BALLOONS
AND AIRSHIPS HBDJ MONTGOLFIER ZEPPELIN US NAVY SANTOS-DUMONT R34 NORGE PARSEVAL
MAYFLY SCHUTTE-LANZ CAQUOT BLIMPS WW1 WW2 BARRAGE AKRON MACON SHENANDOAH LOS
ANGELES GRAF ZEPPELIN HINDENBERG GOODYEAR ZRS R100 R101 PICCARD EXPLORER ZPN
K-CLASS WW JAPANESE FU-GO WEAPON ZSG
MACMILLAN COLOR SERIES HARDBOUND
BOOK with DUSTJACKET in ENGLISH by LENNART EGE
A PICTORIAL HIGHTORY OF
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR FLIGHT LTA
---------------------------
Additional Information from Internet
Encyclopedia
In 1670, the Jesuit Father
Francesco Lana de Terzi, sometimes referred to as the "Father of
Aeronautics", published a description of an "Aerial Ship"
supported by four copper spheres from which the air was evacuated. Although the
basic principle is sound, such a craft was unrealizable then and remains so to
the present day, since external air pressure would cause the spheres to
collapse unless their thickness was such as to make them too heavy to be
buoyant. A hypothetical craft constructed using this principle is known as a
vacuum airship.
In 1709, the
Brazilian-Portuguese Jesuit priest Bartolomeu de Gusmão made a hot air balloon,
the Passarola, ascend to the skies, before an astonished Portuguese court. It
would have been on August 8, 1709, when Father Bartolomeu de Gusmão held, in
the courtyard of the Casa da Índia, in the city of Lisbon, the first Passarola
demonstration.[49][50] The balloon caught fire without leaving the ground, but,
in a second demonstration, it rose to 95 meters in height. It was a small
balloon of thick brown paper, filled with hot air, produced by the "fire
of material contained in a clay bowl embedded in the base of a waxed wooden
tray". The event was witnessed by King John V of Portugal and the future
Pope Innocent XIII.
A more practical dirigible
airship was described by Lieutenant Jean Baptiste Marie Meusnier in a paper
entitled "Mémoire sur l'équilibre des machines aérostatiques"
(Memorandum on the equilibrium of aerostatic machines) presented to the French Academy
on 3 December 1783. The 16 water-color drawings published the following year
depict a 260-foot-long (79 m) streamlined envelope with internal ballonets that
could be used for regulating lift: this was attached to a long carriage that
could be used as a boat if the vehicle was forced to land in water. The airship
was designed to be driven by three propellers and steered with a sail-like aft
rudder. In 1784, Jean-Pierre Blanchard fitted a hand-powered propeller to a
balloon, the first recorded means of propulsion carried aloft. In 1785, he
crossed the English Channel in a balloon equipped with flapping wings for
propulsion and a birdlike tail for steering.
19th century
The 19th century saw continued
attempts to add methods of propulsion to balloons. The Australian William Bland
sent designs for his "Atmotic airship" to the Great Exhibition held
in London in 1851, where a model was displayed. This was an elongated balloon
with a steam engine driving twin propellers suspended underneath. The lift of
the balloon was estimated as 5 tons and the car with the fuel as weighing 3.5
tons, giving a payload of 1.5 tons.[53][54] Bland believed that the machine
could be driven at 80 km/h (50 mph) and could fly from Sydney to London in less
than a week.
In 1852, Henri Giffard became
the first person to make an engine-powered flight when he flew 27 km (17 mi) in
a steam-powered airship. Airships would develop considerably over the next two
decades. In 1863, Solomon Andrews flew his aereon design, an unpowered,
controllable dirigible in Perth Amboy, New Jersey and offered the device to the
U.S. Military during the Civil War. He flew a later design in 1866 around New
York City and as far as Oyster Bay, New York. This concept used changes in lift
to provide propulsive force, and did not need a powerplant. In 1872, the French
naval architect Dupuy de Lome launched a large navigable balloon, which was
driven by a large propeller turned by eight men. It was developed during the
Franco-Prussian war and was intended as an improvement to the balloons used for
communications between Paris and the countryside during the siege of Paris, but
was completed only after the end of the war.
