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Additional Information from Internet Encyclopedia
The Junkers G 24 was a German
three-engine, all-metal low-wing monoplane passenger aircraft manufactured by
Junkers from 1925. Junkers F 24 was the designation for single-engine versions
of the same aircraft.
Design and development
The increased German air traffic
in the 1920s led to a requirement for a larger passenger transport aircraft.
The G 24 was an enlarged development of the F 13. It was originally designed by
Ernst Zindel as a single-engine aircraft. Under the restrictions imposed on
aircraft in Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, only low powered engines were
allowed. So the Junkers company designed their large G24 airliner to be
single-engined, but built it as a tri-motor. With three low powered engines the
G24 could fly, but was not a viable airliner. The plan was to sell the
tri-motors to airlines outside of Germany, who would then install a single,
high-powered engine (e.g. 450 hp Napier Lion) on the nose, and simply remove
the wing center-section plugs that carried the other two engines. However the
Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control declared the G24 design to be a
military type aircraft, and outlawed it.
Junkers then resubmitted what
was essentially the same design, but under a new designation: Junkers G23. The
Allied Commission ultimately allowed Junkers to build the G23, even in the
single engined version, because it was clearly an airline type. The plane was
always marketed under the G24 designation.
Junkers continued to build the
G24/G23 as a tri-motor, because the ruse to circumvent the Allied restrictions
also had the benefit that the plane could fly, and even climb, with one engine
out. In 1925 most airliners were single-engined, since one big engine will
usually be more efficient than several small ones. Twin-engine types could not
maintain altitude with an engine out, unless they were so overpowered that the
airlines could not afford to operate them. A tri-motor did not have to be so
grossly overpowered, to be able to fly with one engine out.
On May 1, 1926 newly formed
German airline Deutsche Luft Hansa started flying passengers on the route
Berlin Königsberg at night using G24 aircraft ('Wagner' page 232[1] 'Seifert'
page 376[2]). This was the first time any airline, anywhere in the world, flew
passengers at night. Previously airlines had flown only mail and freight after
dark. If an engine failed, the pilot bailed out by parachute, since a forced
landing in the dark is too dangerous. The Junkers G24 could carry passengers,
since there would not be any forced landings. The G24s of Luft Hansa also had
blind flying instruments and radio navigation (with the radio operator sitting
in the passenger cabin, as there was no room in the open two seat cockpit.)
The aircraft was manufactured in
three main batches, with different engine alternatives. Between 1925 and 1929,
at least 72 aircraft were manufactured, 26 of which went to Luft Hansa. The G 24
managed to set a number of aviation records involving pay loads. Fritz Horn
flew 2,020 km (1,256 mi) with a payload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) on 14 h 23 min,
having an average speed of 140 km/h (90 mph), setting a new world record.
On 24 July 1926, two G 24s
became famous after having flown the 20,000 km (12,400 mi) route between Berlin
and Peking in just 10 stops. This flight ended on 8 September. It was initially
meant that they would fly all the way to Shanghai, but they were prevented by
military conflicts. On 26 September 1926, the two aircraft landed again in
Berlin. Later during the year, a trans-Euro-Asiatic line was created.
Luft Hansa, which operated the
largest G 24 fleet in the world, decided to modify their G 24s to a single
engine standard. The first modifications were done in March 1928. The wing was
shortened and the center engine was replaced with a BMW VIU engine. Junkers
called this aircraft F 24ko. A total of 11 G 24s were modified to F 24 standard
between 1928 and 1930. By July 1933, most of these BMW-equipped F 24s were
again modified with the new Jumo 4 and designated as F 24kay. Most of these F
24s remained in service at the beginning of World War II in 1939. Most of them
were used by Luft Hansa as freighter aircraft.
The Soviet-German aircraft
cooperation in the 1920s led to a Soviet request for a new bomber aircraft.
Junkers then designed the Junkers Ju 25 as a twin-engine bomber. But the
development of this aircraft was too expensive for Junkers, especially since
there were some difficulties with his Russian partners. Junkers then advised
his lead designers Ernst Zindel and Hermann Pohlmann to design a military
derivate of the G 24. By November 1924, the new aircraft was ready, and given
the designation G3S1 24 and it was a direct modification of the G 24ba. The
aircraft was said to be an air ambulance. Junkers followed up this design with
several reconnaissance designs e.g. the G1Sa 24 which was a modified G 24 with
only a single engine. The next design, the G2sB 24 was also a bomber, directly
derived from the G 24he. This aircraft had a new center wing section and a new
nose section, to allow an open shooting area to the forward areas. Junkers
decided to produce this design as the general military version of the G 24 and
gave it the designation K 30 in 1926.
In 1926, the Finnish airline
Aero O/Y acquired a Junkers G 24, which went into service on the Stockholm
route. The aircraft was equipped with floats, but not skis, and so could be
used in summer only. It remained in service until 1935.
