Autor(en)

Whibley, Leonard (ed.):

Auflage

Fourth Edition, Revised.

Verlag / Jahr

Cambridge: At the University Press, 1931.

Format / Einband

Cloth. XXXVIII, 790 p.: Ill., Map.

Sprache

Englisch

Gewicht

ca. 550 g

Bestell-Nr

1198782

Bemerkungen

Aus der Bibliothek von Prof. Wolfgang Haase, langjährigem Herausgeber der ANRW und des International Journal of the Classical Tradition (IJCT) / From the library of Prof. Wolfgang Haase, long-time editor of ANRW and the International Journal of the Classical Tradition (IJCT). - Einband berieben, mit Randläsuren, Einrisse zwischen Buchrücken und Buchdeckel und Hinterdeckel, Buchrücken ausgeblichen, Kopfschnitt angegraut, farbige Flecken auf Fußschnitt, handschriftliche Anmerkungen auf Vorsatz, Anstreichungen und Anmerkungen im Buch / binding rubbed, with marginal tears, tears between spine and book cover and back cover, spine faded, head cut graying, colored stains on foot cut, handwritten annotations on endpapers, markings and annotations in book. - CONTENTS CHAPTER I GEOGRAPHY, ETHNOLOGY, FAUNA, FLORA I. i. GEOGRAPHY SECTION 1 Position of Greece 2 General characteristics 3 Northern Greece 4 Macedonia 5 Chalcidice 6 Thessaly 7 Illyricum and Epeirus 8 Central Greece 9 Acarnania and Aetolia 10 Malis, Doris and the Locrians 11 Phocis, Delphi 12 Boeotia 13 Euboea 14 Attica and Megaris 15 Athens 16 Peiraeus. 17 The Peloponnese 18 The Isthmus of Corinth 19 Achaia 20 Elis 21 Messenia 22 Laconia 23 Arcadia 24 Argolis 25 The Western Islands 26 The Eastern Islands 27 The Greek Colonies 28 The Propontis, the Euxine, Cyprus, Egypt 29 Sicily 30 Italy I. 2. ETHNOLOGY 31 Difficulty of problem 32 Area of Greek civilization 33 Sergi’s theory 34 Ridgeway’s theory SECTION 35 Myres’ Theory 36 Homeric evidence 37 The Pelasgians 38 The Achaeans 39 Dorians, Thracians, Macedonians, Phoenicians 40 Archaeological evidence. Conclusions. I. 3. FAUNA A. MAMMALS 41 General character 42 Apes, Bats 43 Insectívora 44 Rodents. 45 Elephant 46 Ungulata 47 Carnívora 48 Seáis 49 Cetácea. B. BIRDS 50 Raptores 51 Owls 52 Passeres 53 Woodpeckers and Parrots 54 Kingfishers 55 Hoopoe 56 Cuckoo, etc. 57 Pigeons 58 Fowls and Game-birds 59 Crane, Stork and Heron 60 Waders, etc. 61 Swans and Ducks. 62 Gulls and Terns 63 Cormorants and Grebes 64 Ostrich C. REPTILES AND BATRACIIIA 65 Reptiles 66 Tortoises 67 Crocodiles and Lizards. 68 Serpents 69 Frogs and Toads D. FISHES 70 Fishes 71 Sea-fishes 72 Sharks 73 Fresh-water fishes. 74 Fishing. E. INSECTS SECTION 75 Bees and Wasps 76 Butterflies 77 Beetles 78 Cicadas 79 Grasshoppers, Flies, etc 80 Spiders F. MARINE INVERTEBRATES 81 Crustacea 82 Cuttle-fishes 83 Gastropoda 84 Lamellibranchiata 85 etc. I. 4. FLORA 86 Introductory 87 Trees 88 Conifera 89 Shrubs 90 Coronary Plants 91 Cereals 92 Pulses 93 Fodder Plants 94 Fruits 95 Nuts 96 Pot Herbs 97 Mushrooms 98 Condiments 99 Gardening 100 Drugs 101 Poisons 102 Tanning and Dyeing 103 Textiles and Rope-materials 104 Reeds, etc. 105 Imports. CHAPTER II HISTORY II. 1. CHRONOLOGY By the late R. D. Hicks, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College. 106 The conventional chronology 107 Methods of dating 108 Pedigrees 109 The Marmor Parium, etc SECTION 110 Herodotus’ account 111 Critical estimate 112 Divisions of Greek stock 113 Prehistoric Chronology 114 The earliest History of the Aegean 115 Traditional dates of legendary Greek History 116 Migrations 117 Expansion of Greece II. 2. