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Georg Kolbe ( German: Georg Kolbe ; April 15, 1877 , Waldheim , Saxony - November 20, 1947 , Berlin ) is a German sculptor. Kolbe is named after the prize awarded by the Union of Artists of Berlin.
Biography
Georg Kolbe was the fourth of eight children of artist-decorator Theodor Emil Kolbe and his wife Carolina Ernestina Krappes. George's grandfather, Gottfried Kolbe was a watchmaker and musician. George's elder brother Rudolf Kolbe became a famous architect and artist in Leipzig.
From 1892 to 1893, Kolbe studied decorative painting at the Dresden School of Applied Arts . In 1895 he continued his studies in Munich, first at a private school, then at the Art Academy. In 1897 he studied at the Julian Academy in Paris , where he met with the sculptor Count Hans Albrecht Harrach and the charismatic poet Ludwig Derlet. In 1898, he returned to Munich and became engaged to Anna Derlet, the poet's sister. However, he soon left for Rome to avoid the influence of the Derlets. There he studied lithography and, under the influence of Louis Tuyon, became interested in sculpture . Met Richard Scheibewith which friendship has linked him throughout his life. In 1899 he traveled to Tunisia and Algeria , and in 1900 to Naples , Pompeii , Capri and Corsica . In the same year he met Siegfried Wagner . In 1901, in Bayreuth, he met the Dutchwoman Benjamina van de Meer de Valjeren, who took vocal lessons there.
February 13, 1902 in Ukkel near Brussels , the wedding of George Kolbe and Benyamina took place. On November 19, 1902, his daughter Eleanor was born in Leipzig . In 1904, Kolbe moved to the Charlottenburg district of Berlin . Gallery owner Paul Cassirer became his agent. In 1905, Kolbe joined the Berlin Secession , and in the same year was a scholarship holder for Villa Romana in Florence . In 1906 he was elected to the reign of the Berlin Secession.
George Kolbe became known to the general public in 1912 thanks to the work “Dancer”, which was acquired by the National Gallery of Berlin .
In 1913, he took a trip to Egypt. Joined the Free Secession.
In 1914, he volunteered for the front, fought in East Prussia and in Poland . In 1915 he was trained as a pilot, but was not enrolled in the Luftwaffe. In 1917 he was in Istanbul , created a monument to the fallen. In 1918 he received the title of professor. In 1919 he became a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts, president of the Free Secession.
Kolbe's works, in which the influence of Rodin and Mayol are noticeable , participated in numerous exhibitions.
In 1927, Benjamin Kolbe suddenly died.
In 1928, construction began on the sculptor’s apartment building and atelier in Charlottenburg. Kolbe was elected to the board of the Union of German Artists.
In 1932, he took a trip to Soviet Russia.
After the National Socialists came to power in 1933, many of Kolbe’s works were dismantled, in particular the monument to Heinrich Heine , created in 1913 by order of the city of Frankfurt am Main , and the fountain named after the Rathenau brothers, installed in 1930 in the Reberge National Park in Berlin . Heine’s monument was dropped from the base by members of the Hitler Youth and survived the dictatorship and World War II under the name “Spring Song” at the Shtedelevsky Art Institute. In 1947, it was restored to its original location. The Rathenau brothers fountain was dismantled in 1934 and melted in 1940. After 50 years, he was restored from photographs.
In 1935, Kolbe became chairman of the Union of German Artists, which in 1936 was dissolved. The city of Frankfurt awarded him a prize. Goethe. Many of his works of this period were marked by a craving for heroic monumentality.
In 1938, Kolbe traveled to Spain and executed a sculptural portrait of Franco .
In 1939, a cancer tumor was removed.
Along with Arno Brecker , Fritz Klimsch , Josef Thorak Kolbe was included by Hitler in a special "list endowed with a divine gift", which meant the liberation from the call to the front.
In 1942, on the occasion of the 65th anniversary, he was awarded the Medal. Goethe in the field of science and art. In 1943, as a result of the bombing, models in the foundry were destroyed and the atelier was damaged. Kolbe was evacuated to Silesia.
In 1945 he returned to Berlin. After the war he was a member of the "Cultural Union for the Democratic Renewal of Germany."
In 1946, Kolbe rebuilt his house. He survived eye surgery. He got cancer again. In 1947, he underwent two operations on his eyes and two operations to remove a cancerous tumor.
Kolbe died on November 20, 1947 in Berlin. He was buried in the Heerstrasse cemetery.
Kolbe Workshop in Berlin
In 1928 - 1929 years. In collaboration with the Swiss architect Ernst Rench Kolbe, he built a workshop in Sensburgee Allee ( German Sensburger Allee ) in the Westend district of Berlin . Soon a house was built nearby for the daughter of Kolbe. In his will, Kolbe asked to organize a public museum in his house-workshop with an exhibition of his works. In 1949, a foundation was established that opened the George Kolbe Museum in 1950 . Until the early 1960s, the original atmosphere of an art studio was preserved in the workshop.
Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ( German: Christian Johann Heinrich Heine , pronounced Christian Johan Hainrich Haine ; December 13, 1797 , Dusseldorf - February 17, 1856 , Paris ) - German poet , publicist and critic of late romanticism . Master of satire , feuilleton , travel notes. The ideologist of the movement " Young Germany ". In 1830 he emigrated to France .Born December 13, 1797 in Dusseldorf , in the family of the impoverished Jewish merchant Samson Heine (1764-1829), who traded in cloth. He was named Chaim at birth; in the family he was called Harry. In addition to him, three more children grew up in the family - Charlotte (1800–1899), Gustav (1803–1886) and Maximilian (1804–1879). Henry received his initial education at the local Catholic Lyceum, where he was instilled with a love of the splendor of Catholic worship. Betty's mother was seriously engaged in raising her son (Peira; 1770-1859). An educated and wise woman, she wanted to provide Henry with a good education. From childhood, he highly appreciated the collection of poems and songs “ Boy ’s Magic Horn ”, distinguishing it from all other works of German romantics [7] . Some verses and songs from the collection (for example, “Rewelge ” [8] ) became the basis for the works of Heine himself.
After the expulsion of the French and the accession of Dusseldorf to Prussia, Heinrich Heine transferred to an economic school. Then he was sent for an internship in Frankfurt . It was an attempt to make the boy a successor to the patrimonial financial and commercial tradition. But she failed, and Henry returned home. In 1816, parents send their son to Alton , where his uncle, Solomon Heine , had a bank. As a true teacher, he gave Henry the opportunity to reveal his abilities and placed his nephew at the head of a small company. But Henry "successfully" failed in less than six months. Then his uncle put him in charge of bookkeeping accounts, but Henry became more and more interested in lyrics. Having quarreled with his uncle, Henry returns home again.
In the three years he spent with Solomon, he fell in love with his cousin Amalia, the daughter of her uncle. Love remained unrequited, and all the experiences of Henry found a way out in his poems - this is especially clearly seen in the "Book of Songs" .
Heine's formation as a poet coincided with the flowering of lyrical genres in German literature, raised to the shield by romantics [9] . Henry created brilliant examples of romantic poetry, freeing it from excessive pathetics and conventionality [10] . The poem collection “Book of Songs”, which glorified the poet throughout the world, has simplicity, naturalness, and improvisation [11] .
In the “Book of Songs”, Heine embodied the emotional experiences of the lyrical hero in the canonical genres of sonnet, ballad, romance [12] . But already in this early cycle, the poet’s attraction to the folklore song genre, with its inherent freedom of poetic form, is noticeable [13] . Heine resorted in verse to a lyrical monologue, the parallelism of natural phenomena and the feelings of the hero [14] .
The most romantic of the first four sections of the “Book of Songs” is “Youthful Suffering” [15] . The tragedy of the lyrical hero, in love without reciprocity, grows to a cosmic scale, is experienced as the only tragedy in the world [16] . He loses the sense of the boundaries between sleep and reality, life and death [17] .
Parents agreed to enter the university. First, he entered the Faculty of Law, University of Bonn . But, after listening to just one lecture, Heine is interested in attending a lecture on the history of the German language and poetry, which was given by August Schlegel . In 1820, Heine transferred to the University of Gottingen , but he was expelled for challenging one of the students to a duel with which he reacted to insults [18] [19] . From 1821 to 1823, Heine studied at the University of Berlin , where he listens to a course of lectures from Hegel . At this time, he joined the literary circles of the city. In 1825 Before receiving a doctor’s diploma, he was forced to be baptized, since diplomas were issued only to Christians.
Heine's support for the July Revolution of 1830 forced the poet, tired of constant censorship, to emigrate to Paris . He again visited his homeland, in Germany, only 13 years later.
In 1834, Heine met the nineteen-year-old Crissence Eugene Mirat, whom he married in 1841. Matilda (as the poet called his wife) came from among ordinary peasants and arrived at the age of fifteen to a shoe-aunt in Paris. Mr. Heine financed her stay in several educational institutions for young women. She survived Heine and died on February 17, 1883, on the day of the poet's death.
In the summer of 1848, Europe heard a rumor about the death of the poet, but in reality, having said goodbye to the white light in May (then he left the house for the last time and visited the Louvre ), he was bedridden due to illness. As early as 1846, he began to have progressive paralysis , but he did not lose interest in life and continued to write. After eight years of illness, Heine did not give up and even retained a sense of humor. In 1851, his last collection, Romansero, was released . The collection contains skepticism and pessimism. Without a doubt, the poet’s physical condition was reflected in him.
Heinrich Heine died on February 17, 1856 in Paris at the age of 58, and was buried in the Montmartre cemetery .
Works
Javanese dancer . The 1920th year is currently in the State Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin .
