The independence of Mexico refers to the process by which Mexico gained independence from Spain, culminating in the declaration of independence on September 16, 1810, and the subsequent establishment of the First Mexican Empire in 1821. Here are the key events and figures associated with Mexico's independence:

1. Background: Mexico was a colony of Spain known as New Spain since the early 16th century when it was conquered by Hernán Cortés. Over the centuries, resentment against Spanish rule grew among various segments of Mexican society due to exploitation, social inequality, and restrictions on trade.

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3. Father Miguel Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores: The independence movement was ignited by Father Miguel Hidalgo, a priest in the town of Dolores (now Dolores Hidalgo) in Guanajuato, Mexico. On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo issued the Grito de Dolores, a call to arms against Spanish colonial rule. This event marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence.

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5. Mexican War of Independence: The war was characterized by a series of armed conflicts between Mexican rebels and Spanish colonial forces. Hidalgo's forces, which included indigenous peoples, peasants, and mestizos, initially achieved some success but were ultimately defeated by Spanish loyalist forces.

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7. Leaders of the Independence Movement: In addition to Father Hidalgo, other key leaders of the independence movement included José María Morelos, a priest and military leader who continued the struggle after Hidalgo's capture and execution in 1811, and Agustín de Iturbide, a conservative military officer who later played a crucial role in achieving independence.

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9. Consummation of Independence: The Mexican War of Independence lasted for over a decade, with various military campaigns and political developments shaping its course. It was not until September 27, 1821, that the Treaty of Córdoba was signed, formally recognizing Mexico's independence from Spain. Agustín de Iturbide subsequently declared himself Emperor of Mexico, establishing the First Mexican Empire.

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11. Legacy: Mexico's independence from Spain marked the end of colonial rule in the region and the beginning of a new era in Mexican history. However, the struggle for independence did not immediately lead to stability and prosperity, as Mexico continued to grapple with internal divisions, political upheaval, and foreign interventions in the years that followed.

Today, September 16th is celebrated as Mexico's Independence Day, commemorating Father Hidalgo's Grito de Dolores and the beginning of the independence movement.