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES 118 A. THE EIGHTH AND SEVENTH CENTURIES B.C. 119 B. THE SIXTH CENTURY B.C C. THE FIFTH CENTURY B.C. 120 The Persian wars, 500-479 121 The Pentecontaety, 478-431 122 The Peloponnesian war, 431-404 D. THE FOURTH CENTURY B.C. TO THE BATTLE OF CHAERONEA 123 Supremacy of Sparta, 404-371 124 The greatness of Thebes and the rise of Macedon, 370-338 E. THE FOURTH AND THIRD CENTURIES B.C. 125 Fall of the Persian empire: foundationof the Hellenistic kingdoms, 338-280 F. THE THIRD AND SECOND CENTURIES B.C. 126 Federal Greece to the battle of Sellasia: 280-220 127 The Roman domination: 220-146 CHAPTER III LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE III. i. LITERATURE A. EPIC POETRY 128 Primitive Greek Poetry 129 The Epic 130 The Iliad and the Odyssey 131 Character of Homeric poetry 132 Influence of the Homeric poems 133 Works ascribed to Homer 134 Notices of Homer’s life. Homeridae 135 Greek interpreters of Homer SECTION 136 Alexandrian criticism. Zenodotus. Aristophanes. Aristarchus. The division into books 137 The Pergamene School 138 Ancient commentaries 139 The Chorizontes 140 The ‘Homeric question’ 141 D’Aubignac and Wolf. Developments of Wolf’s theory. Evidence of Archaeology 142 Modern opinion 143 Place of Composition, Language. Date. Present position of the question 144 The Epic Cycle 145 Hesiod. Hesiod as a thinker , 146 The Homeric Hymns 147 The later Epos 'b. ELEGIAC, IAMBIC, AND LYRIC POETRY 148 Elegiac poetry. Its range and duration 149 lambic poetry 150 Lyric poetry. The Aeolian lyric 151 The Dorian choral lyric 152 Pindar 153 Bacchylides 154 Timotheus C. DRAMA 155 Origin of Tragedy. Aeschylus. Early development 156 Trilogy and Tetralogy 157 Plays of Aeschylus 158 Sophocles 159 Euripides 160 Decadence of Tragedy 161 Origin of Attic Comedy 162 Poets of the Old Comedy 163 Aristophanes 164 Comedy after Aristophanes D. HISTORICAL PROSE 165 The early prose 166 Herodotus 167 Thucydides 168 Xenophon 169 Treatises on the Polity of Athens 170 Literary compilers of history E. RHETORIC AND ORATORY 171 The early Rhetoric 172 Antiphon 173 Andocides 174 Lysias 175 Isocrates 176 Isaeus 177 Demosthenes SECTION 178 Aeschines 179 Lycurgus 180 Hypereides 181 Deinarchus 182 ‘Asianism’ versus ‘Atticism’ 183 F. PHILOSOPHICAL PROSE 184 Plato 185 Aristotle. Rhetorica. Poetica G. LITERATURE OF THE ALEXANDRIAN AND ROMAN AGE.—POETRY 186 Character of the ‘classical’ period; and of the Alexandrian 187 Value of the later Greek literature 188 Poetry of the third and second centuries B.C.—Callimachus 189 Apollonius Rhodius 190 Theocritus 191 Bion and Moschus 192 Lycophron. Timon 193 Didactic and learned poetry. 194 The later heroic or mythic epos , 195 Minor forms of poetry 196 Continuity of elegiac poetry 197 The ‘epigram.’ Anthologies 198 Summary H. PROSE OF THE ALEXANDRIAN AND ROMAN AGE 199 Prose Literature 200 Science and Learning 201 Criticism and exegesis 202 The Alexandrian Kopoves 203 Mythology 204 Grammar 205 Lexicography. Metre 206 Geography 207 Strabo • 208 Pausanias 209 History. Polybius 210 Compilers of Roman History 211 Diodorus Siculus 212 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 213 Appian 214 Dion Cassius 215 Herodian 216 Josephus 217 Arrian 218 Biography. Plutarch 219 Diogenes Laertius 220 The Philostrati 221 Rhetoric after Aristotle 222 The New Sophistic 223 Dion Chrysostomus. Aristeides 224 The fourth-century sophists. Libanius. Themistius. Himerius Julian 225 Lucian SECTION 226 Letters 227 Miscellanies. Athenaeus 228 Aelian. Polyaenus 229 Stobaeus 230 Medicine and Philosophy. Galen 231 Sextus Empiricus 232 Marcus Aurelius 233 The Greek romance-writers. Literary pedigree of the Greek novel 234 The first recorded novelists 235 Xenophon of Ephesus. Longus. Heliodorus. Achilles Tatius. Chariton 236 Conclusion III. 2. PHILOSOPHY A. PRESOCRATICS 237 The lonians. Ionian monism 238 The Pythagoreans. The Eleatics 239 The Pluralists. Empedocles. Anaxagoras. The Atomists 240 Philosophy superseded by Humanism. Sophistry B. SOCRATES AND THE MINOR SOCRATICS 241 Socrates: life and personality 242 Plato’s Socrates. The “ Care of the Soul.” “ Goodness is Knowledge.” Dialectic 243 Socratic Schools. The Cynics. The Cyrenaics. The Megarians C. PLATO AND THE OLD ACADEMY 244 Plato’s family. Plato’s youth 245 Visits to Syracuse. The Academy 246 Practical and philosophical interests 247 Order of the dialogues 248 First Group. Protagoras 249 Gorgias. Second Group : Pythagorean influence. Theory of Ideas of Forms: Phaedo 250 Third Group : Republic. Phaedrus 251 Parmenides. Theaetetus 252 Fourth Group: Sophist. Politicus. Philebus : the latest Platonism. Timaeus 253 Laws. Epinomis 254 The old Academy D. ARISTOTLE AND PERIPATETICISM 255 Aristotle’s life. Dialogues and lectures 256 Natural kinds. Material and formal causes. 257 Moving and final causes SECTION 258 Psychology 259 First existence 260 Sciences. Logic. Natural Sciences 261 Ethical treatises 262 Ethics 263 The Nicomachean Ethics 264 The politics 265 Academicism and Peripateticism 266 The Peripatetics E. LATER SCHOOLS: EPICUREANS, STOICS, SCEPTICS 267 Characteristics of the Later Schools 268 Epicurus. Life and writings. General Aspects. Canonic 269 Physics 270 Ethics 271 Stoics. Relation to predecessors 272 Logic 273 Physics 274 Psychology 275 Ethics 276 Sceptics 277 Eclectics. Epictetus—M. Aurelius III. 3. SCIENCE 278 Practical arithmetic A. THE HELLENIC PERIOD 279 Theory of Numbers 280 Geometry 281 Other sciences 282 B. THE ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD CHAPTER IV ART IV. 1. PREHISTORIC ART 283 Excavations. Chronology 284 Crete. Neolithic Age. Early Minoan 285 Crete. Middle Minoan 286 Crete. Late Minoan I, II 287 Crete. Late Minoan III 288 Cyclades. Early Period 289 Cyclades. Middle Period. Late Period 290 Southern Greece, Neolithic, Early Helladic. 291 Middle Helladic SECTION 292 Late Helladic I. Late Helladic II 293 Late Helladic III 294 North-Central Greece 295 West Greece 296 Macedonia 297 Troy 298 Architecture. Temples and Shrines 299 Fortifications 300 Beehive Tombs IV. 2. ARCHITECTURE 301 Survival of the wooden type 302 Development of Doric order. 303 Refinements in the Dorian order 304 Parallel development of the Ionic. 305 Derivation of the Corinthian order 306 Architectural members of Doric and Ionic buildings 307 Classification of temples 308 Existing remains of Greek architecture 309 Existing remains of Doric temples 310 Existing remains of Ionic temples 311 Existing examples of the Corinthian order 312 Characteristics of the three orders 313 The Parthenon IV. 3. SCULPTURE A. ARCHAIC PERIOD (circa 650-500 B.c.) 314 Origins and early development 315 Ionian sculpture outside Ionia 316 Athens: architectural sculptures in poros. Marble korai B. PERIOD OF TRANSITION (circa 500-460 B c.) 317 General impulses to progress 318 The nude male type 319 Anatomy and drapery. Sense of beauty 320 Schools of Argos, Sicyon, Aegina. The Aegina pediments 321 Schools of Rhegium and Athens C. PERIOD OF MATURITY (circa 460-400 B.c.) 322 Pheidias: his achievement. The Athena Parthenos. The Zeus of Olympia 323 Earlier and later periods of Pheidias 324 Sculptures of the Parthenon 325 Polycleitus 326 Transition to the fourth-century masters D. THE GREAT SCULPTORS OF THE FOURTH CENTURY SECTION 327 Schools of the fourth century. Choice of subjects 328 Scopas 329 Timotheus and Leochares 330 Praxiteles. Draped female statues 331 Lysippus • 332 Portraits of Alexander : statues of athletes E. HELLENISTIC PERIOD (circa 320-31 B.c.) 333 Hellenistic period 334 The gods in Hellenistic Art 335 Progress of Portraiture 336 Hellenistic reliefs 337 School of Pergamum 338 The Great Altar of Pergamum 339 Minor Asiatic schools 340 Sculpture at Alexandria and at Antioch 341 School of Rhodes 342 Continuity of the Athenian school 343 Greek sculpture in Rome F. GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD (31 B.c. onward} 344 The academic tradition under the Empire IV. 4. PAINTING 345 Sources of knowledge 346 Technical methods 347 Primitive period 348 Second period. Polygnotus. Micon and Panaenus 349 Third period. Transition. Zeuxis and Parrhasius. Timanthes 350 Fourth period. Fourth century. Sicyonian School. Attic School 351 Ionic School. Apelles 352 Fifth period. Hellenistic painting IV. 5. VASE PAINTING 353 Geometric Art 354 Oriental types 355 Rise of Attic School 356 Black-figure Style. Methods 357 Black-figure Style. Subdivisions 358 Panathenaic Vases 359 Black-figure Style. Subjects 360 Black-figure Style. Artistic capabilities 361 The Red-figure Style. Methods. Mechanical aids 362 Red-figure Style. Beginnings SECTION 363 Red-figure Style. Vases of the fifth century 364 Red-figure Style. Subjects 365 Names with [ .] 