Nice map titled Percee de Holyoke, from wood engraving with fine detail and clear impression. Overall size approx. 23 x 14 cm, image size approx. 13.5 x 8 cm. From La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, 19 vol. (1875-94), great work of Elisee Reclus. Cartographer is Charles Perron.

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Holyoke

city, Hampden county, west-central Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on the Connecticut River just north of Chicopee and Springfield. Settled in 1725 as part of Springfield, it was included in West Springfield in 1774 until incorporated as a separate township in 1850. It was named either for an early settler, Elizur Holyoke, or for the Reverend Edward Holyoke, president (1737–69) of Harvard University. It began to develop industrially after 1848, when the first of several dams was completed across the river. A system of canals was built during the latter half of the 19th century, attracting paper and textile mills.

The city's economy has become diversified and includes services (notably health care and higher education), publishing, and the manufacture of electrical equipment, lights and lasers, and paper. Nevertheless, about one-fourth of the residents live below the poverty level. The city was the birthplace of volleyball, invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan, physical education director of the local Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). Holyoke Community College was founded in 1946. Mount Holyoke College (1837) is in the town of South Hadley (in Hampshire county), to the northeast. Recreational areas include the Mount Tom Ski Area and the adjacent Mount Tom State Reservation. Westover Air Force Base is nearby. Inc. city, 1873. Pop. (2000) 39,838; (2010) 39,880.

Springfield

city, seat (1812) of Hampden county, southwestern Massachusetts, U.S., on the Connecticut River. It forms a contiguous urban area with Agawam and West Springfield (west), Chicopee and Holyoke (north), Ludlow (northeast), Wilbraham and Hampden (east), and East Longmeadow (south). William Pynchon, one of the original patentees of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, founded a settlement (now Agawam) on the river's west bank in 1635. The colonists' livestock did so much damage to the Native Americans' cornfields, however, that the community moved to the present east-bank site in 1636. It was incorporated as a town in 1636 and named for Pynchon's birthplace in England. Pynchon's autocratic rule ended in 1652, when he returned to England after being condemned by the Massachusetts General Court for a book attacking the Calvinist doctrine of atonement. The town was nearly destroyed by Native Americans in 1675, during King Philip's War.

Springfield's transformation from a farming to a manufacturing community was hastened by the building of an arsenal in 1777, which supplied arms during the American Revolution and was a target of attack during Shays's Rebellion in 1786. During the American Civil War the Armory (built 1794 and now a national historic site) produced the well-known Springfield muskets; it became a principal manufactory of small arms and later developed the Springfield and Garand rifles. The Organ of Muskets (so called for the resemblance of rifles on the double racks to organ pipes), made famous by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem “The Arsenal at Springfield,” is displayed in the museum of the Armory. The Armory was closed in the 1960s.

Possessing abundant waterpower and connected by railroad to Boston in 1835, Springfield soon became an industrial town, producing (in addition to arms) paper, railroad coaches, locomotives, and ice skates. The main sources of income are now health care, insurance, and other services. Manufactures include electrical equipment, chemicals, plastics, and printed matter. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated (formerly G. & C. Merriam Co.), publisher of Merriam-Webster dictionaries since 1847, has its headquarters there. Springfield College was founded in 1885; other colleges are the American International College (1885), the Western New England College (1919), and the Springfield Technical Community College (1964). The city's Basketball Hall of Fame commemorates James Naismith, who invented the game of basketball in Springfield in 1891. Eastern States Exposition Park in West Springfield is the site of one of the largest annual (September) industrial-agricultural fairs in the eastern United States; Storrowtown (a reconstructed old New England village) and two theatres are within the park. The Dr. Seuss National Memorial (2002) commemorates the renowned children's writer Theodor Seuss Geisel, who was born in Springfield. Inc. city, 1852. Pop. (2000) 152,082; Springfield Metro Area, 680,014; (2010) 153,060; Springfield Metro Area, 692,942.

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