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War of the Great Alliance
| War of the Great Alliance | |||
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| Date | 24 September 1688 - 20 September 1697 [1] | ||
| Place | Continental Europe , Ireland and North America | ||
| Casus belli | Dispute over the succession of the Palatinate Electorate | ||
| Outcome | Indecisive, signing of the Treaty of Rijswijk | ||
| Territorial changes | France considers Alsace and Strasbourg , but returns Freiburg, Breisach and Philippsburg to the Holy Roman Empire, takes possession of Pondichéry (after having paid 16,000 pagodas to the Dutch) and Acadia. France returns Catalonia to Spain and the fortresses of Mons, Luxembourg and Kortrijk. The Duchy of Lorraine is returned from France to Duke Leopold Joseph. | ||
| Combatants | |||
| Commanders | |||
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| Voices of wars present on Wikipedia | |||
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The war of the Great Alliance , also called the war of the Nine Years or war of the Augusta League or the Palatinate succession war , was a vast conflict that took place between 1688 and 1697 mainly in continental Europe , but also involved as secondary theaters l ' Ireland and North America . It is placed in the context of the great challenge between the House of Bourbon and that of the Habsburgs , as well as of the long personal duel between William III of Orange and Louis XIV .
With the ratification of the Treaty of Nijmegen , which ended the Franco-Dutch war ( 1672 - 1678 ), Louis XIV threatened to secure a stable hegemony over Europe. However, from 1680 the Holy Roman Empire , under the leadership of Emperor Leopold I , had begun to regain prestige and authority, in particular thanks to the victorious military campaign conducted in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire . This success prompted Leopold and his allies - various German principalities, Spain and Sweden - to form June 9, 1686a defensive alliance, called the Augusta League , in opposition to France .
On 5 November 1688 , in response to the urgent invitation of seven English politicians , the Dutchman William of Orange crossed the English Channel with a powerful fleet and invaded England , beginning the Glorious Revolution and the subsequent deposition of James II . Having now become King of England, as well as Statolder (literally "ruler of the State") of the United Provinces , William was thus able to form that anti-French coalition that he had long pondered. On 12 May 1689 , William III and Leopold I inaugurated the Great Alliancewith the intention of bringing France back to the previous borders designated by the Peace of Westphalia .
In the aftermath of the French attack on the Palatinate , a European region straddling France and Germany , the Duchy of Savoy (which will be forced to sign a separate treaty with France before the end of the war) also joined the Great Alliance. The battles lasted for nine years in different European regions, generally in favor of the French armies, to lead to the Treaty of Rijswijk of 1697 . Peace was signed by Louis XIV because France could no longer bear the enormous war expenses. With the peace of Rijswijkil king lost all the conquered lands, except Alsace and Strasbourgand some cities in Catalonia , but recovered Pondichéry in India from the Dutch.
War History
- September 24: the French occupy Cologne .
- October 18: Leopold I of Habsburg declares war on France
- 29 October: end of the siege of Filisburgo and taking of the city by the French.
- End of December: following the Glorious Revolution , James II of England , dethroned, flees to France.
- March 22: James II of England lands in Ireland.
- April 21: Mary II and William III are crowned queen and king of England and Ireland.
- May 11: French naval victory in the Bantry Bay battle .
- May 12: alliance between the United Provinces and the Emperor Leopold I .
- May: the French penetrate Catalonia up to Gerona .
- June: the French devastate the Palatinate .
- 10 September: the French are defeated in Mainz .
- 10 October: the French are defeated in Bonn .
- 1 July: Marshal Luxembourg defeats the Prince of Waldeck in the Battle of Fleurus .
- 10th of July:
- French naval victory in the battle of the chief Béveziers (Beachy Head).
- William III defeats James II in the Battle of the Boyne (Ireland).
- August 18: Marshal Catinat defeats Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy in the Battle of Staffarda .
- 16-24 October: Battle of Québec .
- March 25: Marshal Catinat occupies Nice .
- April 8: Louis XIV takes Mons .
- May-August: Tourville patrols the ocean coasts of France.
- 16 July: death of Francesco Michele Le Tellier de Louvois .
- October 3: final defeat of the Jacobites in the siege of Limerick , in Ireland .
- May 19: Battle of Barfleur .
- 29 May-3 June: the French fleet, blocked in The Hague , is partly destroyed by the English of Admiral Edward Russell.
- June 30: Louis XIV takes Namur .
- 3 August: Marshal Luxembourg beats William III of Orange at the Battle of Steenkerque .
- September 17: the Duke of Lorges beats the Prince of Württemberg in Pforzheim .
- May 22: the French occupy and plunder Heidelberg .
- June 9: the Duke of Noailles occupies Roses in Catalonia .
- June 26-29: the Count of Tourville beats Admiral Sir George Rooke at the Battle of Lagos , off Portugal.
- 29 July: Marshal Luxembourg defeats William III in the Battle of Landen .
- 4 October: Marshal Catinat beats the Duke of Savoy and Prince Eugene in the Battle of Marsaglia .
- At 55 years of age and after 43 years of participation in the war, Louis XIV renounces fighting personally.
- May: offensive by the Duke of Noailles in Catalonia.
- June 18: the British try to land in Brest .
- Late June: Jean Bart , winner of the Battle of Texel , takes possession of a Dutch convoy.
- August: Marshal Luxembourg blocks the northern border of France.
- January 4: Marshal Luxembourg dies.
- August: the British bomb Dunkerque .
- 14-15 August: the Duke of Villeroy bombs Brussels .
- September: William III of Orange takes Namur .
- June: Jean Bart wins the battle of Dogger Bank .
- 29 August: Treaty of Turin between France and Savoy.
- May 3: the French occupy Cartagena in Colombia .
- 10 August: the Duke of Vendôme and the Admiral d ' Estrées take Barcelona .
- September-October: the Treaty of Rijswijk ends the war and Louis XIV loses all the territories except Alsace and Strasbourg .
3rd Piedmont Infantry Regiment
3rd Piedmont Infantry Regiment 
General description Enable 1636 - 1943 Nation 
Duchy of Savoy Kingdom of Sardinia Italy
Service 
Sardinian Army Royal Army
Guy Infantry Dimension Regiment Patron Saint martin Motto Fidem cruore signavi colors Red Battles / wars War of the League of Augusta , Battle of Staffarda
War of Spanish Succession , Battle of Chiari , Battle of Turin , Siege of Toulon (1707)
War of Polish Succession , Siege of Milan, Battle of Guastalla
War of Austrian Succession
First War of Italian Independence , Battle of Santa Lucia , Battle of Pastrengo , Battle of Novara (1849)
Second war of Italian independence
Crimean War
Third Italian War of Independence
Eritrean Campaign
Italo-Turkish War
World War I
Ethiopia
War World War II . Anniversaries March 23, anniversary of the Battle of Novara (1849) of 1849. Decorations 
Symbols Symbol Heraldic shield Voices on military units present on Wikipedia
The 3rd "Piedmont" Infantry Regiment was a military unit of the Italian Royal Army .
| 3rd Piedmont Infantry Regiment | |
|---|---|
 | |
| General description | |
| Enable | 1636 - 1943 |
| Nation |  Duchy of Savoy Kingdom of Sardinia Italy.svg){kind=small} .svg){kind=small} |
| Service | .svg){kind=small} Sardinian Army Royal Army.svg){kind=small} |
| Guy | Infantry |
| Dimension | Regiment |
| Patron | Saint martin |
| Motto | Fidem cruore signavi |
| colors | Red |
| Battles / wars | War of the League of Augusta , Battle of Staffarda War of Spanish Succession , Battle of Chiari , Battle of Turin , Siege of Toulon (1707) War of Polish Succession , Siege of Milan, Battle of Guastalla War of Austrian Succession First War of Italian Independence , Battle of Santa Lucia , Battle of Pastrengo , Battle of Novara (1849) Second war of Italian independence Crimean War Third Italian War of Independence Eritrean Campaign Italo-Turkish War World War I Ethiopia War World War II . |
| Anniversaries | March 23, anniversary of the Battle of Novara (1849) of 1849. |
| Decorations | 
  |
| Symbols | |
| Symbol | Heraldic shield |
| Voices on military units present on Wikipedia | |
The 3rd "Piedmont" Infantry Regiment was a military unit of the Italian Royal Army .
