUM TO HIGH-ALTITUDE BOMBING AGAINST STATIONARY LAND TARGETS LIKE A SUPPLY DEPOTS, SEAPORTS, OR AIRFIELDS, "EASE OF INTERCEPTION" WAS ANOTHER MATTER ENTIRELY. USING ITS LONG RANGE AND HIGH SPEED, THE G4M COULD APPEAR FROM ANY DIRECTION, AND THEN BE GONE BEFORE MANY FIGHTERS COULD INTERCEPT THEM. THE 20 MM CANNON IN THE TAIL TURRET WAS MUCH HEAVIER ARMAMENT THAN COMMONLY INSTALLED IN BOMBERS, MAKING DEAD ASTERN ATTACKS VERY DANGEROUS FOR THE ATTACKING ENEMY FIGHTERS. SOMETIMES, ASSUMING THEY DID NOT CATCH FIRE IN THE FIRST PLACE AFTER BEING HIT IN THE WINGS BY FLAK FROM THE GROUND OR MACHINE GUN BULLETS FROM ENEMY FIGHTER PLANES, G4MS ALSO PROVED TO BE ABLE TO REMAIN AIRBORNE DESPITE BEING BADLY SHOT UP. FOR EXAMPLE, AFTER 751 KOKUTAI'S ATTACK DURING THE BATTLE OF RENNELL ISLAND, THREE OUT OF FOUR SURVIVORS (OF 11 AIRCRAFT THAT WENT TO ATTACK) RETURNED FLYING ON ONE ENGINE ONLY. NEAR THE END OF THE WAR, THE "BETTY" WAS USED AS A COMMON KAMIKAZE-CARRYING AND LAUNCHING PLATFORM, AND WAS THE USUAL AIRCRAFT FOR CARRYING THE OHKA KAMIKAZE ROCKET AIRCRAFT.

THE G4M WAS SIMILAR IN PERFORMANCE AND MISSIONS TO OTHER CONTEMPORARY TWIN-ENGINE BOMBERS SUCH AS THE GERMAN JUNKERS JU 88 AND HEINKEL HE 111, AND THE AMERICAN B-25 MITCHELL, AND B-26 MARAUDER. THESE WERE ALL COMMONLY USED IN THE ANTI-SHIPPING ROLE. THE G4M MODEL 11 WAS PROMINENT IN ATTACKS ON ALLIED SHIPPING IN THE 1941 TO EARLY 1944 TIME-FRAME, BUT AFTER THAT TIME, IT WAS INCREASINGLY EASY PREY FOR ALLIED FIGHTERS.

THE G4M'S BAPTISM BY FIRE OCCURRED ON 13 SEPTEMBER 1940 IN MAINLAND CHINA, WHEN 27 "BETTYS" AND MITSUBISHI C5MS OF 1ST RENGO KOKUTAI (A COMPOSITE FORCE INCLUDING ELEMENTS OF THE KANOYA AND KIZARAZU KOKUTAIS (AIR GROUPS)) DEPARTED FROM TAIPEI, OMURA AND CHEJU TO ATTACK HANKOW. THE BOMBERS AND RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT WERE ESCORTED BY 13 A6M ZEROS OF 12ST KOKUTAI LED BY NAVY LIEUTENANT SABURO SHINDO. A SIMILAR OPERATION OCCURRED IN MAY 1941. IN DECEMBER 1941, 120 TAIWAN-BASED G4MS OF 1ST KOKUTAI AND KANOYA KOKUTAI BELONGING TO THE 21ST KOKU SENTAI (AIR FLOTILLA) CROSSED THE LUZON STRAIT EN ROUTE TO BOMBING THE PHILIPPINES, THE BEGINNING TO WIDESPREAD SOUTHEAST ASIA OPERATIONS.

IJN AVIATORS PRESSED HOME A TORPEDO ATTACK AGAINST AMERICAN SHIPS OFF GUADALCANAL ON 8 AUGUST 1942, SUFFERING HEAVY LOSSES.

AS A TORPEDO BOMBER, THE G4M'S MOST NOTABLE USE WAS IN THE SINKING OF HMS PRINCE OF WALES AND HMS REPULSE OFF THE COAST OF MALAYA ON 10 DECEMBER 1941. THEY CARRIED OUT THE ATTACKS ALONGSIDE THE OLDER JAPANESE BOMBERS, THE MITSUBISHI G3M "NELLS" WHICH WERE DOING HIGH-LEVEL BOMBING RUNS. THE BATTLESHIP PRINCE OF WALES AND BATTLECRUISER REPULSE WERE THE FIRST TWO CAPITAL SHIPS EVER TO BE SUNK EXCLUSIVELY BY AIR ATTACK DURING A WAR, WHILE AT SEA. THOSE BOMBER CREWS WERE A HANDFUL OF SELECTED IMPERIAL JAPANESE NAVAL AIR FORCE (IJNAF) AVIATORS IN PREWAR JAPAN, WHO HAD SKILLS NOT ONLY IN TORPEDO-ATTACKING AT LESS THAN 9 M (30 FT) HIGH BUT ALSO IN BEING ABLE TO NAVIGATE LONG-RANGE FLIGHT OVER THE OCEAN TO SPOT A PINPOINT TARGET MOVING FAST ON THE SEA. THE SAME SQUADRONS IN KANOYA KOKUTAI (751 KU), GENZAN KOKUTAI (753 KU) AND MIHORO KOKUTAI (701 KU), WHICH SANK THE BRITISH CAPITAL BATTLE SHIPS, LATER STAGED AN EXTENDED SERIES OF ATTACKS AGAINST AMERICAN SHIPS AND LAND TARGETS IN BATTLE OF GUADALCANAL IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS, LATE 1942.