In 1872, Paul Haenlein flew an
airship with an internal combustion engine running on the coal gas used to
inflate the envelope, the first use of such an engine to power an
aircraft.[58][59] Charles F. Ritchel made a public demonstration flight in 1878
of his hand-powered one-man rigid airship, and went on to build and sell five
of his aircraft.
In 1874, Micajah Clark Dyer
filed U.S. Patent 154,654 "Apparatus for Navigating the Air". It is
believed successful trial flights were made between 1872 and 1874, but detailed
dates are not available. The apparatus used a combination of wings and paddle
wheels for navigation and propulsion.
In operating the machinery the
wings receive an upward and downward motion, in the manner of the wings of a
bird, the outer ends yielding as they are raised, but opening out and then
remaining rigid while being depressed. The wings, if desired, may be set at an
angle so as to propel forward as well as to raise the machine in the air. The
paddle-wheels are intended to be used for propelling the machine, in the same
way that a vessel is propelled in water. An instrument answering to a rudder is
attached for guiding the machine. A balloon is to be used for elevating the
flying ship, after which it is to be guided and controlled at the pleasure of
its occupants.
In 1883, the first
electric-powered flight was made by Gaston Tissandier, who fitted a 1.5 hp (1.1
kW) Siemens electric motor to an airship.
The first fully controllable
free flight was made in 1884 by Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs in
the French Army airship La France. La France made the first flight of an
airship that landed where it took off; the 170 ft (52 m) long, 66,000 cu ft
(1,900 m3) airship covered 8 km (5.0 mi) in 23 minutes with the aid of an 8.5
hp (6.3 kW) electric motor,[66] and a 435 kg (959 lb) battery. It made seven
flights in 1884 and 1885.
In 1888, the design of the
Campbell Air Ship, designed by Professor Peter C. Campbell, was built by the
Novelty Air Ship Company. It was lost at sea in 1889 while being flown by
Professor Hogan during an exhibition flight.
From 1888 to 1897, Friedrich
Wölfert built three airships powered by Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft-built
petrol engines, the last of which caught fire in flight and killed both
occupants in 1897.[68] The 1888 version used a 2 hp (1.5 kW) single cylinder Daimler
engine and flew 10 km (6 mi) from Canstatt to Kornwestheim.
In 1897, an airship with an
aluminum envelope was built by the Hungarian-Croatian engineer David Schwarz.
It made its first flight at Tempelhof field in Berlin after Schwarz had died.
His widow, Melanie Schwarz, was paid 15,000 marks by Count Ferdinand von
Zeppelin to release the industrialist Carl Berg from his exclusive contract to
supply Schwartz with aluminium.
From 1897 to 1899, Konstantin
Danilewsky, medical doctor and inventor from Kharkiv (now Ukraine, then Russian
Empire), built four muscle-powered airships, of gas volume 150180 m3
(5,3006,400 cu ft). About 200 ascents were made within a framework of experimental
flight program, at two locations, with no significant incidents.
Early 20th century
In July 1900, the Luftschiff
Zeppelin LZ1 made its first flight. This led to the most successful airships of
all time: the Zeppelins, named after Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin who began
working on rigid airship designs in the 1890s, leading to the flawed LZ1 in
1900 and the more successful LZ2 in 1906. The Zeppelin airships had a framework
composed of triangular lattice girders covered with fabric that contained
separate gas cells. At first multiplane tail surfaces were used for control and
stability: later designs had simpler cruciform tail surfaces. The engines and
crew were accommodated in "gondolas" hung beneath the hull driving
propellers attached to the sides of the frame by means of long drive shafts.
Additionally, there was a passenger compartment (later a bomb bay) located
halfway between the two engine compartments.
