ITALERI
1/72 JUNKERS Ju86D-1 BOMBER WW2 GERMAN LUFTWAFFE SPAIN KIT #114 (1984) AVIACI�N
NACIONAL (SPANISH NATIONALIST AIR FORCE 1936-1939)
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Additional Information from Internet Encyclopedia
The Junkers Ju 86 was a German monoplane
bomber and civilian airliner designed in the early 1930s, and employed by both
sides during World War II. The civilian model Ju 86B could carry 10 passengers. Two were delivered to Swissair
and five to Luft Hansa. In addition a single civilian Ju 86Z was delivered to
the Swedish AB Aerotransport.
In 1934, a
specification for a modern twin-engined aircraft capable of operating both as a
high speed airliner for the German airline Luft Hansa and as a medium bomber
for the nascent Luftwaffe was issued to both Junkers and Heinkel. Five
prototypes were ordered from each company; the Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He
111. Junkers' design was a low-winged twin engined monoplane, of all-metal
stressed skin construction. Unlike most of Junkers' previous designs, it
discarded their typical corrugated skinning in favour of smooth metal skinning
which helped to reduce drag. The craft was fitted with a narrow track
retractable tailwheel undercarriage and twin fins and rudders. It was intended
to be powered by the Junkers Jumo 205 diesel engines, which although heavy,
gave better fuel consumption than conventional petrol engines.
The bomber
aircraft had a crew of four; a pilot, navigator, radio operator/bombardier and
gunner. Defensive armament consisted of three machine guns, situated at the
nose, at a dorsal position and within a retractable ventral position. Bombs
were carried vertically in four fuselage cells behind the cockpit. The airliner
version replaced the bombload with seating for 10 passengers, with fuel tanks
being moved from the fuselage to the wings.
The first
prototype Ju 86, the Ju 86ab1, fitted with Siemens SAM 22 radial engines as
airworthy Jumo 205s were unavailable, flew on 4 November 1934, in bomber
configuration, with the second prototype, also a bomber, flying in January
1935. The third Ju 86, and the first civil prototype, flew on 4 April 1935. Production of
pre-series military and civil aircraft started in late 1935, with full
production of the Ju 86 A-1 bomber commencing in April 1936. Production quickly
switched to the improved Ju 86D with a modified tail cone to improve stability.
Early use of the
Jumo powered Ju 86 bomber in the Spanish Civil War showed that it was inferior
to the He 111, with the diesel engines being unsuitable for rough treatment
during combat, and production plans were cut back. One Ju 86 had already been
converted to use radial engines as a testbed for possible export versions, and
this showed much improved reliability. With production switched to a version
powered by the BMW 132 engine, the Ju 86E; production continuing until 1938.
The "Z"
designation suffix for civil variants, introduced in 1936, was allocated to
three models: the Jumo-engined Z-1 (corresponding to the former B-0 or C-1),
sold to Swissair (one), Airlines of Australia (one), and LAN-Chile (three); the
BMW 132H-powered Z-2 for DLH (two) and the para-military Manchukuo Air
Transport (five or more); and the Pratt & Whitney Hornet-engined Z-7,
delivered to AB Aerotransport (ABA) of Sweden (one, for use as a mail carrier),
Lloyd A�reo Boliviano (three), and South African Airways - SAA - (17). The ABA
aircraft was later transferred to the Swedish Air Force, with which it served,
under the designation Tp 9, until 1958. SAA's original intention was to have
its Ju 86s powered by 745 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrels. Six aircraft for SAA, flown
with these engines, were refitted with Hornets before delivery, and the
remainder were also Hornet-powered.
The Ju 86 was sold
to airlines and air forces from several nations, including Bolivia, Chile,
Hungary, Manchukuo, Portugal, the South African Air Force (SAAF), Spain, and
Sweden. The Ju 86K was an export
model, also built under license in Sweden by Saab as the B 3 with (905 hp)
Bristol Mercury XIX radial engines. Several aircraft remained in service with
the Swedish Air Force until 1958. A few were converted to SIGINT platforms.
The bomber was
field tested in the Spanish Civil War, where it proved inferior to the Heinkel
He 111. Four Ju 86 D-1s arrived in Spain in early February 1937, but after a
few sorties one of them (coded 26-1) was shot down on 23 February by Republican
fighters with the loss of three crewmen killed and one captured. A replacement
aircraft was sent from Germany, but in the summer of 1937 another D-1 was lost
in an accident, and the three remaining aircraft were sold to the Nationalist
air forces. It was again used in the 1939 invasion of Poland, but retired soon
after. In January 1940, the Luftwaffe
tested the prototype Ju 86P with
a longer wingspan, pressurized cabin, Jumo 207A1 turbocharged diesel engines,
and a two-man crew. The Ju 86P could fly at heights of 12,000 m (39,000 ft)
and higher on occasion, where it was felt to be safe from Allied fighters. The
British Westland Welkin and Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9PD were developed specifically
to counter this threat.
At the outbreak of
the Second World War, South Africa's Ju 86Zs were militarized and armed as
bombers with defensive guns and external bomb racks. The aircraft were
initially used for coastal patrols along with the sole Ju 86 K-1, playing an
important role in the interception of the German blockade runner SS Watussi in December 1939. In May
1940, they were used to re-equip No. 12 Squadron SAAF, which was deployed in
the East African Campaign from June 1940. It flew its first bombing missions on
14 June 1940. As more modern aircraft became available, the South African Ju
86s were passed from squadron to squadron, seeing their last use with No. 22
Squadron SAAF at Durban, who used it, along with the Avro Anson in the coastal
reconnaissance role, finally retiring its Ju 86s in September 1942, when it
re-equipped with Lockheed Venturas.
Satisfied with the
trials of the new Ju 86P prototype, the Luftwaffe
ordered that some 40 older-model bombers be converted to Ju 86 P-1 high-altitude bombers and Ju 86 P-2 photo reconnaissance
aircraft. Those operated successfully for some years over Britain, the Soviet
Union and North Africa. In August 1942, a modified Spitfire V shot one down
over Egypt at some 14,500 m (49,000 ft); when two more were lost, Ju
86Ps were withdrawn from service in 1943.
Junkers developed the Ju 86R for the Luftwaffe,
using larger wings and new engines capable of even higher altitudes - up to
16,000 m (52,500 ft) - but production was limited to prototypes.