366 Red-figure Style. Italian Schools 367 Red-figure Style. Italian Technique. The end of the Red-figure Style 368 White Athenian Vases IV. 6. TERRACOTTAS By H. B. Walters, m.a., Kings College, Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum 369 Extensive use of clay. Statuettes, seventh century. Sixth and fifth centuries 370 Tanagra figures 371 Use and purpose of the statuettes 372 Methods of production 373 Terracotta in architecture 374 Reliefs IV. 7. BRONZE-WORK By H. B. Walters, m.a. 375 Extensive use of bronze. Different processes 376 Extant works IV. 8. GOLD AND SILVER WORK By H. B. Walters, m.a. 377 TopevTiKT]. Etruscan work 378 Greece. Fourth century 379 Chased silver-work. Silver statuettes IV. 9. ENGRAVED GEMS By H. B. Walters, m.a. 380 Minoan and Mycenaean Period 381 Seventh and Sixth Centuries 382 Fifth and Fourth Centuries 382 a Hellenistic Period IV. 10. MUSIC 383 General Characteristics. Harmony and Grace 384 Melody and Accent 385 Rhythm 386 Status and Variety 387 Instruments 388 Types of Interval 389 Structure of the Scale System 390 The Development of the Scale System 391 Tonality 392 The Fragments CHAPTER V MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION By E. A. Gardner, litt.d. SECTION 393 Introduction ; local variations 394 National and local elements in religion. Methods of adopting new divinities 395 Various stages of belief and ritual. ‘Chthonic’ and ‘Olympian’ religion 395 a Worship of stones and trees, of animals, of the dead. Survivals V. i. MYTHOLOGY 396 Various systems of interpretation of myths. 1. Myth as interpretation of ritual. 2. Myth derived from natural symbolism. 3. Myth as transformed historical tradition. 4. Myth derived from verbal resemblances. 5. Myth due to representations in Art. 6. Myth derived from allegory 397 Classification of myths. I. Popular. 2. Official. 3. Poetical. 4. Philosophical. 398 Cosmogony, Theogony, etc. Origin of the gods. Overthrow of the Titans and of the Giants. Origin of mankind 399 The principal gods; their number 400 1. Zeus, supreme god, ruler of heaven, lord of manhood and battle, of moral order, of political and social order, monotheistic conception. Origin of cult, Thessaly. Dodona. Worship on mountains. Attic worship. Cretan tales of birth of Zeus. Consorts of Zeus. Representation in Art 401 2. Hera, character. Local cults. Representation in Art 402 3. Athena, character. Myth of birth, etc. Attic cult. Other local cults. Representation in Art 403 4. Apollo, character. Delian myth of birth and origin of worship. Local cults. Delphic cult. Association with animals. Representation in Art 404 5. Artemis, character. Identifications. Representation in Art 405 6. Hermes, character. Representation in Art 406 7. Dionysus, character, origin and myths. Representation in Art 407 8. Demeter and Persephone. 9. Hades 408 10. Poseidon 409 11. Aphrodite 410 12. Hephaestus 411 13. Ares 412 14. Hestia 413 Minor and attendant deities. 1. Olympian. 2. Of earth. 3. Of water. 4. Meteorological personifications. 5. Ethical personifications. 6. Foreign deities 414 Heroes V. 2. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS SECTION 415 Introduction; various stages in ritual. Classification of the subject 416 A. Ordinary ritual. 