Alberto Santos-Dumont was a
wealthy young Brazilian who lived in France and had a passion for flying. He
designed 18 balloons and dirigibles before turning his attention to
fixed-winged aircraft.[74] On 19 October 1901 he flew his airship Number 6,
from the Parc Saint Cloud to and around the Eiffel Tower and back in under
thirty minutes.[75] This feat earned him the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize of
100,000 francs. Many inventors were inspired by Santos-Dumont's small airships.
Many airship pioneers, such as the American Thomas Scott Baldwin, financed
their activities through passenger flights and public demonstration flights.
Stanley Spencer built the first British airship with funds from advertising
baby food on the sides of the envelope. Others, such as Walter Wellman and
Melvin Vaniman, set their sights on loftier goals, attempting two polar flights
in 1907 and 1909, and two trans-Atlantic flights in 1910 and 1912.
In 1902 the Spanish engineer
Leonardo Torres Quevedo published details of an innovative airship design in
Spain and France titled "Perfectionnements aux aerostats dirigibles"
("Improvements in dirigible aerostats"). With a non-rigid body and
internal bracing wires, it overcame the flaws of these types of aircraft as
regards both rigid structure (zeppelin type) and flexibility, providing the
airships with more stability during flight, and the capability of using heavier
engines and a greater passenger load. A system called "auto-rigid".
In 1905, helped by Captain A. Kindelán, he built the airship "Torres
Quevedo" at the Guadalajara military base.[80] In 1909 he patented an
improved design that he offered to the French Astra company, who started
mass-producing it in 1911 as the Astra-Torres airship.[81] This type of
envelope was employed in the United Kingdom in the Coastal, C Star, and North
Sea airships.[82] The distinctive three-lobed design was widely used during the
Great War by the Entente powers for diverse tasks, principally convoy
protection and anti-submarine warfare. The success during the war even drew the
attention of the Imperial Japanese Navy, who acquired a model in 1922.[83]
Torres also drew up designs of a 'docking station' and made alterations to
airship designs, to find a resolution to the slew of problems faced by airship
engineers to dock dirigibles. In 1910, he proposed the idea of attaching an
airships nose to a mooring mast and allowing the airship to weathervane with
changes of wind direction. The use of a metal column erected on the ground, the
top of which the bow or stem would be directly attached to (by a cable) would
allow a dirigible to be moored at any time, in the open, regardless of wind speeds.
Additionally, Torres' design called for the improvement and accessibility of
temporary landing sites, where airships were to be moored for the purpose of
disembarkation of passengers. The final patent was presented in February 1911
in Belgium, and later to France and the United Kingdom in 1912, under the title
"Improvements in Mooring Arrengements for Airships".
Other airship builders were also
active before the war: from 1902 the French company Lebaudy Frères specialized
in semirigid airships such as the Patrie and the République, designed by their
engineer Henri Julliot, who later worked for the American company Goodrich; the
German firm Schütte-Lanz built the wooden-framed SL series from 1911,
introducing important technical innovations; another German firm
Luft-Fahrzeug-Gesellschaft built the Parseval-Luftschiff (PL) series from
1909,[87] and Italian Enrico Forlanini's firm had built and flown the first two
Forlanini airships.
On May 12, 1902, the inventor
and Brazilian aeronaut Augusto Severo de Albuquerque Maranhao and his French
mechanic, Georges Saché, died when they were flying over Paris in the airship
called Pax. A marble plaque at number 81 of the Avenue du Maine in Paris,
commemorates the location of Augusto Severo accident.[89][90] The Catastrophe
of the Balloon "Le Pax" is a 1902 short silent film recreation of the
catastrophe, directed by Georges Méliès.
In Britain, the Army built their
first dirigible, the Nulli Secundus, in 1907. The Navy ordered the construction
of an experimental rigid in 1908. Officially known as His Majesty's Airship No.
1 and nicknamed the Mayfly, it broke its back in 1911 before making a single
flight. Work on a successor did not start until 1913.
German airship passenger service
known as DELAG (Deutsche-Luftschiffahrts AG) was established in 1910.
In 1910 Walter Wellman
unsuccessfully attempted an aerial crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the
airship America.
