Nice small map titled Boudroun et Kos, from wood engraving  with fine detail and clear impression, nice hand coloring. Overall size approx.  17 x 16.5 cm, image size approx. 9.5 x 8 cm. From La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, 19 vol. (1875-94), great work of Elisee Reclus. Cartographer is Charles Perron.

Bodrum

town, southwestern Turkey. It lies at the northern end of the  Gulf of Kerme (ancient Ceramic Gulf) on the Aegean Sea, opposite the Greek  island of Cos. It was built on the ruins of ancient Halicarnassus by the  Hospitalers, a crusading order who occupied the site in 1402. Their spectacular  castle, the Petronium, or Castle of St. Peter, remained a Christian stronghold  until the Turkish sultan Süleyman I the Magnificent captured it in 1522. The  castle continues to be the town's major landmark. The town was briefly occupied  by Italy between 1919 and 1921. Bodrum is picturesquely situated before a  backdrop of green hills and is now a growing tourist resort. Pop. (2000) 32,227.

Halicarnassus

ancient Greek city of Caria, situated on the Gulf of Cerameicus.  According to tradition, it was founded by Dorian Troezen in the Peloponnese.  Herodotus, a Halicarnassian, relates that in early times the city participated  in the Dorian festival of Apollo at Triopion, but its literature and culture  appear thoroughly Ionic. The city, with its large sheltered harbour and key  position on the sea routes, became the capital of the small despotate, the most  famous ruler of which was a woman, Artemisia, who served under Xerxes in the  invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Under Mausolus, when it was the capital of Caria  (c. 370 BC), it received a great wall circuit, public buildings, and a secret  dockyard and canal, while its population was swollen by the enforced  transference of the neighbouring Lelegians. On the death of Mausolus in 353/352,  a monumental tomb, the Mausoleum, considered one of the Seven Wonders of the  World, was built by his widow in the city.

Under Memnon of Rhodes, a commander in Persian service, the city resisted  Alexander the Great in 334 BC. It was subject to Antigonus I (311), Lysimachus  (after 301), and the Ptolemies (281–197), but thereafter was independent until  129 BC, when it came under Roman rule. In early Christian times it was a  bishopric.

The site, extensively excavated in 1856–57 and 1865, retains much of its great  wall, remnants of the gymnasium, a late colonnade, a temple platform, and  rock-cut tombs. The ancient remains are somewhat overshadowed by the spectacular  pile of the castle of the Knights of St. John, founded about AD 1400. The site  is occupied by the modern town of Bodrum, Tur.

Cos

Modern Greek Kos, Italian Coo, Turkish İstanköy

island off the southwestern coast of Turkey, the third largest of the Dodecanese  Islands, Greece.

A ragged limestone ridge runs along the southern coast. The highest point of the  island, Mount Dhíkaios (2,776 feet [846 metres]), divides the island near its  centre. A fertile lowland stretches along the north coast that is irrigated by  the deep springs of the Prión Ridge, which also provides water for the capital,  Kos, on the northeast coast. The regular coastline finds its only suitable  harbour at Mandráki, the port of Kos.

The island's principal resources are vineyards, figs, and olives; vegetables are  also grown, especially around the village of Andimákhia, the corn (maize) centre  of the central lowland. Melons, grapes, and other fruits are exported, and  tobacco and sesame are other products. There are mineral springs and modern  bathing installations in the mountains in the south.

The Cos of antiquity, inhabited from prehistory, was resettled by Dorian  colonists from Epidaurus (Peloponnesus) and became a minor member of the Delian  League in the 5th century BC. The sanctuary of Asclepius became a health resort  and the first school of scientific medicine in Greece. Among its most famous  citizens were the physician Hippocrates, the painter Apelles, and the poets  Philetas and Theocritus. Cos was occupied by Alexander III the Great (336 BC)  and subsequently (323) passed to the Ptolemies, who used its schools  extensively. Annexed to the Roman province of Asia, in AD 53 it was declared a  free city. It became a Byzantine bishopric, and many early Christian basilicas  have been unearthed. In the 11th century it was ravaged by the Saracens and was  occupied in 1215 by the Knights of St. John, who built a fortress to help guard  the approaches to the island of Rhodes. In 1523 it passed to the Ottomans after  three sieges. Occupied by Italy (1912), which restored the sanctuary destroyed  in the earthquake of AD 554, the island was ceded to Greece by Italy in 1947. In  1933 the town of Kos was destroyed by an earthquake but was rebuilt over the old  Turkish quarter.