Index
The origins [ edit | edit wikitesto ]
The Regiment originates from the Catalan Piedmontese Alfieri Regiment , established in the Duchy of Savoy in 1636 during the reign of Duke Carlo Emanuele II of Savoy . Count Alfieri formed an infantry regiment of eight companies at his own expense, recruiting exclusively Piedmontese soldiers. This new Regiment, which derived from the ancient VI Colonnello and from the regiment of SAS the Prince of Piedmont (1618), was placed at the disposal of the Duke of Savoy. His baptism of fire he had in the campaign for the liberation of the Milanese(1635-1641). In 1641 it was called "Piedmont Regiment" of SAR ". In March 1664 the Regiment passed to the command of the Count of Magliano, son of Catalano Alfieri, promoted general. On 22 June of the same year it was purchased by the Duchy assuming the definitive denomination of "Piedmont Regiment" and the classification as the fifth regiment of ordinance infantry. In 1672 he was engaged in the war against the Republic of Genoa by participating in the battles of Garlenda and Castelvecchio . In 1673 he was hired by the France of Louis XIV who sent him to fight in Flanders against the Spanish where in 1674 he fought in the siege of Oudenaarde; remained in the service of France until 1678. [1]
The Regiment originates from the Catalan Piedmontese Alfieri Regiment , established in the Duchy of Savoy in 1636 during the reign of Duke Carlo Emanuele II of Savoy . Count Alfieri formed an infantry regiment of eight companies at his own expense, recruiting exclusively Piedmontese soldiers. This new Regiment, which derived from the ancient VI Colonnello and from the regiment of SAS the Prince of Piedmont (1618), was placed at the disposal of the Duke of Savoy. His baptism of fire he had in the campaign for the liberation of the Milanese(1635-1641). In 1641 it was called "Piedmont Regiment" of SAR ". In March 1664 the Regiment passed to the command of the Count of Magliano, son of Catalano Alfieri, promoted general. On 22 June of the same year it was purchased by the Duchy assuming the definitive denomination of "Piedmont Regiment" and the classification as the fifth regiment of ordinance infantry. In 1672 he was engaged in the war against the Republic of Genoa by participating in the battles of Garlenda and Castelvecchio . In 1673 he was hired by the France of Louis XIV who sent him to fight in Flanders against the Spanish where in 1674 he fought in the siege of Oudenaarde; remained in the service of France until 1678. [1]
The War of the Grand Alliance
In 1679 the regiment returned to Piedmont, was rearmed and reorganized. In 1685 the Granatiera company was created, armed with modern flintlock guns. In the first half of the XVIII century Europe was shaken by a succession of conflicts and "Piemonte" took part in the battles of the war of the League of Augusta (1690-97) fighting in the unfortunate battle of Staffarda , on 16 August 1690, where the Ducal army of Vittorio Amedeo II, was defeated by the French of Catinat. Subsequently it was detached in Valle d'Aosta and Vercelli, in 1693 it was sent to Cuneo to avoid a possible French threat against the city. [1]
The War of Spanish Succession
In the period 1701-1713 the regiment participated in the campaigns of arms of the Spanish succession war ; initially Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy with the Treaty of Turin (1696) was allied with the French. The Regiment participated in the Battle of Chiari on 1 September 1701. However, the political situation soon changed: in 1703 Piedmont's entry into the Augusta League was declared with the Treaty of Turin (1703) . On September 29, the French, aware of the imminent reversal of the political situation by the Duke Vittorio Amedeo II, disarmed and took to San Benedetto Pothe entire Savoy contingent, including the Piedmont Regiment, almost complete. The regiment was recreated even if with enormous difficulties: lack of officers, recomposed with new recruits, after having merged the fugitive soldiers of the various Regiments and those of the Fucilieri Regiment, the Piedmont Regiment participated in the years 1704-1705 in the sieges and defenses of Vercelli , Ivrea and Verrua against the French soldiers. Subsequently a detachment of 100 riflemen was sent in forced march to defend the fortified line CHIVASSO - CASTAGNETO PO. [1]
The regiment participated in the battle of Turin against the French-Spanish soldiers in May 1706 . [2] In 1707 the Piedmontese soldiers took part in the Siege of Toulon (1707) . The French base was in vain besieged and in autumn the Austro-Piedmontese troops had to fall back, with very serious losses for the Regiment. [1]
In 1710 the Crocebianca regiment was incorporated into the Piedmont regiment as the 2nd battalion.
The Savoys at the end of the war with the Treaty of Utrecht saw the countryside of Nice restored, they received Sicily (and with it the title of King for Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy and his successors), the entire upper valley of Susa, Pinerolo and parts of the Milan area. In 1713 King Vittorio Amedeo II on his journey to Sicily to take possession of the new Sicilian territories ( History of Piedmontese Sicily ), was followed by the 2nd battalion of the regiment, to which was later added the I. In 1720 King Vittorio Amedeo II, with the Treaty of The Hague (20 February 1720) had obtained the island of Sardinia with the title of King of Sardinia in exchange for Sicily and the whole Regiment returned to its seat in Piedmont. [3] In 1724 a contingent of the Piedmontese Regiment landed in Alghero to protect the new territory.
