SQUADRON
SIGNAL WW1 FRENCH RENAULT FT-17 / US ARMY LIGHT TANK BRIGADE PATTON
SOFTBOUND BOOK
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Additional
Information from Internet Encyclopedia
The Renault
FT, frequently referred to in post-World War I literature as the
"FT-17" or "FT17", was a French light tank that was among
the most revolutionary and influential tank designs in history. The FT was the
first production tank to have its armament within a fully rotating turret. The
Renault FT's configuration crew compartment at the front, engine compartment
at the back, and main armament in a revolving turret became and remains the
standard tank layout. Over 3,000 Renault FT tanks were manufactured by French
industry, most of them during the year 1918. Another 950 of an almost identical
licensed copy of the FT (the M1917) were made in the United States, but not in
time to enter combat. Armoured warfare historian Steven Zaloga has called the
Renault FT "the world's first modern tank."
The FT was designed and produced by the Société
des Automobiles Renault (Renault Automobile Company), one of France's major
manufacturers of motor vehicles then and now.
It is thought possible that Louis Renault began
working on the idea as early as 21 December 1915, after a visit from Colonel
J.B.E. Estienne. Estienne had drawn up plans for a tracked armoured vehicle
based on the Holt caterpillar tractor, and, with permission from General
Joffre, approached Renault as a possible manufacturer. Renault declined, saying
that his company was operating at full capacity producing war materiel and that
he had no experience of tracked vehicles. Estienne took his plans to the
Schneider company, where they became France's first operational tank, the
Schneider CA.
At a later, chance meeting with Renault on 16 July
1916, Estienne asked him to reconsider, which he did. The speed with which the
project then progressed to the mock-up stage has led to the theory that Renault
had been working on the idea for some time.
Louis Renault himself conceived the new tank's
overall design and set its basic specifications. He imposed a realistic limit
to the FT's projected weight which could not exceed 7 tons. Louis Renault was
unconvinced that a sufficient power-to-weight ratio could be achieved with the
production engines available at the time to give sufficient mobility to the
heavy tank types requested by the military. Renault's most talented industrial
designer, Rodolphe Ernst-Metzmaier, generated the FT's detailed execution plans
. Charles-Edmond Serre, a long time associate of Louis Renault, organized and
supervised the new tank's mass production. The FT's tracks were kept
automatically under tension to prevent derailments, while a rounded tail piece
facilitated the crossing of trenches . Because the engine had been designed to
function normally under any slant, very steep slopes could be negotiated by the
Renault FT without loss of power. Effective internal ventilation was provided
by the engine's radiator fan which drew its air through the front crew
compartment of the tank and forced it out through the rear engine's
compartment.
Renault's design was technically far more advanced
than the other two French tanks at the time, namely the Schneider CA1 (1916)
and the heavy Saint-Chamond (1917). Nevertheless Renault encountered some early
difficulties in getting his proposal fully supported by the head of the French
tank arm, Colonel (later General) Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne. After the
first British use of heavy tanks on 15 September 1916 during the Battle of the
Somme, the French military still pondered whether a large number of light tanks
would be preferable to a smaller number of superheavy tanks (the later Char
2C). However on 27 November 1916, Estienne had sent to the French Commander in
Chief a personal memorandum proposing the immediate adoption and mass
manufacture of a light tank based on the specifications of the Renault
prototype. After receiving two large government orders for the FT tank, one in
April 1917 and the other in June 1917, Renault was at last able to proceed.
However his design remained in competition with the superheavy Char 2C until
the end of the war.
About half of all FTs were manufactured in
Renault's factory at Boulogne-Billancourt near Paris, with the remainder
subcontracted to other concerns. Of the original order for 3,530, Renault
accounted for 1,850 (52 per cent), Berliet 800 (23 per cent), SOMUA (a
subsidiary of Schneider & Cie) 600 (17 per cent), and Delaunay-Belleville
280 (8 per cent). When the order was increased to 7,820 in 1918, production was
distributed in roughly the same proportion. Louis Renault agreed to waive
royalties for all French manufacturers of the FT.
When the USA entered the War in April 1917, its
army was short of heavy materiel, and had no tanks at all. Because of the
wartime demands on French industry, it was decided that the quickest way to
supply the American forces with sufficient armour was to manufacture the FT in
the USA. A requirement of 4,400 of a modified version, the M1917, was decided
on, with delivery expected to begin in April, 1918. By June 1918, US
manufacturers had failed to produce any, and delivery dates were put back until
September. France therefore agreed to lend 144 FTs, enough to equip 2
battalions. No M1917s reached the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) until the
War was over.