1. Persons employed in worship. Head of family or State. Priests. Family cults. Religious associations. Appointments and privileges of priests 417 2. Places of worship. Physical reasons for sanctity. Social reasons for sanctity. Historical reasons for sanctity. Sacred places and buildings, precincts, altars, temples. Property of temples. Right of asylum 418 3. Manner of worship; sacrifice. Tributary sacrifice. Piacular sacrifice. Mystic sacrifice. Totemism doubtful for Greece. Appropriate offerings. Ritual of sacrifice. Prayer. Curses. Oaths 419 4. Times of worship 420 B. Extraordinary ritual, (a) Festivals. Civic festivals. The Pan- athenaic games 421 Confederate festivals. National festivals ; the four great games 422 Athletic festivals; Olympia; institution of games. Order of celebration. The Ahis at Olympia. Qualifications, rewards and competitors. Decline of athletic honours. Programme of games. The stadium; running. The pentathlon. Jumping. Throwing the disc. Throwing the javelin. Wrestling. Boxing. Chariot races 423 Musical festivals 424 Dramatic festivals. Origin of drama 425 Development in Athens. Great Dionysia and Lenaea. Order of celebration. Dress of actors. Theatre buildings. Origin. History of the theatre at Athens. Other Greek theatres. The stage question 426 Extraordinary ritual, {b} in manifestation. Oracles; divination. Dodona. Delphi 427 Healing shrines. Epidaurus 428 Mysteries. Eleusis; history of mysteries. Order of celebration. The Telesterion. Character and influence of the Mysteries CHAPTER VI PUBLIC ANTIQUITIES VI. 1. CONSTITUTIONS A. DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTIONS 429 The earliest people 430 The Invaders. 431 Homeric Greece 432 I he Tribal State. Formation of the city State SECTION 433 Character of the city State 434 Survivals of the tribal State Elis. Thessaly. 435 Forms of Union between States 436 Aristocracy 437 Lawgivers and Tyrants. 438 Oligarchy 439 Democracy 440 Later development of Constitutions B. ATHENS: HISTORY OF THE CONSTITUTION 441 Legendary history of Athenian Constitution. 442 Tribal organisation 443 Early government. 444 Draco and Solon 445 Peisistratus 446 Cleisthenes 447 Changes in the fifth century 448 The constitution in the fourth century 449 Athens under the Macedonians and the Romans C. ATHENS: THE CONSTITUTION IN ITS DETAILED ORGANISATION 450 Metics 451 Citizens 452 Religious and political corporations 453 Magistrates in general 454 The Archons 455 Other administrative magistrates. Religious magistrates 456 Military magistrates 457 The Council of the Five Hundred 458 Powers of the Coupcil 459 The Council of the Areopagus 460 The Assembly 461 Constitutional position of the law courts 462 Process of legislation D. THE SPARTAN CONSTITUTION 463 History of the Constitution 464 Classes of population. Perioeci 465 Spartiates 466 The Kings 467 Senate 468 Assembly 469 Ephors 470 Other magistrates 471 Education and discipline 472 Decline of Sparta and revolution , VI. 2. LAW A. EARLY LEGISLATION AND THE LAWS OF GORTYN SECTION 473 Customary law 474 Early legislators 475 Laws of Gortyn: I st period. 476 Laws of Gortyn : 2nd period 477 Laws of Gortyn : Procedure 478 Laws of Gortyn : Judges and Arbitrators 479 Laws of Gortyn: archaic elements 480 Laws of Gortyn : new tendencies ; B. THE ATHENIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE FOURTH CENTURY 481 Development of the Democratic Courts [ .] 488 Character of the courts 489 Jurisdiction of the Council and Assembly 490 [ .] 491 Trials for homicide. The five courts 492 Procedure 493 Public and private actions [ .] 496 Some special forms of public action [ .] 499 Normal course of an action, public and private [ .] 