World War I
The prospect of airships as
bombers had been recognized in Europe well before the airships were up to the
task. H. G. Wells' The War in the Air (1908) described the obliteration of
entire fleets and cities by airship attack. The Italian forces became the first
to use dirigibles for a military purpose during the ItaloTurkish War, the
first bombing mission being flown on 10 March 1912. World War I marked the
airship's real debut as a weapon. The Germans, French, and Italians all used
airships for scouting and tactical bombing roles early in the war, and all
learned that the airship was too vulnerable for operations over the front. The
decision to end operations in direct support of armies was made by all in 1917.
Many in the German military
believed they had found the ideal weapon with which to counteract British naval
superiority and strike at Britain itself, while more realistic airship
advocates believed the zeppelin's value was as a long range scout/attack craft
for naval operations. Raids on England began in January 1915 and peaked in
1916: following losses to the British defenses only a few raids were made in
191718, the last in August 1918.[94] Zeppelins proved to be terrifying but
inaccurate weapons. Navigation, target selection and bomb-aiming proved to be
difficult under the best of conditions, and the cloud cover that was frequently
encountered by the airships reduced accuracy even further. The physical damage
done by airships over the course of the war was insignificant, and the deaths
that they caused amounted to a few hundred.[95] Nevertheless, the raid caused a
significant diversion of British resources to defense efforts. The airships
were initially immune to attack by aircraft and anti-aircraft guns: as the
pressure in their envelopes was only just higher than ambient air, holes had
little effect. But following the introduction of a combination of incendiary
and explosive ammunition in 1916, their flammable hydrogen lifting gas made
them vulnerable to the defending aeroplanes. Several were shot down in flames
by British defenders, and many others destroyed in accidents. New designs
capable of reaching greater altitude were developed, but although this made
them immune from attack it made their bombing accuracy even worse.
Countermeasures by the British
included sound detection equipment, searchlights and anti-aircraft artillery,
followed by night fighters in 1915. One tactic used early in the war, when
their limited range meant the airships had to fly from forward bases and the
only zeppelin production facilities were in Friedrichshafen, was the bombing of
airship sheds by the British Royal Naval Air Service. Later in the war, the
development of the aircraft carrier led to the first successful carrier-based
air strike in history: on the morning of 19 July 1918, seven Sopwith 2F.1
Camels were launched from HMS Furious and struck the airship base at Tønder,
destroying zeppelins L 54 and L 60.
The British Army had abandoned
airship development in favour of aeroplanes before the start of the war, but
the Royal Navy had recognized the need for small airships to counteract the
submarine and mine threat in coastal waters.[97] Beginning in February 1915,
they began to develop the SS (Sea Scout) class of blimp. These had a small
envelope of 1,6991,982 m3 (60,00070,000 cu ft) and at first used aircraft
fuselages without the wing and tail surfaces as control cars. Later, more
advanced blimps with purpose-built gondolas were used. The NS class (North Sea)
were the largest and most effective non-rigid airships in British service, with
a gas capacity of 10,200 m3 (360,000 cu ft), a crew of 10 and an endurance of
24 hours. Six 230 lb (100 kg) bombs were carried, as well as three to five
machine guns. British blimps were used for scouting, mine clearance, and convoy
patrol duties. During the war, the British operated over 200 non-rigid
airships.[98] Several were sold to Russia, France, the United States, and Italy.
The large number of trained crews, low attrition rate and constant
experimentation in handling techniques meant that at the war's end Britain was
the world leader in non-rigid airship technology.
The Royal Navy continued
development of rigid airships until the end of the war. Eight rigid airships
had been completed by the armistice, (No. 9r, four 23 Class, two R23X Class and
one R31 Class), although several more were in an advanced state of completion
by the war's end.[99] Both France and Italy continued to use airships
throughout the war. France preferred the non-rigid type, whereas Italy flew 49
semi-rigid airships in both the scouting and bombing roles.
Aeroplanes had almost entirely
replaced airships as bombers by the end of the war, and Germany's remaining
zeppelins were destroyed by their crews, scrapped or handed over to the Allied
powers as war reparations. The British rigid airship program, which had mainly
been a reaction to the potential threat of the German airships, was wound down.
