BOTANICAL I.

Root. 1) Branched root (main root and side roots), 2) Bundle root, 3) Bundle roots, adventitious roots in onions (St. shortened stalk of the heel), 4) Adventitious, aerial roots, 5) Root tubers. Stem. 6) Underground stem (root root, Rhizoma), 7) Shapes of aboveground stems: a) oval; b) semi-oblong; c) four-sided; d) four-sided; e) three-sided; f) triangular. Leaf. Blade shapes: 8) linear, 9) lanceolate, 10) spatulate, 11) heart-shaped, 12) kidney-shaped, 13) sagittal, 14) ovoid, 15) obovate, lamina edges: 16) entire, 17) serrated, 18) serrated, 19) notched, 20) wavy, 21) sinus, in the cut of the lamina: 22) three-lobed, 23) palmate, palmate leaves: 24) seven-fingered, pinnately compound leaves: 25) even-pinnate, 26) odd pinnate, 27 ) 28) Bracts 29) 30) Leaf sheath Flower 31) Four types of flower leaves (diagram): k sepals b corolla b petals s stamen f pistils Flower shapes: 32) square tubular 33) 34 ) funnel-shaped, 35 bell-shaped, 36) round, 37) square square, 38) circle square, 39) quadruple square, 40) butterfly square, 41) labial square. Inflorescences: 42, Whos, 431 cluster, 44 umbel cluster, 45) head (clovers), 46) basket (composite genus), 47) umbel, 48) catkin (baria. Fruit. 49) Walnut (oak acorn with with a cup), 50) achene, 51) elm samara, 52) follicle, 53) pod, 54) capsule (capsule), 55) silique, 56) silique.

BONTANICAL II.

Cell, tissue. 1. Tissue-forming cells; components: w cell membrane, p protoplasm (or plasma), k nucleus, ch green bodies (chlorophyll), s cell sap; the plasma moves in the direction of the arrows 2. Tissue composed of cells with intercellular spaces (i). 3. Cell: a) plasma, p, due to the pressure exerted by the cell sap (s) presses on the membrane w; b) the same cell in a concentrated salt solution; the cell sap has lost water; the plasma shrinks (a phenomenon called plasmolysis). 4. Stages of cell division and it. dra: a) cell before division, k nucleus. n nucleoli; b) sp spindle formation and chr chromosome cleavage; c formation of the sw cell membrane; d completion of the division, tk kernel. 5. Coniferous tubules (tracheids) a) longitudinal section through the funnel-shaped pit (sh lenticular thickening on the membrane between the tubules); b) diagram of the funnel-shaped pit. 6. Longitudinal section through the stem of dicotyledonous plants: m basic tissue (core) spl helical vessels , ig ladder vessels, tg spotted vessels, k cambium wb secondary meristema, hb phloem tissues, r parenchyma 7. Breathing stomata (S) in the epidermis (e) of the underside of the leaf 8. The same in cross-section (e epidermal cells, sz closing cells, and air cavity, as assimilating tissue cells 9. Cross-section through the stem of monocots, 10 dicotyledons: vascular bundles (g) in the first case scattered, in the second forming a ring Fruiting 11 Kwist; st stamens, p stamen, with stigma, neck and seed-producing zaspa 12. Stamen pyniki bitke, 12. Stamen on the side, 14. Stamen enlarged with broken anther, 15 and 16 other forms of stamens. Various shapes of pollen. 22. Pistil (b placenta flowers, f ovary, g b short neck, n stigma) 23. Section through a three-chambered ovary 24 Grass pistil: ovary with 2 necks and feathery stigmas. 2. The course of fertilization in angiosperms: from the anthers (a), the pollen, having reached the stigma (n), germinates, releases a long pollen tube (s) through the neck tissue (g) into the inner chamber (h), from where through the micropyle (m) a window , the end of the tag reaches the embryonic center, where the embryo sac with the egg cell is located (e). Fig. 26. Embryonic sac strongly enlarged (according to Strasburger): a) the end of the tag with a vegetative (sk) and two generative (gk) nuclei forming, together with the plasma, 2 spermatozoa; b) the embryo sac at the moment of fertilization: the end of the tag (ps) passes through the synergide (syn) of the embryo sac and releases the sperm cells, one of which fertilizes the ovum (eik) of the embryo nucleus, the other. the middle cell of the embryo sac (the beginning of the endosperm). 27 Fern progrowth, tribe: male organs (an, antheridia) and female organs: genitalia (ar, archegonia). Fig. 28. Cross-section through the ovum. 29. Section through the tribe. 30 Sperm with cilia (motor organ). Germination. 31. The beginning of the development of the fern spore generation. 32. The sprout of a monocot 33. Same with a dicot; w root, K cotyledons, S stem, L leaves, ks sprout sheath. Geotropism. 34. A sprout a) arranged horizontally, b) its growing root bends downwards Heliotropism (Phototropism). 35. The stem bends towards the light, the root the other way around.