505 The trial: date and adjournments 506 The trial: speeches 507 The trial: the voting 508 Penalties 509 Execution 510 Reversal of judgment VI. 3. FINANCE 511 City States. General principles 512 Athens. Expenditure 513 Revenue. Tribute. SECTION 514 Extraordinary Revenue. Total revenue 515 The ordinary liturgies 516 The trierarchy 517 Financial administration 518 Financial officers. Control of accounts 519 Federations 520 Monarchies • 521 Temples—Athens, Delphi, Delos VI. 4. POPULATION 522 Nature of the evidence 523 Official registers at Athens 524 Number of Athenian citizens 525 Women and children at Athens 526 Slave population 527 Sparta 528 Other Greek States 529 Movement of population VI. 5. SLAVES AND SLAVERY 530 Forms of slavery 531 Slavery in Homeric times 532 Origin of serfdom. Helots 533 Other classes of serfs 534 Growth of personal slavery 535 Enslavement of Greeks 536 Barbarian slaves 537 Legal position of slaves 538 Price of slaves 539 Employment by the State 540 Employment by private owners 541 Development of slavery 542 Names of slaves VI. 6. COLONIES 543 Hellenic expansion 544 Causes of colonisation 545 Procedure 546 Characteristics of the colony 547 Effects 548 Cleruchies 548a Later Colonisation VI. 7. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY SECTION 549 Pioneers of Mediterranean commerce 550 Greek expansion 551 Trade-routes and centres 552 Sea-routes 553 Land-routes 554 Export industries, (a) Wool. Spinning. Weaving 555 W Wine and oil 556 (rj Metallurgy. (1) Mining. (2) Metal-work. 557 (d) Ceramic industries 558 Lesser industries 559 Trade, (a) Wholesale 560 (b} Retail trade.—Markets 561 Regulation of trade 562 Bankers in business 563 Companies 564 Loans 565 Commercial and industrial classes 566 Associations of workmen 567 Wages 568 The status of Commerce and Industry VI. 8. MEASURES AND WEIGHTS A. MEASURES 569 Origin of standards 570 Standards of length 571 Road measures 572 Land measures 573 Measures of capacity B. WEIGHTS 574 Origin of weight-standards 575 Coin and commercial standards 576 Attic and Aeginetic standards 577 Origin of weight-standards VI. 9- MONEY SECTION 578 Minoan period 579 Homeric and transitional period 580 Invention of coinage: form, types, etc. 581 Early Asiatic coinages: Croesus 582 Coinage of Persian Empire 583 Later Asiatic coinages: electrum 'and silver (4th—2nd centuries) 584 Mainland Greece: Aegina, Corinth 585 Athens ’ 586 Macedonia and Thrace 587 Philip and Alexander 588 The West. Italy and Sicily VI. 10. WAR A. ARMS AND ARMOUR 589 Hoplite equipment. Defensive armour. Shield 590 Lance and sword 591 Cavalry 592 Light infantry B. TACTICS 593 Homeric warfare 594 Predominance of cavalry 595 Hoplite tactics 596 Use of light-armed troops 597 Drill and organisation of the Spartans 598 Mercenaries 599 Developments in the fourth century 600 Tactics of Philip 601 Battles of Alexander 602 Successors of Alexander C. FORTIFICATION AND SIEGE-CRAFT 603 Primitive citadels 604 Fortified cities 605 Siege-craft 606 Siege of Syracuse 607 The Carthaginians and Dionysius 608 Philip and Alexander 609 Later developments VI. ii. SHIPS SECTION 6io Prehomeric ships 6il Homeric ships 612 Details of Homeric ships 613 Hesiodic ships 614 Penteconters 615 Long-boats 616 Round-boats. Other types 617 Origin of triremes 618 Usual theory of the trireme 619 Another theory of the trireme 620 Details of the trireme 621 Quadriremes and quinqueremes 622 Vessels of exceptional size. [ .] 623 Evolution of warships 624 Naval warfare 625 Speed of ancient vessels VI. 12. THE CALENDAR 626 The Day 627 The Seasons 628 The Month 629 The Year 630 Intercalation CHAPTER VII PRIVATE ANTIQUITIES VII. 1. A TABLE OF THE RELATIONSHIPS OF A MAN VII. 2. RITUAL OF BIRTH, MARRIAGE, AND DEATH By the late Miss J. E. Harrison 632 Birth 633 Marriage 634 Death and Burial 635 Funeral monument VII. 3. EDUCATION By the late A. S. Wilkins, formerly Professor of Latin in the Owens College 636 Homer, Crete and Sparta • 637 Schools 638 Home training of children : games 639 Education of girls 640 The pedagogues 641 Aim in education. Physical training 642 Reading and writing 643 Arithmetic and drawing 644 Literature 645 Music 646 Gymnastics 647 The Sophists 648 The Ephebi VII. 4. BOOKS AND WRITING By M. R. James, o. M., LITT.D., Provost of Eton College 649 The papyrus roll 650 Parchment 651 Development of the Book 652 Quires of a Book 653 I llustration of Books 654 Writing materials 655 Libraries, etc. VII. t. THE POSITION OF WOMEN 656 Women in Homer 657 Marriage in Homer 658 Hesiod’s idea of woman 659 Women in the lyric poets 660 Sparta 661 Marriage and divorce 662 Legal position of women at Athens 663 [ .] 