The interwar period
Britain, the United States and
Germany built rigid airships between the two world wars. Italy and France made
limited use of Zeppelins handed over as war reparations. Italy, the Soviet
Union, the United States and Japan mainly operated semi-rigid airships.
Under the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles, Germany was not allowed to build airships of greater capacity than
a million cubic feet. Two small passenger airships, LZ 120 Bodensee and its
sister ship LZ 121 Nordstern, were built immediately after the war but were
confiscated following the sabotage of the wartime Zeppelins that were to have
been handed over as war reparations: Bodensee was given to Italy and Nordstern
to France. On May 12, 1926, the Italian built semi-rigid airship Norge was the
first aircraft to fly over the North Pole.
The British R33 and R34 were
near-identical copies of the German L 33, which had come down almost intact in
Yorkshire on 24 September 1916.[101] Despite being almost three years out of
date by the time they were launched in 1919, they became two of the most
successful airships in British service. The creation of the Royal Air Force
(RAF) in early 1918 created a hybrid British airship program. The RAF was not
interested in airships while the Admiralty was, so a deal was made where the
Admiralty would design any future military airships and the RAF would handle
manpower, facilities and operations.[102] On 2 July 1919, R34 began the first
double crossing of the Atlantic by an aircraft. It landed at Mineola, Long
Island on 6 July after 108 hours in the air; the return crossing began on 8
July and took 75 hours. This feat failed to generate enthusiasm for continued
airship development, and the British airship program was rapidly wound down.
During World War I, the U.S.
Navy acquired its first airship, the DH-1,[103] but it was destroyed while
being inflated shortly after delivery to the Navy. After the war, the U.S. Navy
contracted to buy the R 38, which was being built in Britain, but before it was
handed over it was destroyed because of a structural failure during a test
flight.
America then started
constructing the USS Shenandoah, designed by the Bureau of Aeronautics and
based on the Zeppelin L 49.[105] Assembled in Hangar No. 1 and first flown on 4
September 1923[106] at Lakehurst, New Jersey, it was the first airship to be inflated
with the noble gas helium, which was then so scarce that the Shenandoah
contained most of the world's supply. A second airship, USS Los Angeles, was
built by the Zeppelin company as compensation for the airships that should have
been handed over as war reparations according to the terms of the Versailles
Treaty but had been sabotaged by their crews. This construction order saved the
Zeppelin works from the threat of closure. The success of the Los Angeles,
which was flown successfully for eight years, encouraged the U.S. Navy to
invest in its own, larger airships. When the Los Angeles was delivered, the two
airships had to share the limited supply of helium, and thus alternated
operating and overhauls.
In 1922, Sir Dennistoun Burney
suggested a plan for a subsidised air service throughout the British Empire
using airships (the Burney Scheme).[102] Following the coming to power of
Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government in 1924, the scheme was transformed into
the Imperial Airship Scheme, under which two airships were built, one by a
private company and the other by the Royal Airship Works under Air Ministry
control. The two designs were radically different. The "capitalist"
ship, the R100, was more conventional, while the "socialist" ship,
the R101, had many innovative design features. Construction of both took longer
than expected, and the airships did not fly until 1929. Neither airship was
capable of the service intended, though the R100 did complete a proving flight
to Canada and back in 1930.[108] On 5 October 1930, the R101, which had not
been thoroughly tested after major modifications, crashed on its maiden voyage
to India at Beauvais in France killing 48 of the 54 people aboard. Among the
dead were the craft's chief designer and the Secretary of State for Air. The
disaster ended British interest in airships.
The Locarno Treaties of 1925
lifted the restrictions on German airship construction, and the Zeppelin
company started construction of the Graf Zeppelin (LZ 127), the largest airship
that could be built in the company's existing shed, and intended to stimulate
interest in passenger airships. The Graf Zeppelin burned blau gas, similar to
propane, stored in large gas bags below the hydrogen cells, as fuel. Since its
density was similar to that of air, it avoided the weight change as fuel was
used, and thus the need to valve hydrogen. The Graf Zeppelin had an impressive
safety record, flying over 1,600,000 km (990,000 mi) (including the first
circumnavigation of the globe by airship) without a single passenger injury.
The U.S. Navy experimented with
the use of airships as airborne aircraft carriers, developing an idea pioneered
by the British. The USS Los Angeles was used for initial experiments, and the
USS Akron and Macon, the world's largest at the time, were used to test the
principle in naval operations. Each carried four F9C Sparrowhawk fighters in
its hangar, and could carry a fifth on the trapeze. The idea had mixed results.
By the time the Navy started to develop a sound doctrine for using the ZRS-type
airships, the last of the two built, USS Macon, had been wrecked. Meanwhile,
the seaplane had become more capable, and was considered a better investment.
Eventually, the U.S. Navy lost
all three U.S.-built rigid airships to accidents. USS Shenandoah flew into a
severe thunderstorm over Noble County, Ohio while on a poorly planned publicity
flight on 3 September 1925. It broke into pieces, killing 14 of its crew. USS
Akron was caught in a severe storm and flown into the surface of the sea off
the shore of New Jersey on 3 April 1933. It carried no life boats and few life
vests, so 73 of its crew of 76 died from drowning or hypothermia. USS Macon was
lost after suffering a structural failure offshore near Point Sur Lighthouse on
12 February 1935. The failure caused a loss of gas, which was made much worse
when the aircraft was driven over pressure height causing it to lose too much
helium to maintain flight.[111] Only two of its crew of 83 died in the crash
thanks to the inclusion of life jackets and inflatable rafts after the Akron
disaster.
The Empire State Building was
completed in 1931 with a dirigible mast, in anticipation of future passenger
airship service, but no airship ever used the mast. Various entrepreneurs
experimented with commuting and shipping freight via airship.
In the 1930s, the German
Zeppelins successfully competed with other means of transport. They could carry
significantly more passengers than other contemporary aircraft while providing
amenities similar to those on ocean liners, such as private cabins, observation
decks, and dining rooms. Less importantly, the technology was potentially more
energy-efficient than heavier-than-air designs. Zeppelins were also faster than
ocean liners. On the other hand, operating airships was quite involved. Often
the crew would outnumber passengers, and on the ground large teams were
necessary to assist mooring and very large hangars were required at airports.
By the mid-1930s, only Germany
still pursued airship development. The Zeppelin company continued to operate
the Graf Zeppelin on passenger service between Frankfurt and Recife in Brazil,
taking 68 hours. Even with the small Graf Zeppelin, the operation was almost
profitable.[113] In the mid-1930s, work began on an airship designed
specifically to operate a passenger service across the Atlantic.[114] The
Hindenburg (LZ 129) completed a successful 1936 season, carrying passengers
between Lakehurst, New Jersey and Germany. The year 1937 started with the most
spectacular and widely remembered airship accident. Approaching the Lakehurst
mooring mast minutes before landing on 6 May 1937, the Hindenburg suddenly
burst into flames and crashed to the ground. Of the 97 people aboard, 35 died:
13 passengers, 22 aircrew, along with one American ground-crewman. The disaster
happened before a large crowd, was filmed and a radio news reporter was
recording the arrival. This was a disaster that theater goers could see and hear
in newsreels. The Hindenburg disaster shattered public confidence in airships,
and brought a definitive end to their "golden age". The day after the
Hindenburg disaster, the Graf Zeppelin landed safely in Germany after its
return flight from Brazil. This was the last international passenger airship
flight.
Hindenburg's identical sister
ship, the Graf Zeppelin II (LZ 130), could not carry commercial passengers
without helium, which the United States refused to sell to Germany. The Graf
Zeppelin made several test flights and conducted some electronic espionage
until 1939 when it was grounded due to the beginning of the war. The two Graf
Zeppelins were scrapped in April, 1940.
Development of airships
continued only in the United States, and to a lesser extent, the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union had several semi-rigid and non-rigid airships. The semi-rigid
dirigible SSSR-V6 OSOAVIAKhIM was among the largest of these craft, and it set
the longest endurance flight at the time of over 130 hours. It crashed into a
mountain in 1938, killing 13 of the 19 people on board. While this was a severe
blow to the Soviet airship program, they continued to operate non-rigid
airships until 1950.
World War II
While Germany determined that
airships were obsolete for military purposes in the coming war and concentrated
on the development of aeroplanes, the United States pursued a program of
military airship construction even though it had not developed a clear military
doctrine for airship use. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December
1941, bringing the United States into World War II, the U.S. Navy had 10
nonrigid airships:
4 K-class: K-2, K-3, K-4 and K-5
designed as patrol ships, all built in 1938.
3 L-class: L-1, L-2 and L-3 as
small training ships, produced in 1938.
1 G-class, built in 1936 for
training.
2 TC-class that were older
patrol airships designed for land forces, built in 1933. The U.S. Navy acquired
both from the United States Army in 1938.
Only K- and TC-class airships
were suitable for combat and they were quickly pressed into service against
Japanese and German submarines, which were then sinking American shipping
within visual range of the American coast. U.S. Navy command, remembering airship's
anti-submarine success in World War I, immediately requested new modern
antisubmarine airships and on 2 January 1942 formed the ZP-12 patrol unit based
in Lakehurst from the four K airships. The ZP-32 patrol unit was formed from
two TC and two L airships a month later, based at NAS Moffett Field in
Sunnyvale, California. An airship training base was created there as well. The
status of submarine-hunting Goodyear airships in the early days of World War II
has created significant confusion. Although various accounts refer to airships
Resolute and Volunteer as operating as "privateers" under a Letter of
Marque, Congress never authorized a commission, nor did the President sign one.
In the years 194244,
approximately 1,400 airship pilots and 3,000 support crew members were trained
in the military airship crew training program and the airship military
personnel grew from 430 to 12,400. The U.S. airships were produced by the
Goodyear factory in Akron, Ohio. From 1942 till 1945, 154 airships were built
for the U.S. Navy (133 K-class, 10 L-class, seven G-class, four M-class) and
five L-class for civilian customers (serial numbers L-4 to L-8).
The primary airship tasks were
patrol and convoy escort near the American coastline. They also served as an
organization centre for the convoys to direct ship movements, and were used in
naval search and rescue operations. Rarer duties of the airships included
aerophoto reconnaissance, naval mine-laying and mine-sweeping, parachute unit
transport and deployment, cargo and personnel transportation. They were deemed
quite successful in their duties with the highest combat readiness factor in
the entire U.S. air force (87%).
During the war, some 532 ships
without airship escort were sunk near the U.S. coast by enemy submarines. Only
one ship, the tanker Persephone, of the 89,000 or so in convoys escorted by
blimps was sunk by the enemy. Airships engaged submarines with depth charges
and, less frequently, with other on-board weapons. They were excellent at
driving submarines down, where their limited speed and range prevented them
from attacking convoys. The weapons available to airships were so limited that
until the advent of the homing torpedo they had little chance of sinking a
submarine.
Only one airship was ever
destroyed by U-boat: on the night of 18/19 July 1943, the K-74 from ZP-21
division was patrolling the coastline near Florida. Using radar, the airship
located a surfaced German submarine. The K-74 made her attack run but the U-boat
opened fire first. K-74's depth charges did not release as she crossed the
U-boat and the K-74 received serious damage, losing gas pressure and an engine
but landing in the water without loss of life. The crew was rescued by patrol
boats in the morning, but one crewman, Aviation Machinist's Mate Second Class
Isadore Stessel, died from a shark attack. The U-boat, submarine U-134, was
slightly damaged and the next day or so was attacked by aircraft, sustaining
damage that forced it to return to base. It was finally sunk on 24 August 1943
by a British Vickers Wellington near Vigo, Spain.
Fleet Airship Wing One operated
from Lakehurst, New Jersey, Glynco, Georgia, Weeksville, North Carolina, South
Weymouth NAS Massachusetts, Brunswick NAS and Bar Harbor Maine, Yarmouth, Nova
Scotia, and Argentia, Newfoundland.
K-class blimps of USN Blimp
Squadron ZP-14 conducted antisubmarine warfare operations at the Strait of
Gibraltar in 194445.
Some Navy blimps saw action in
the European war theater. In 194445, the U.S. Navy moved an entire squadron of
eight Goodyear K class blimps (K-89, K-101, K-109, K-112, K-114, K-123, K-130,
& K-134) with flight and maintenance crews from Weeksville Naval Air
Station in North Carolina to Naval Air Station Port Lyautey, French Morocco.
Their mission was to locate and destroy German U-boats in the relatively
shallow waters around the Strait of Gibraltar where magnetic anomaly detection
(MAD) was viable. PBY aircraft had been searching these waters but MAD required
low altitude flying that was dangerous at night for these aircraft. The blimps
were considered a perfect solution to establish a 24/7 MAD barrier (fence) at
the Straits of Gibraltar with the PBYs flying the day shift and the blimps
flying the night shift. The first two blimps (K-123 & K-130) left South
Weymouth NAS on 28 May 1944 and flew to Argentia, Newfoundland, the Azores, and
finally to Port Lyautey where they completed the first transatlantic crossing
by nonrigid airships on 1 June 1944. The blimps of USN Blimp Squadron ZP-14
(Blimpron 14, aka The Africa Squadron) also conducted mine-spotting and
mine-sweeping operations in key Mediterranean ports and various escorts
including the convoy carrying United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to the Yalta Conference in 1945.
Airships from the ZP-12 unit took part in the sinking of the last U-boat before
German capitulation, sinking the U-881 on 6 May 1945 together with destroyers
USS Atherton and USS Moberly.
Other airships patrolled the
Caribbean, Fleet Airship Wing Two, Headquartered at Naval Air Station Richmond,
covered the Gulf of Mexico from Richmond and Key West, Florida, Houma,
Louisiana, as well as Hitchcock and Brownsville, Texas. FAW 2 also patrolled
the northern Caribbean from San Julian, the Isle of Pines (now called Isla de
la Juventud) and Guantánamo Bay, Cuba as well as Vernam Field, Jamaica.
Navy blimps of Fleet Airship
Wing Five, (ZP-51) operated from bases in Trinidad, British Guiana and
Paramaribo, Suriname. Fleet Airship Wing Four operated along the coast of
Brazil. Two squadrons, VP-41 and VP-42 flew from bases at Amapá, Igarapé-Açu,
São Luís Fortaleza, Fernando de Noronha, Recife, Maceió, Ipitanga (near
Salvador, Bahia), Caravelas, Vitória and the hangar built for the Graf Zeppelin
at Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro.
Fleet Airship Wing Three
operated squadrons, ZP-32 from Moffett Field, ZP-31 at NAS Santa Ana, and ZP-33
at NAS Tillamook, Oregon. Auxiliary fields were at Del Mar, Lompoc, Watsonville
and Eureka, California, North Bend and Astoria, Oregon, as well as Shelton and
Quillayute in Washington.
From 2 January 1942 until the
end of war airship operations in the Atlantic, the blimps of the Atlantic fleet
made 37,554 flights and flew 378,237 hours. Of the over 70,000 ships in convoys
protected by blimps, only one was sunk by a submarine while under blimp escort.
The Soviet Union flew a single
airship during the war. The W-12, built in 1939, entered service in 1942 for
paratrooper training and equipment transport. It made 1432 flights with 300
metric tons of cargo until 1945. On 1 February 1945, the Soviets constructed a
second airship, a Pobeda-class (Victory-class) unit (used for mine-sweeping and
wreckage clearing in the Black Sea) that crashed on 21 January 1947. Another
W-class W-12bis Patriot was commissioned in 1947 and was mostly used until
the mid-1950s for crew training, parades and propaganda.