A Swedish G 24 also participated
in the rescue of the unfortunate Italian Umberto Nobile expedition to the North
pole. This was the first time an aircraft had flown over the Arctic Sea without
stops.
Military versions
Junkers offered the K 30 design
to the Soviet forces, which ordered a total of 23 K 30s in 1925 and 1926. A
production line for the military version K 30 was set up at A.B. Flygindustri
at Limhamn in Sweden as the German aviation industry was prevented from
building military aircraft in 1926. The parts for the K 30 aircraft were built
at Dessau and then shipped to Limhamn, where A.B. Flygindustri built the K 30
under the designation R 42. Some of the R 42s were equipped with machine gun
towers and bomb mountings. But several of the R 42s were also shipped without
military equipment to Russia. These were later fitted with military equipment
at Junkers' factory in Fili, Moscow. The R 42/K 30 was designated JuG-1 in the
Soviet Union. They received five 7.62 mm (.30 in) machine guns and could carry
a bomb load of 500 kg (1,100 lb). This version was used to rescue the
expedition of downed balloonist General Umberto Nobile in 1928.
Six more R 42s were delivered to
Chile during 1926 plus three K 30s to Spain and two K 30s to Yugoslavia until
1931. The Spanish and Yugoslavian aircraft were produced at Dessau. The K 30
was equipped with either wheels, skis or floats. With the successful conversion
of the G 24 into the single-engine aircraft F 24, Junkers was also thinking
about a single-engine K 30 in 1931. Like the F 24, this K30do was to be
equipped with the Jumo 4 engine and was similar to the initial G1Sa 24.
However, no single-engine K 30s were built.
Record flights with the G 24
1926
May 1 Deutsche Luft Hansa
starts the first passenger night flights from Berlin to Königsberg.
July 24 The Peking expedition
flight: A Luft Hansa expedition flew to Peking, a flight of over 20,000 km
(12,400 mi). Two G 24s, the D-901 and D-903 participated
1927
April 1 World distance record
with 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) payload. Waldemar Roeder achieved a new world distance
record with a G 24L with 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) payload with 1,013.18 km (629.56
mi) in 7 hours and 52 minutes.
April 4 World distance record
with 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) payload. Fritz Horn achieved a new distance record
with a G 24L with 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) payload with 2,026.36 km (1,259.12 mi) in
14 hours and 23 minutes.
April 10 World speed record
with 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) payload over 500 km ( mi). Hermann Roeder achieved a
new speed record with a G 24L with 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) payload over 500 km (310
mi) with 175.75 km/h (109.21 mph). During the same flight, the record for 2,000
kg (4,410 lb) over 100 km (60 mi) was also achieved with 179.24 km/h (111.37
mph)
June 1 World speed record with
2,000 kg (4,410 lb) payload over 100 km (60 mi). The Junkers pilot Zimmermann
achieved a new speed record with a G 24L with 2,000 kg (4,410 lb) payload over
100 km (60 mi) with 207.26 km/h (128.79 mph). The record flight was performed
between the turning points at Dessau and Leipzig.
June 28 World speed record.
Zimmermann achieved the speed record with 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) payload with
209.115 km/h (129.938 mph)
August 4 The South Atlantic
expedition flight. A G 24h1e belonging to Severa took off from Norderney to the
Azores from where it was planned to cross the North Atlantic as the first
aircraft from East to West. But the operation had to be stopped due to a crash
at the Azores.
August 6 a K 30 seaplane
performed FAI World Record Flights. Over a distance of 1,000 km (620 mi) and
with a payload of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), the K 30 reached a speed of 171 km/h
(106 mph). The flight time of 10 h 42 min 45 sec was also a FAI Record, as well
as the flight distance of 1,176 km (731 mi).
1928
June 23 The Afghanistan
expedition flight. One G 24 and two F 13 aircraft started an Afghanistan
expedition flight
Accidents and incidents
On 6 November 1929, a Deutsche
Luft Hansa Junkers G 24bi Oberschlesien (registration D-903) crashed after
striking trees on a hill in Marden Park, Surrey, England, while attempting to
return to Croydon Airport, London, in thick fog after taking off from Croydon
for a flight to Amsterdam in the Netherlands. All four crew members and three
of the four passengers died.
On 7 February 1930, Chilean Air
Force Junkers R-42 J6 ditched off Punta Arenas due to engine failure, killing
three of six on board
On 7 November 1930, a Syndicato
Condor Junkers G 24 (P-BAHA, named Potyguar) sank off Iguape, São Paulo,
killing one of eight on board.
On 31 August 1932, an AB
Aerotransport Junkers G 24 (SE-AAE, named Svealand) crashed at Tubbingen,
Netherlands while the crew was attempting a forced landing after the number
three engine failed, killing both pilots.