664 Athens : (1) women at home 665 Athens : (2) women abroad 666 Amusements of women 667 Sentiment about women VII. 6. DRESS 668 Prehistoric Dress 669 Homeric dress. Dress of men and women in Homer SECTION 670 Dress of historic times. Thucydides on the dress of the men (l. 6). Evidence of the monuments 671 Garments of historic Greece. The Dorian chiton of the women. Dorian chiton of the men 672 The Ionian chiton. The girdle 673 Outer garments of both men and women in historic times 674 Dress of children. Dress of foreigners 675 Materials. Colours of materials 676 Hair 677 Coverings of the head 678 Coverings of the feet 679 Conclusion VII. 7. DAILY LIFE, ITS SURROUNDINGS, EMPLOYMENTS AND AMUSEMENTS By E. A. Gardner, litt.d. A. TOWN LIFE 68c General aspect and arrangement of a Greek town 681 The agora 682 Houses and streets 683 Town life. Divisions of the day. Divisions of the night B. COUNTRY LIFE—AGRICULTURE, ETC. 684 Country life 685 Agriculture 686 Vines, olives, fruit 687 Gardens 688 Pasturage and hunting C. FOOD AND DRINK, MEALS, COOKING, AND ENTERTAINMENTS 689 Food in Homer; abundance of meat. Later custom ; farinaceous diet and 690 Meat from sacrifices. Game, fish, etc 691 Drinks, milk, etc., wine, honey 692 Times of meals. Cooks 693 Entertainments. Manner of eating 694 Symposia. Cottabus 695 Common banquets. Public dinners D. EXERCISE, GAMES, BATHS 696 Physical exercise 697 Games with ball, etc 698 Baths E. TRAVELLING 699 Causes of travel 700 Entertainment of travellers 701 Means of travel VII 8. HOUSE AND FURNITURE SECTION 702 Sources of knowledge 703 The prehistoric house in Crete 704 Minoan houses 705 The Palace at Cnossus 706 The Cyclades, South-Eastern Greece, Early and Middle Helladic 707 Late Helladic, Tiryns 708 Northern Greece 709 The Homeric House 710 House of historical times 711 House of Hellenistic times 712 Materials of houses 713 Furniture and vessels, etc VII. 9. MEDICINE 714 Medicine in general 715 Temple medicine 716 Medical schools 717 Rational medicine. 718 Treatment at temples 719 Medical guilds 720 Hippocrates 721 Private and Public practice 722 Treatment 723 Later development CHAPTER VIII CRITICISM AND INTERPRETATION VIII. i. DIALECTS 724 Spoken and literary dialects. Diversity of dialects in Greece 725 Language of the pre-Hellenic people 726 Dialectic differences 727 Classification of dialects 728 Arcadian and Cyprian 729 Aeolic 730 Ionic 731 Attic 732 Epic 733 Doric 734 Northern Doric 735 Dialect of the choral poets 736 The [ .] VIII. 2. EPIGRAPHY SECTION 737 Definition and scope 738 Origin and composition of the Greek alphabet 739 Local alphabets 740 Further development of the Ionic alphabet 741 Systems of writing 742 Ligatures, Abbreviations, Compendia, Stenography 743 Punctuation 744 Numeral signs 745 Syntax of inscriptional language 746 Determination of date 747 Classification and formulae of inscriptions 748 Honorary, Dedicatory and Sepulchral Inscriptions 749 Inscriptions-on Property or Buildings. Names of Artists 750 Ephebic inscriptions 751 Annual Accounts of Magistrates, etc. Official name-lists 752 Legal documents, etc Vili. 3. PALAEOGRAPHY Definition 754 Changes in writing; book and cursive hands 755 Influence of material 756 Uncial and Minuscule 757 Ptolemaic writing 758 Roman book hand 759 Vellum uncial 760 Adaptation of cursive to books 761 Older minuscule 762 Middle minuscule 