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This medal has been minted to commemorate the French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, Émile Littré, 1801 - 1881.
The medal has been designed by the French engraver, QUEROLLE; signed.
Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (French: [litʁe]; 1 February 1801 – 2 June 1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, best known for his Dictionnaire de la langue française, commonly called "The Littré".
av. The portrait
of Émile Littré
rv. The inscription in French
diameter
– 68 mm (2⅝“)
weight
– 155.90 gr, (5.50 oz)
metal – bronze, mint patina
Littré was born in Paris. His father, Michel-François Littré,
had been a gunner and, later, a sergeant-major of marine artillery in the
French navy who was deeply imbued with revolutionary ideas of the day. Settling
down as a tax collector, he married Sophie Johannot, a free-thinker like himself, and devoted
himself to the education of his son Émile. The boy was sent to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where Louis
Hachette and Eugène Burnouf became his friends. After he completed his studies at the lycée, he was undecided as to what career he
should adopt; however, he devoted himself to mastering the English and German
languages, classical and Sanskrit literature, and philology.
He finally decided to become a student of medicine in 1822. He
passed all his examinations in due course, and had only his thesis to prepare
in order to obtain his degree as doctor when, in 1827, his father died leaving
his mother without means. He abandoned his degree at once despite his keen
interest in medicine, and, while attending lectures by Pierre Rayer, began
teaching Latin and Greek to earn a
living. He served as a soldier for the populists during the July Revolution of 1830, and was one of the members of the National Guard who followed Charles X to Rambouillet.
In 1831, he obtained an introduction to Armand Carrel, the editor of Le National, who gave him
the task of reading English and German papers for excerpts. By chance, in 1835,
Carrel discovered Littré's skills as a writer and from that time on, he was a
constant contributor to the journal, eventually becoming its director.
In 1836, Littré began to contribute articles on a wide range of
subjects to the Revue des deux mondes, and in 1837,
he married. In 1839, the first volume of his complete works of Hippocrates appeared in print. Due to the outstanding quality of this work,
he was elected to the Académie
des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in the same year. He noticed the works of Auguste Comte, the reading of which
formed, as he himself said, "the cardinal point of his life." From
this time forward, the influence of positivism affected his own life, and, what is of more importance, he
influenced positivism, giving as much to this philosophy as he received from
it. He soon became a friend of Comte, and popularised his ideas in numerous
works on the positivist philosophy. He continued translating and publishing his
edition of Hippocrates' writings, which was not completed until 1862, and he
published a similar edition of Pliny's Natural History. After 1844,
he took Fauriel's place on the committee engaged to produce
the Histoire littéraire de la France,
where his knowledge of the early French language and literature was invaluable.
Littré started work on his great Dictionnaire de la langue française in about 1844, which was not to be
completed until thirty years later. He participated in the revolution of
July 1848, and in the repression of the extreme Republican Party in June
1849. His essays, contributed during this period to the National, were collected
together and published under the title of Conservation, revolution et
positivisme in 1852, and show
a thorough acceptance of all the doctrines propounded by Comte. However, during
the later years of his master's life, he began to perceive that he could not
wholly accept all the dogmas or the more mystic ideas of his friend and master.
He concealed his differences of opinion, and Comte failed to recognise that his
pupil had outgrown him, as he himself had outgrown his master Henri
de Saint-Simon.
Comte's death in 1858 freed Littré from any fear of alienating
his master. He published his own ideas in his Paroles
de la philosophie positive in
1859. Four years later, in a work of greater length, he published Auguste Comte et la philosophie
positive, which traces the origin of Comte's ideas through Turgot, Kant, and Saint-Simon. The work eulogises Comte's
own life, his method of philosophy, his great services to the cause and the
effect of his works, and proceeds to show where he himself differs from him. He
approved wholly of Comte's philosophy, his great laws of society and his
philosophical method, which indeed he defended warmly against John Stuart Mill. However, he stated that,
while he believed in a positivist philosophy, he did not believe in a
"religion of humanity".
About 1863, after completing his translations of Hippocrates and
his Pliny, he began work in earnest on his great French dictionary. He was invited to join
the Académie française, but declined,
not wishing to associate himself with Félix Dupanloup, bishop of Orléans, who had
denounced him as the head of the French materialists in his Avertissement aux pères de famille.
At this time, he also started La
Revue de philosophie positive with Grégoire
Wyrouboff, a magazine that embodied the views of modern positivists.
Thus, his life was absorbed in literary work until the events
that overthrew the Second Empire called him to take a part in politics. He felt himself too old
to undergo the privations of the Siege of Paris, and retired
with his family to Brittany. He was summoned by Gambetta to Bordeaux to lecture on history, and thence to Versailles to take his seat in the senate to which he had been chosen by
the département of the Seine. In December
1871, he was elected a member of the Académie française in spite of the renewed
opposition of Msgr. Dupanloup, who resigned his seat rather than receive him.
Littré's Dictionnaire de la langue française ("Dictionary of the French
Language") was completed in 1873 after nearly 30 years of work. The draft
was written on 415,636 sheets, bundled in packets of one thousand, stored in
eight white wooden crates that filled the cellar of Littré's home in Mesnil-le-Roi. The landmark effort gave
authoritative definitions and usage descriptions to every word based on the
various meanings it had held in the past. When it was published by Hachette, it
was the largest lexicographical work on the French language at that time.
In 1875, he applied for membership in the Masonic Lodge La
Clémente Amitié (Grand Orient de
France). When asked whether he believed in the existence of a supreme
being in the presence of 1000 Freemasons, he replied:
A wise man of ancient times, who was ask'd the same question by
a king, thought about an answer for days, but was never able to answer. I
please you not to request an answer from me. No science denies a "first
cause", because it finds neither another warrant nor proof. All knowledge
is relative and we always meet unknown phenomena and laws we don't know its
cause. The one who proclaims with determination to neither believe nor
disbelieve in a God proofs not to understand the problem of what makes things
exist and disappear.
In 1874, Littré was elected Senator for Life of the Third Republic. His most notable writings during these
years were his political papers that attacked and revealed the confederacy of
the Orléanists and Legitimists against the Republic; his re-editions of many of his old
articles and books, among others the Conservation,
révolution et positivisme of
1852 (which he reprinted word for word, appending a formal, categorical
renunciation of many of the Comtist doctrines therein contained); and a little
tract, Pour la dernière fois,
in which he maintained his unalterable belief in the philosophy of Materialism.
When it became obvious that the old man would not live much
longer, his wife and daughter, who had always been fervent Catholics, strove to
convert him to their religion. He had long discussions with Father Louis
Millériot, a celebrated Controversialist, and Abbé Henri
Huvelin, the noted priest of Église Saint-Augustin, who were much grieved at his
death. When Littré was near death, he converted, was baptised by the abbé and his funeral was conducted with the
rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Littré is interred at Montparnasse
Cemetery in Paris.