GRADING STANDARDS FOR BANKNOTES AND SIMILAR PAPER ITEMS

GENERALIZED, NON-SPECIFIC GRADES:

LOW GRADE or HEAVILY CIRCULATED - generally POOR to VERY GOOD (see below specific grades)

MID GRADE or CIRCULATED - generally VERY GOOD to VERY FINE (see below specific grades)

MIXED CIRCULATED - generally LOW GRADE to HIGH GRADE circulated (see below specific grades)

HIGH GRADE or LIGHTLY CIRCULATED - generally VERY FINE to ALMOST UNCIRCULATED (see below specific grades)

VIRTUALLY NEW - generally ALMOST UNCIRCULATED to full UNCIRCULATED (see below specific grades)

SPECIFIC GRADES:

POOR - a virtual 'dog,' generally a raggy, dirty, torn, and sometimes taped-up poor-excuse of a banknote that has seen better days and is generally collectible only as a filler or curiosity unless it is extremely rare. 

FAIR - this is barely one step up, maybe not quite so raggy or dirty but perhaps missing a piece or more of the note along with other defects.  This grade still exhibits extreme limpness generally. 

VERY GOOD - this grade will have fewer or less severe defects than the grade of GOOD and a number of VG notes are in fact quite attractive, especially instances where a note has been folded and refolded numerous times on the same creases, wearing a small hole through center and maybe causing a tear to appear in the design.  At this point I want to introduce the notion of split grades, that is, an instance where the note is clearly better than GOOD but not quite VG.  In this case, we might call the grade G-VG or G+ or even aVG (about very good).  Experience is the best teacher for this; after you've handled dozens of well-used notes, you may feel more comfortable about split grading. Maybe you'll never feel comfortable because you might not even like the idea.  We use split grades on occasion and believe most dealers and collectors do. I am less enthusiastic about the use of a 70-point grading scale such as is used for grading coins; more on this when we get there. 

FINE - this grade exhibits still considerable circulation with a number of creases, folds, wrinkles, minor border tears (which cannot enter the design portion of the note), and maybe a few pin or staple holes. At this point, a note is appearing somewhat attractive at least. After handling enough different notes, you'll come across some that appear to meet or exceed a certain grade except for some defect.  Usually, this is handled by assigning that grade to the note but following it with a description of the defect. For example, you might have a note that is at least a FINE except for that somewhat obvious stain in which case you would describe it as FINE but stained or FINE but moderately stained or FINE but heavy corner stain, etc., whatever the case might be.  Naturally the value of a note like this would normally be lower than a defect-free note of the same grade. Generally the higher grade a note is, the more 'picky' you should be about describing a defect that is not a normal characteristic of that grade.  For example a VERY FINE note with a tiny tear or two might be listed as VF but border tear or could just be downgraded (or net graded) to F-VF or "net F-VF," though the tear should still be described. 

EXTREMELY FINE - This is an extremely attractive note, showing only minor evidence of handling.  According to the grading standards of the International Bank Note Society, or IBNS, an EF note may exhibit 'a maximum of three light folds or one strong crease.'  An EF note is bright and without signs of soil. To the casual observer, it should appear just about new. There will be only very minute wear on the corners or edges. 

ABOUT UNCIRCULATED - The next step up from extremely fine, this is a note which would grade uncirculated except for some very minor handling or use such as a so-called wallet fold where the note has a very light fold (not a creased fold).  An AU note might have a slight bend or wrinkle from being counted. In any case, this remains a very bright, new-looking note.  An AU-UNC designation is often applied to notes with an extremely inconspicuous counting wrinkle, or a note which might have a tiny corner nick, rippled surface of the paper (due to humidity or some other environmental condition), or a note having a so-called dimple at the top of the security strip. 

Just my personal opinion, but it seems like a convenient way to squeeze a lot more dollars for a "superb gem UNC MS-66 note."  To newcomers to the numismatic community, "MS" refers to mint state (i. e. Uncirculated) and the "66" part indicates the relative "grade of uncirculation" with 60 being the lowest and 70 the ultimate or theoretically "perfect" note.  About Uncirculated would range from 50 to 59, etc.  This system has been in use for a number of years now in the coin business.  The worst part is, the difference in a coin's value from a single key grading range (say MS-65 to MS-66) can be thousands of dollars for a "rare" item.  This great difference in perceived value by some is why the whole grading system is controversial by nature because grading, is, in the final analysis, subjective (i. e. "beauty is in the eye of the beholder"). Thus, there is a lot of room for abuse.  Also I have not been impressed with the grading of some of the so-called professional grading companies.  I once sold a slabbed note that looked to me to be in VG grade but the grade on the holder said VF!  I warned the potential buyers of this (the note was in an auction) and still it sold for at least the price of a nice VF note - go figure!).  I believe a note will stand on its own; if it's hard to find, attractive, and actively sought by collectors, it's going to bring a better price.  Many world notes are also common, but so attractive that they are always eagerly snapped up by enthusiastic collectors.  There are a number of older notes from hard-to-find countries that list for a low price in The Standard Catalog of World Paper Money but sell for multiples of the catalog price due to the fact they are so difficult to locate.   Most world paper collectors and dealers with experience will tell you the catalog is a starting point guide but there are many values listed in there that don't "jive" with the real world - they are either too high or too low in many cases.

Another item to perhaps bear in mind, the grading system for U. S. notes is similar in many ways to that of world notes, but it has been my experience that the world system is generally more conservative, particularly for the upper grades.  I have seen ads like "UNC - 1 fold."  What does that mean?  Sounds like an EF or AU note to me (EF if creased, AU if just a light fold or "wallet bend"). 

An additional point - notes, like coins, have sometimes been cleaned or had their appearance improved in some way. This is not always apparent.  Some collectors have no problem with this, others feel, as with coins, that the items shouldn't be altered in any way. For notes, alterations can include actually washing the note (literally "laundering money!"), trimming it, erasing graffiti, pressing the note, mending tears, etc. The buyer should be aware that a note can be washed and pressed to improve its grade and a note altered in this way should not command the price of a note naturally appearing in this grade. A word of advice on mending tears, if you are inclined to mend tears, please don't use cellophane tape. Sooner or later it makes a mess of whatever its been taped to as it turns yellow and brittle. If you feel you need to tape a tear, use the permanent translucent tape that's now widely available.