763 Late minuscule 764 Placing MSS 765 Abbreviations 766 Accents, Punctuation, etc 767 Dated MSS VIII 4. TEXTUAL CRITICISM 768 Office of textual criticism 769 Internal evidence of readings. Intrinsic probability. Transcriptional probability 770 Known causes of corruption in MSS. Accidental errors. Changes deliberately made 771 Such an analysis is helpful: but it is necessarily incomplete. Limited validity of critical canons 772 Internal evidence of documents. General character of a MS. 773 Every ms. has traits peculiar to itself SECTION 774 Genealogy of mss 775 Mode of tracing genealogy 776 Mixture 777 Case in which one extant MS. is the parent of all the rest 778 Partial reconstruction of a lost archetype 779 Evidence of groups, not genealogical. Inconclusiveness (a) of mere number, and (b) of age 780 Documents in supplement of MSS. (1) Ancient quotations. (2) Scholia. (3) Old translations 781 Errors anterior to our documents 782 Emendation traceable in MSS 783 Modern use of conjecture 784 Arrangement of apparatus criticus 785 Conclusion VIII. 5. METRE By C. M. Bowra, M. a., Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford fib Quantitative Verse 787 Feet: Classification of Feet 788 Hiatus and Syllaba Anceps 789 Sung and Recited Verse 790 Dactylic Hexameter. Its origin and character 791 Elegiac Couplet 792 lambic Trimeter. Caesura: Resolution of Syllables, Person’s Law 793 lambics in Comedy and Satyric plays 794 Trochaic Tetrameter 795 Anapaests 796 [ .]. Dactyls: Ionics: Trochees: Paeons: Dochmiacs 797 [ .]. Glyconics: Choriambic Dimeter: Dactylo- Epitrites 798 Other varieties 799 Stanza and Strophe VIII. 6. HISTORY OF SCHOLARSHIP 800 Division of periods 801 Alexandrian period. Zenodotus. Callimachus. Eratosthenes. Aristophanes of Byzantium. Aristarchus. Apollodorus. Am- monius. Dionysius Thrax. Didymus. The Stoics. Crates of Mallos 802 Graeco-Roman period. Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Caecilius of Calacte. Anon, [ .] Apollonius Dyscolus. Herodian 803 Early lexicographers, etc 804 Byzantine period. Libanius. Hesychius. Stephanus of Byzantium. Stobaeus. Photius. Suidas. Psellus. ‘Etymologicum Magnum.’ Tzetzes. Eustathius. Gregorius Corinthius. Planudes. Moschopoulos. Thomas Magister. Theodorus Metochites. Triclinius 805 Manuscripts. Scholia 806 Western Europe 807 The Italian Renaissance. Petrarch. Boccaccio. Greek Immigrants. Chrysoloras. Plethon. Bessarion. Theodorus Gaza. Georgius Trapezuntius. Argyropoulos. Chalcondylas. Constantine Lascaris. Janus Lascaris. Musurus 808 Italian humanists. Leonardo Bruni. Cyriacus of Ancona. Guarino. Aurispa. Filelfo 809 Traversari. Laurentius Valla. Ficino. Politian. Victorius. Robortello 810 France. Budaeus. R. Stephanus. H. Stephanus. Turnebus. Lambinus. J. J. Scaliger. Casaubon. Salmasius. Valesius. Du Cange. Montfaucon. Brunck. Schweighaeuser. Villoison. Boissonade. Egger 811 The Netherlands. Erasmus. First period. Canter. Second period. Meursius. Third period. J. Gronovius. Hemsterhuis. Fourth period. Valckenaer. Ruhnken. Wyttenbach. Cobet. Denmark. Madvig 812 England. First period. Linacre. Second period. Elizabethan translators. Savile. Selden. Gataker. Milton. Barnes. Dod well. Third period. Bentley. Fourth period. Porson. Greek scholars at Cambridge. Greek scholars at Oxford. Historians of Greece. Greek archaeologists 813 Germany. Reuchlin. Melanchthon. Sylburg. Fabricius. Reiske. Winckelmann. Eckhel. Heyne. F. A. Wolf. G. Hermann. Lobeck. Lehrs. Meineke. Bergk. W. Dindorf. Nauck. Bekker. Lachmann. Ritschl. Grammarians; Demosthenic and Aristotelian scholars. Boeckh. Welcker. K. O. Muller. Schömann. K. F. Hermann. Jahn. E. Curtius. G. Curtius. Holm. Bursian I. Index of Persons, Deities and Races II. Index of Places III. Index of Scholars and Modern Writers IV. Index of Greek Words and Phrases.

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