ON 8 AUGUST 1942, THE SECOND DAY OF THE US MARINES' LANDING AT GUADALCANAL, IJNAF'S 23 G4M1S CONDUCTED A TORPEDO ATTACK AGAINST AMERICAN SHIPS AT LUNGA POINT, GUADALCANAL. A TOTAL OF 18 OF THE ATTACKING G4M1S WERE LOST, DUE TO EXTRAORDINARILY HEAVY ANTIAIRCRAFT FIRE AND AIR COVER FROM GRUMMAN F4F WILDCAT FIGHTERS. IN ALL, 18 JAPANESE CREWS � APPROXIMATELY 120 AVIATORS� WERE MISSING AT THE BEGINNING OF THE MONTH. OVER 100 JAPANESE G4M1S AND THEIR BEST CREWS (WITH NO SUBSTITUTES AVAILABLE) WERE TOTALLY LOST IN THE FOLLOWING BATTLES OF GUADALCANAL, FROM AUGUST TO OCTOBER 1942.^[2] IN TWO DAYS OF THE BATTLE OF RENNELL ISLAND ON 29 AND 30 JANUARY 1943, 10 OUT OF 43 JAPANESE G4M1S WERE LOST IN THE NIGHT TORPEDO-ATTACKS, AGAIN TO AMERICAN ANTI-AIRCRAFT FIRE. ABOUT 70 JAPANESE AVIATORS, INCLUDING LIEUTENANT COMMANDER HIGAI, WERE KILLED IN THAT ACTION.

PROBABLY THE BEST-KNOWN INCIDENT INVOLVING A G4M DURING THE WAR WAS THE ATTACK RESULTING IN THE DEATH OF ISOROKU YAMAMOTO. THE G4M WITH TAIL NUMBER T1-323 - WHICH WAS CARRYING THE IMPERIAL JAPANESE NAVY ADMIRAL ISOROKU YAMAMOTO - WAS ATTACKED AND SHOT DOWN BY LOCKHEED P-38 LIGHTNINGS FROM 339TH FIGHTER SQUADRON OF THE 347TH FIGHTER GROUP, THIRTEENTH AIR FORCE, USAAF ON 18 APRIL 1943.

THE G4M MODEL 11 WAS REPLACED BY MODELS 22,22A/B,24A/B,25,26 AND 27 AFTER JUNE 1943, FOLLOWING SERVICE IN NEW GUINEA, THE SOLOMONS, AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC AREA, IN DEFENSE OF MARIANAS AND FINALLY IN OKINAWA, WITH FIELD MODIFICATIONS RESULTING IN THE MODEL 24J WHICH CARRIED SUICIDE FLYING BOMBS YOKOSUKA MXY7 OHKA MODEL 11 BEGINNING ON 21 MARCH 1945, WITH DISASTROUS RESULTS DUE TO HEAVY ALLIED FIGHTER OPPOSITION.

FOLLOWING THE LOSS OF OKINAWA, G4MS CONSTITUTED THE MAIN WEAPON OF THE LAND-BASED JAPANESE NAVAL BOMBER FORCE, CONSISTING OF 20 KOKUTAIS WHEN AT WAR'S END, INCLUDING THE TESTING AIR GROUP EQUIPPED IN 1944-45 WITH THE LATEST VERSION G4M3 MODEL 34 AND 36, ARRIVING TOO LATE TO CHANGE THE COURSE OF THE WAR.

AS PART OF THE NEGOTIATIONS FOR THE SURRENDER OF JAPAN, TWO DEMILITARIZED G4MS, GIVEN THE CALL-SIGNS BATAAN 1 AND BATAAN 2 WERE SENT TO IE SHIMA CARRYING THE FIRST SURRENDER DELEGATIONS AS THE FIRST LEG OF THEIR FLIGHT TO MANILA.

IN 1945, INDONESIAN GUERRILLAS CAPTURED NUMEROUS EX-JAPANESE AIR BASES INCLUDING BUGIS AIR BASE IN MALANG (REPATRIATED 18 SEPTEMBER 1945). SEVERAL G4MS WERE SEIZED AND FLOWN BY THE INDONESIANS. MOST OF THE AIRCRAFT WERE DESTROYED DURING 1945�1949 WHEN THE FORMER DUTCH EAST INDIES AND THE NETHERLANDS WERE ENGAGED IN A MILITARY CONFLICT IN INDONESIA.