In the period 1701-1713 the regiment participated in the campaigns of arms of the Spanish succession war ; initially Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy with the Treaty of Turin (1696) was allied with the French. The Regiment participated in the Battle of Chiari on 1 September 1701. However, the political situation soon changed: in 1703 Piedmont's entry into the Augusta League was declared with the Treaty of Turin (1703) . On September 29, the French, aware of the imminent reversal of the political situation by the Duke Vittorio Amedeo II, disarmed and took to San Benedetto Pothe entire Savoy contingent, including the Piedmont Regiment, almost complete. The regiment was recreated even if with enormous difficulties: lack of officers, recomposed with new recruits, after having merged the fugitive soldiers of the various Regiments and those of the Fucilieri Regiment, the Piedmont Regiment participated in the years 1704-1705 in the sieges and defenses of Vercelli , Ivrea and Verrua against the French soldiers. Subsequently a detachment of 100 riflemen was sent in forced march to defend the fortified line CHIVASSO - CASTAGNETO PO. [1]
The regiment participated in the battle of Turin against the French-Spanish soldiers in May 1706 . [2] In 1707 the Piedmontese soldiers took part in the Siege of Toulon (1707) . The French base was in vain besieged and in autumn the Austro-Piedmontese troops had to fall back, with very serious losses for the Regiment. [1]
In 1710 the Crocebianca regiment was incorporated into the Piedmont regiment as the 2nd battalion.
The Savoys at the end of the war with the Treaty of Utrecht saw the countryside of Nice restored, they received Sicily (and with it the title of King for Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy and his successors), the entire upper valley of Susa, Pinerolo and parts of the Milan area. In 1713 King Vittorio Amedeo II on his journey to Sicily to take possession of the new Sicilian territories ( History of Piedmontese Sicily ), was followed by the 2nd battalion of the regiment, to which was later added the I. In 1720 King Vittorio Amedeo II, with the Treaty of The Hague (20 February 1720) had obtained the island of Sardinia with the title of King of Sardinia in exchange for Sicily and the whole Regiment returned to its seat in Piedmont. [3] In 1724 a contingent of the Piedmontese Regiment landed in Alghero to protect the new territory.
The War of Polish Succession
In the following years the Regiment was garrisoned in various squares of the Kingdom, but in 1732 it was mobilized and reached the Franco-Piedmontese army which concentrated on operating in Lombardy and Emilia against the Austrians. In the period 1733-1735 the regiment participated in the campaigns of arms of the Polish succession war alongside the French to whom the kingdom of Sardinia had allied itself against Austria. The Upper Piedmont took part in the siege of Milan, at the Battle of Guastalla (19 September 1734) and in 1735 in the sieges of Modena , Reggio Emilia , Pizzighettone and Mirandola . [1]
In the following years the Regiment was garrisoned in various squares of the Kingdom, but in 1732 it was mobilized and reached the Franco-Piedmontese army which concentrated on operating in Lombardy and Emilia against the Austrians. In the period 1733-1735 the regiment participated in the campaigns of arms of the Polish succession war alongside the French to whom the kingdom of Sardinia had allied itself against Austria. The Upper Piedmont took part in the siege of Milan, at the Battle of Guastalla (19 September 1734) and in 1735 in the sieges of Modena , Reggio Emilia , Pizzighettone and Mirandola . [1]
The War of Austrian Succession
After a few years of peace the Kingdom of Sardinia descended again into war, this time alongside the Queen of Hungary for the succession to the throne of Austria. In 1743 the Piedmontese Regiment moved to the valleys of the Cuneo area and, divided into various detachments, clashed several times with the French-Spaniards, at Valdieri, at the Colle dell'Ortica and at the Madonna dell'Olmo , where it suffered heavy losses. A detachment participated in the besieged Cuneo rescue, ending the 1745 campaign in Val di Susa, in defense of the various border posts. [1]
Also in 1745 the whole Regiment started in the Alessandria area to face the Franco-Spanish army that attacked Bassignana and Rivarona , on 27 September, but was forced to retire. The 1st Battalion folded back to Valenza , the 2nd in Casale ; in a short time Valenza capitulated and the survivors of the two Battalions wintered in Novara and Crescentino . [1]
In 1746 the 1st B.tg was in the front line against the enemy army in the Alessandria area, while the second, recomposed, tried to occupy Savona , but was abruptly stopped at Montezemolo, Cengio and Millesimo. Other detachments of the same Battaglione operated in Acqui and Bassignana. [1]
After a few years of peace the Kingdom of Sardinia descended again into war, this time alongside the Queen of Hungary for the succession to the throne of Austria. In 1743 the Piedmontese Regiment moved to the valleys of the Cuneo area and, divided into various detachments, clashed several times with the French-Spaniards, at Valdieri, at the Colle dell'Ortica and at the Madonna dell'Olmo , where it suffered heavy losses. A detachment participated in the besieged Cuneo rescue, ending the 1745 campaign in Val di Susa, in defense of the various border posts. [1]