The first turret designed for the FT was a
circular, cast steel version almost identical to that of the prototype. It was
designed to carry a Hotchkiss 8mm machine gun. In April 1917 Estienne decided
for tactical reasons that some vehicles should be capable of carrying a small
cannon. The 37mm Puteaux gun was chosen, and attempts were made to produce a
cast steel turret capable of accommodating it, but it was unsuccessful. The
first 150 FTs were for training only, and made of non-hardened steel plus the
first model of turret. Meanwhile, the Berliet Company had produced a new
design, a polygonal turret of riveted plate, which was simpler to produce than
the early cast steel turret. It was given the name "omnibus", since
it could easily be adapted to mount either the Hotchkiss machine gun or the
Puteaux 37mm with its telescopic sight. This turret was fitted to production
models in large numbers. In 1918 Forges et aciéries Paul Girod produced a
successful circular turret which was mostly cast with some rolled parts. The
Girod turret was also an "omnibus" design. Girod supplied it to all
the companies producing the FT, and in the later stages of the war it became
more commonplace than the Berliet turret. The turret sat on a circular ball-bearing
race, and could easily be rotated by the gunner/commander or be locked in
position with a handbrake.
The Renault FT was widely used by French forces in
1918 and by the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in France in the later
stages of World War I. George S. Patton was the commanding officer and
organizer of the first US Light Tank Brigade, entirely made up of Renault FT
tanks.
The battlefield debut of the Renault FT occurred
on 31 May 1918 east of the Forest of Retz, near Chaudun, between Soissons and
Villers-Cotterets during the Second Battle of the Marne. This engagement, with
30 FTs, successfully broke up a German advance, but in the absence of infantry
support, the vehicles later withdrew. From then on, gradually increasing
numbers of FTs were deployed, together with smaller numbers of the older
Schneider CA1 and Saint-Chamond tanks. As the war had become a war of movement
during the summer of 1918, the lighter FTs were often transported on heavy
trucks and special trailers rather than by rail on flat cars. Estienne had
initially proposed to overwhelm the enemy defences using a "swarm" of
light tanks, a tactic that was eventually successfully implemented. Beginning
in late 1917, the Entente allies were attempting to outproduce the Central
Powers in all respects, including artillery, tanks, and chemical weapons.
Consequently a goal was set of manufacturing 12,260 Renault FT tanks (including
4,440 of the US version) before the end of 1919.
After the end of World War I, Renault FTs were
exported to many countries (Belgium, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Finland,
Iran, Japan, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland,
Turkey, and Yugoslavia). Renault FT tanks were used by most nations having
armoured forces, generally as their prominent tank type. The tanks were used in
many later conflicts, such as the Russian Civil War, Polish-Soviet War, Chinese
Civil War, Rif War, Spanish Civil War, and Estonian War of Independence.
Renault FT tanks were also fielded in limited
numbers during World War II, in Poland, Finland, France, and the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia, although they were already obsolete. In 1940 the French Army still
had eight battalions equipped with 63 FTs each and three independent companies
with ten each, for a total organic strength of 534, all equipped with machine
guns. These were put to use after most of the modern equipment was lost in
earlier battles.
Many smaller units assembled after the start of
World War II also used the Renault FT. This usage gave rise to the popular myth
that the French had no modern equipment at all; in fact, they had more modern
tanks than the Germans. The French suffered from tactical and strategic
weaknesses rather than from equipment deficiencies. When the best French units
were cut off by the German drive to the English Channel, the complete French
materiel reserve was sent to the front as an expediency measure; this included
575 FTs. Earlier, 115 sections of FTs had been formed for airbase defence. The
Wehrmacht captured 1,704 FTs. They used about a hundred for airfield defence
and about 650 for patrolling occupied Europe. Some were used by the Germans in
1944 for street-fighting in Paris, but by this time they were hopelessly out of
date. Vichy France used Renault FTs against Allied invasion forces during Operation
Torch in Morocco and Algeria. The French tanks, however, were no match for the
newly arrived American M4 Sherman and M3 Stuart tanks.
The FT was the ancestor of a long line of French
tanks: the FT Kégresse, the NC1, the NC2, the Char D1, and the Char D2. The
Italians produced the FIAT 3000, a moderately close copy of the FT, as their
standard tank.
The Soviet Red Army captured fourteen burnt-out
Renaults from White Russian forces and rebuilt them at the Krasnoye Sormovo
Factory in 1920. Nearly fifteen exact copies, called "Russki Renoe",
were produced in 19201922, but they never used in battle because of many
technical problems. In 19281931 the first completely Soviet-designed tank was
the T-18, a derivative of the Renault with sprung suspension.