On 1 October 1938, a Syndicato
Condor G.24ce (PP-CAB, Ypiranga) made an emergency landing at the port of
Coruripe, with no fatalities. The aircraft was later scrapped.
On 24 August 1939, a Deutsche
Luft Hansa Junkers F.24 (D-ULIS, named Düsseldorf) force-landed at Glindow,
Germany following an engine fire, killing both pilots. The aircraft was
manufactured in 1925 as a three-engined G 24 and was converted to an F 24kay in
December 1931 as a test bed for the Junkers Jumo 4 engine. In 1936 the aircraft
was re-engined with a Daimler-Benz DB 600 V12 for test flights, and a DB 601
V12 in 1938 for 200 hours of test flying, and it was during one of these test
flights that the engine caught fire, leading to the crash.
Variants
G 24 Prototype
Powered by one 130 kW (180 hp)
BMW IIIa and two 75 kW (100 hp) Mercedes D.I engines in 1924.
G 24
Improved version with one 145 kW
(195 hp) Junkers L2 (195 hp) and two 120 kW (160 hp) Mercedes D.IIIa engines in
1925
G 24a
Powered by three 145 kW (195 hp)
Junkers L2 engines, attachment on wings, smaller engine cowlings, sometimes
also a 230 kW (310 hp) Junkers L5 as a central engine. Two aircraft destined
for Italy were fitted with 221 kW (296 hp) Isotta Fraschini central engines.
G 24ba
with three Junkers L2,
strengthened attachments and engine mountings
G 24b1a
seaplane version of the G 24ba
for Aero O/Y[12]
G 24bi
with one Junkers L5 center
engine and two L2 engines
G 24ce
with three Junkers L5, enlarged
wing attachment since 1926
G 24e
with three Junkers L5
G 24de
strengthened attachments,
smaller engine cowlings
G 24fe
enlarged center wing attachments
G 24ge
further enlarged wing
attachments
G 24g1e
seaplane version of G 24ge, used
for torpedo experiments
G 24gu
one 317 kW (425 hp) Junkers L5G
central engine and two Junkers L5
G 24gn
230 kW (310 hp) Junkers L5
center engine with 310 kW (420 hp), one built
G 24he
with modified wing, separate
undercarriage, aerodynamic cockpit, 14 passengers
G 24h1e
seaplane version of G 24he
G 24hu
with three BMW Va engines, one
built
G 24li
modified G 24a/b with Junkers L5
center engine
G 24mai
Two modified G 24e aircraft with
a 190 kW (250 hp) Isotta Fraschini Asso 200 centre engine for Italy
G 24nao
with three Rhone Jupiter
engines, prototype for the K30
G 24L
with three 317 kW (425 hp)
Junkers L5G engines
F 24kae
was a single test bench for DB
600/DB 601 engines.
F 24kai
a single test bench for the Jumo
211 engine
F 24kau
with BMW VIau
F 24kay
Test bench for Jumo 4 in October
1933 (c/n 839), plus surviving Deutsche Luft Hansa F 24ko aircraft re-engined
with Jumo 4 engines.
F 24ko
with a single BMW VIU engine
G3 S1 24
a projected ambulance aircraft
from 1924, three Junkers L2 engines
G1 Sa 24
a projected reconnaissance
aircraft from 1924, single-engine
G2 Sb 24
a projected bomber aircraft with
several three-engine approaches
K 30
military G 24 version of 1926
K 30b
a fictitious Russian designation
for the land version of the K 30 (not the official Junkers designation)
K 30c
a fictitious Russian designation
for the seaplane version of K 30 (not the official Junkers designation)
K 30do
single-engine version of the K
30 of 1931, with a Jumo 4;not built
W 41
test bench for Fo 4 diesel
engine in August 1928 (c/n 843)
TB-2
Soviet military designation for
the K 30 (not the official Junkers designation)
YuG-1
designation for Fili military
conversions of the K 30/R 42
Operators
Afghanistan
Afghan Air Force
Austria
Ölag
Brazil
Syndicato Condor
Chile
Chilean Air Force
Finland
Aero O/Y
Germany
Deutsche Luft Hansa
Luftwaffe
Condor Syndikat
Greece
SCHA
Hellenic Air Forc
Italy
Ala Littoria
Regia Aeronautica
Transadriatica
Poland
Aerolot operated one Junkers G
23W floatplane in 1925, but returned it to the producer later the same year
Spain
Unión Aérea Española
CLASSA
LAPE
Spanish Republican Air Force
Sweden
AB Aerotransport
Switzerland
Ad Astra Aero
Swissair
Turkey
Soviet Union
Aeroflot
Soviet Air Force
Yugoslavia
Yugoslav
Royal Air Force