Also in 1745 the whole Regiment started in the Alessandria area to face the Franco-Spanish army that attacked Bassignana and Rivarona , on 27 September, but was forced to retire. The 1st Battalion folded back to Valenza , the 2nd in Casale ; in a short time Valenza capitulated and the survivors of the two Battalions wintered in Novara and Crescentino . [1]
In 1746 the 1st B.tg was in the front line against the enemy army in the Alessandria area, while the second, recomposed, tried to occupy Savona , but was abruptly stopped at Montezemolo, Cengio and Millesimo. Other detachments of the same Battaglione operated in Acqui and Bassignana. [1]
The Risorgimento
Carlo Alberto, as soon as he ascended the throne, reorganized the entire military structure, reduced to precarious conditions by his predecessor Carlo Felice. In 1831, with the establishment of the Permanent Brigades, the unit splits into 1st and 2nd Regiment "Piedmont", each of which consists of a general staff and three battalions. In 1832 the third battalion was transformed into a depot, which, to simplify the mobilization operations, was headquartered in the center of the respective recruitment area. In 1839 the two Regiments took the name of 3rd and 4th Regiment of Infantry Brigade Piedmont, based on the assignment to the Regiments of a progressive number. The reorganization provides for a staff, two battalions, each with a company of grenadiers and three fusiliers, and a third battalion consisting of four hunting companies. The depot gave life in case of mobilization to a fourth battalion formed by four companies of fusiliers. The soldiers were for the most part leveraged and served for fourteen months, remaining available for possible recalls for fifteen years. The regiments entered the country in 1848 during the first war of independence.[4] In the first war of independence he fought in the Battle of Santa Lucia (6 May 1848 ), in the Battle of Pastrengo (30 April 1848 ), in the Battle of Novara (1849) (23 March 1849 ) where he deserved the MAVM . Another MAVM was given to the regiment for its exemplary behavior throughout the 1848 campaign (especially for the Calmasino combat).
Carlo Alberto, as soon as he ascended the throne, reorganized the entire military structure, reduced to precarious conditions by his predecessor Carlo Felice. In 1831, with the establishment of the Permanent Brigades, the unit splits into 1st and 2nd Regiment "Piedmont", each of which consists of a general staff and three battalions. In 1832 the third battalion was transformed into a depot, which, to simplify the mobilization operations, was headquartered in the center of the respective recruitment area. In 1839 the two Regiments took the name of 3rd and 4th Regiment of Infantry Brigade Piedmont, based on the assignment to the Regiments of a progressive number. The reorganization provides for a staff, two battalions, each with a company of grenadiers and three fusiliers, and a third battalion consisting of four hunting companies. The depot gave life in case of mobilization to a fourth battalion formed by four companies of fusiliers. The soldiers were for the most part leveraged and served for fourteen months, remaining available for possible recalls for fifteen years. The regiments entered the country in 1848 during the first war of independence.[4] In the first war of independence he fought in the Battle of Santa Lucia (6 May 1848 ), in the Battle of Pastrengo (30 April 1848 ), in the Battle of Novara (1849) (23 March 1849 ) where he deserved the MAVM . Another MAVM was given to the regiment for its exemplary behavior throughout the 1848 campaign (especially for the Calmasino combat).
The First World War
In the First World War the Regiment consists of three battalions and a deposit; each battalion is structured on 4 companies and a machine-gun section.
In the First World War the Regiment consists of three battalions and a deposit; each battalion is structured on 4 companies and a machine-gun section.
The period between the two wars
With the application of the law of 11 March 1926 on the organization of the army, it takes on the name of 3rd Regiment Infantry "Piedmont" and following the formation of the Brigades on three regiments it is assigned to the XXIX Infantry Brigade together with the 4th "Piedmont" and at the 75th "Naples", it remains articulated on two battalions. In 1935 elements of the Regiment participate in the Campaign against Ethiopia and operate in the Gorrahei sector. [5]
With the application of the law of 11 March 1926 on the organization of the army, it takes on the name of 3rd Regiment Infantry "Piedmont" and following the formation of the Brigades on three regiments it is assigned to the XXIX Infantry Brigade together with the 4th "Piedmont" and at the 75th "Naples", it remains articulated on two battalions. In 1935 elements of the Regiment participate in the Campaign against Ethiopia and operate in the Gorrahei sector. [5]